Environmental toxicology and pharmacology最新文献_第6页

Long-term impact of embryonic exposure to ethinylestradiol and clotrimazole on behavior and neuroplasticity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) 胚胎期接触炔雌醇和克霉唑对斑马鱼（Danio rerio）行为和神经可塑性的长期影响。

IF 4.2 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental toxicology and pharmacology

Pub Date : 2024-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104592

M. Blanc-Legendre , L. Guillot , L. Chevalier , C. Malleret , K. Le Menach , P. Pardon , H. Budzinski , F. Brion , S. Sire , P. Coumailleau , T.D. Charlier , E. Pellegrini , X. Cousin

Estrogen receptors (ER) are widely expressed in the brain of many species and experimental results highlighted the role of estradiol in neuronal plasticity and behavior. Consequently, the brain is therefore a prime target for endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) interacting with estrogen signaling. Very little is known about the late effects of early disruption of estrogen signaling by EDCs. We focused on: ethinylestradiol (EE2; ER agonist) and clotrimazole (inhibitor of key steroidogenesis enzymes, including aromatases). Zebrafish eleutheroembryos were exposed (0–5 days) and then raised normally until adulthood. Several behavioral tests were performed in adults, then cell proliferation and dopaminergic neurons were quantified in several brain regions using immunostaining. Overall, a developmental exposure to EDCs stimulates cell proliferation in the dorsal telencephalon. At environmentally-relevant concentrations, male fish exposed to EE2 exhibited increased activity levels and decreased social behavior, posing a potential risk to population balance and health.

雌激素受体（ER）在许多物种的大脑中广泛表达，实验结果表明，雌二醇在神经元可塑性和行为中发挥着重要作用。因此，大脑是与雌激素信号相互作用的内分泌干扰化学物（EDCs）的主要目标。人们对 EDCs 早期干扰雌激素信号的后期效应知之甚少。我们的研究重点是：炔雌醇（EE2；ER 激动剂）和克霉唑（关键类固醇生成酶的抑制剂，包括芳香化酶）。斑马鱼eleuthero胚胎接触EE2（0-5天）后，正常饲养至成年。对成年斑马鱼进行了多项行为测试，然后使用免疫染色法对多个脑区的细胞增殖和多巴胺能神经元进行量化。总之，在发育过程中接触 EDCs 会刺激背侧端脑的细胞增殖。在环境相关浓度下，暴露于 EE2 的雄鱼表现出活动水平增加和社会行为减少，对种群平衡和健康构成潜在风险。

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引用次数: 0

Stress indicators in conservative tissues of Humboldt penguin under captivity 人工饲养下洪堡企鹅保守组织的压力指标

IF 4.2 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental toxicology and pharmacology

Pub Date : 2024-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104590

Montserrat Solé , Sergi Omedes , Vanessa Almagro , Manel López-Béjar , Annaïs Carbajal

Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti) from the Barcelona zoo (n=9) were followed to assess their physiological stress status using conservative protocols. Corticosterone levels were measured in feathers and plasma as indicative of chronic and acute physiological stress, respectively. Other markers: B-esterases, potentially indicative of xenobiotic exposure were measured in plasma of these same individuals and reported for the first time in this species. The sensitivity to chemicals of environmental concern, employed as plastic additives, was assessed in vitro with plasma of this species using the inhibition of carboxylesterase (CE) and acetylcholinesterase enzymatic measurements. Among the tested additives, the organophosphorus flame retardants displayed the highest in vitro inhibitory potential on basal CE activity, suggesting their potential utility as biomarkers of this particular chemical class. Additionally, enzymatic measurements in plasma are determined for the first time in Humboldt penguin and can be regarded as baseline values for a potential field monitoring application.

采用保守的方法对巴塞罗那动物园的洪堡企鹅（Spheniscus humboldti）（9 只）进行了跟踪调查，以评估它们的生理应激状态。测量羽毛和血浆中的皮质酮水平，分别作为慢性和急性生理压力的指标。其他指标在这些个体的血浆中测量了 B 型酯酶，这可能表明它们接触了异生物，这在该物种中尚属首次。利用羧基酯酶（CE）和乙酰胆碱酯酶酶抑制测量法，对该物种的血浆进行了体外评估，以确定其对用作塑料添加剂的环境问题化学品的敏感性。在测试的添加剂中，有机磷阻燃剂对基础 CE 活性的体外抑制潜力最大，这表明它们有可能成为这一类化学物质的生物标记物。此外，洪堡企鹅血浆中的酶测量值也是首次测定，可作为潜在现场监测应用的基准值。

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引用次数: 0

Synbiotics, a promising approach for alleviating exacerbated allergic airway immune responses in offspring of a preclinical murine pollution model 合成益生菌是缓解临床前小鼠污染模型后代过敏性气道免疫反应加重的有效方法。

IF 4.2 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental toxicology and pharmacology

Pub Date : 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104591

Ali Dehghani , Lei Wang , Johan Garssen , Eirini Styla , Thea Leusink-Muis , Ingrid Van Ark , Gert Folkerts , Jeroen Van Bergenhenegouwen , Saskia Braber

Exposure to pollutants like environmental cigarette smoke (CS) poses a major global health risk, affecting individuals from an early age. Therefore, this study explores how postnatal synbiotic supplementation affects allergic asthma symptoms in house-dust-mite (HDM)- challenged offspring maternally exposed to CS. In HDM-allergic offspring of CS-exposed dams, lung resistance was elevated, but synbiotic supplementation effectively reduced this resistance. Elevated eosinophil BALF counts following HDM challenge were intensified in pups maternally exposed to CS. Similarly, Th2 cell activation and serum IgE and IgG1 levels were more pronounced in HDM-allergic offspring of CS-exposed mothers. Synbiotics reduced eosinophil numbers and serum IgE and IgG1, and tended to decrease Th2 cell infiltration and activation. Synbiotics promoted beneficial gut bacteria like Bifidobacterium and Akkermansia. In conclusion, early-life synbiotic intervention mitigated allergic asthma associated with maternal air pollution exposure, highlighting the potential of synbiotics for clinical evaluation as a strategy to prevent allergy development in offspring.

暴露于环境香烟烟雾（CS）等污染物对全球健康构成了重大风险，从幼年开始就会对人产生影响。因此，本研究探讨了产后补充合生元如何影响母体暴露于CS的、受室内尘螨（HDM）挑战的后代的过敏性哮喘症状。在母体暴露于 CS 的 HDM 过敏后代中，肺阻力升高，但补充合生元可有效降低这种阻力。母体暴露于 CS 的幼崽在受到 HDM 挑战后，嗜酸性粒细胞 BALF 计数升高的情况会加剧。同样，母体接触过 CS 的 HDM 过敏后代的 Th2 细胞活化以及血清 IgE 和 IgG1 水平也更加明显。复合益生菌可减少嗜酸性粒细胞数量、血清 IgE 和 IgG1，并有减少 Th2 细胞浸润和活化的趋势。益生菌还能促进双歧杆菌和Akkermansia等有益肠道细菌的生长。总之，早期益生菌干预可减轻与母体暴露于空气污染有关的过敏性哮喘，突出了益生菌作为一种预防后代过敏发展的策略在临床评估中的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Association between exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and missed miscarriage: A hospital-based case-control study in Shanghai, China 接触全氟和多氟烷基物质与流产漏诊之间的关系：中国上海医院病例对照研究》。

IF 4.2 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental toxicology and pharmacology

Pub Date : 2024-11-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104589

Beiying Wang, Wei Hong, Zhiping Wu, Xiaocui Li

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent environmental pollutants linked to reproductive disruptions. This study investigated the relationship between PFAS exposure and missed miscarriage in a hospital-based, case-control study in Shanghai, China. There were 393 women in our research, including 198 cases and 195 controls. Concentrations of 30 PFAS in plasma were quantified using HPLC-MS/MS, and 15 PFAS were detected at a rate greater than 90 percent. PFOA, L-PFOS, and PFOS isomers were significantly higher in the cases than those in the controls. 13 PFAS showed significant positive associations with miscarriage risk after adjustment for confounders, particularly PFOA (OR: 2.99, 95 % CI: 1.96–4.68) and various PFOS isomers. BKMR analysis confirmed higher overall PFAS levels were associated with increased miscarriage risk. These findings highlight the potential reproductive toxicity of PFAS and underscore the need for further investigations and regulatory actions to mitigate PFAS exposure in pregnant women.

全氟和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）是与生殖干扰有关的持久性环境污染物。本研究在中国上海进行了一项基于医院的病例对照研究，调查了PFAS暴露与漏发流产之间的关系。研究共涉及 393 名妇女，包括 198 例病例和 195 例对照。我们使用 HPLC-MS/MS 对血浆中 30 种 PFAS 的浓度进行了定量，其中 15 种 PFAS 的检出率超过 90%。病例中的 PFOA、L-PFOS 和 PFOS 异构体含量明显高于对照组。在对混杂因素进行调整后，13 种 PFAS 与流产风险呈显著正相关，尤其是 PFOA（OR：2.99，95% CI：1.96-4.68）和各种 PFOS 异构体。BKMR分析证实，PFAS总体水平越高，流产风险越大。这些发现凸显了全氟辛烷磺酸对生殖系统的潜在毒性，并强调有必要开展进一步调查和采取监管行动，以减少孕妇接触全氟辛烷磺酸的机会。

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引用次数: 0

Effect of an insecticide, fungicide and plant growth regulator and their mixture on the survival of the springtail Folsomia candida and the potential reduction of toxicity by vitamins 杀虫剂、杀真菌剂和植物生长调节剂及其混合物对念珠绣春蜱存活的影响以及维生素的潜在减毒作用。

IF 4.2 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental toxicology and pharmacology

Pub Date : 2024-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104588

Pavla Pabiskova , Bruno Sopko , Elena Shcherbachenko , Tomas Erban

A pesticide-free model soil was pretreated with field-realistic doses/applications of the insecticide, Biscaya 240 OD; the fungicide Tilmor; the growth regulator, Atonik and their mixture. Because Folsomia candida is eyeless, unpigmented, avoids light, and prefers dark, wet and cold conditions, we grew and tested it in the dark and at 18°C. Survival of springtails added to soil at 50 % moisture was assessed after 28 days. The experiments were repeated three times in order to confirm the validity of the test and results. The mixture decreased the survival most significantly. Bayesian statistics showed that pesticide treatment had a greater effect than repeating the experiment. Further tests revealed that the negative effect of the mixture on springtail survival was effectively suppressed by the application of biotin (vitamin B7), whereas riboflavin (vitamin B2) had little effect. Vitamins can reduce the toxicity of agrochemicals in the soil through potential effects on soil biological activity.

在不含杀虫剂的模型土壤中预处理了田间实际剂量/应用的杀虫剂 Biscaya 240 OD、杀真菌剂 Tilmor、生长调节剂 Atonik 及其混合物。由于 Folsomia candida 无眼、无色素、避光，喜欢黑暗、潮湿和寒冷的环境，因此我们在黑暗和 18°C 的环境中对其进行了生长和测试。28 天后，我们对添加到含水量为 50%的土壤中的春尾虫的存活率进行了评估。实验重复了三次，以确认测试和结果的有效性。混合物对存活率的降低最为明显。贝叶斯统计表明，杀虫剂处理比重复实验的效果更大。进一步的测试表明，施用生物素（维生素 B7）可有效抑制混合物对春尾存活率的负面影响，而核黄素（维生素 B2）的作用则微乎其微。维生素可以通过对土壤生物活性的潜在影响来降低土壤中农用化学品的毒性。

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引用次数: 0

Spray paint-derived microplastics and incorporated substances as ecotoxicological contaminants in the neotropical bumblebee Bombus atratus 喷漆衍生的微塑料和掺杂物质是新热带熊蜂Bombus atratus体内的生态毒理学污染物。

IF 4.2 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental toxicology and pharmacology

Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104586

Guilherme Andrade Neto Schmitz Boeing , Michele Provase , Elisabete Tsukada , Raquel F. Salla , Walter Ruggeri Waldman , Fábio Camargo Abdalla

While bumblebees may be exposed to microplastics (MPs), the effects on them are not well studied. Therefore, in this research, we assessed the cytotoxicity of pristine and photodegraded spray paint-derived MPs on the midgut, Malpighian tubules, and hepato-nephrocitic system cells of Bombus atratus workers exposed to 50 mg.L⁻¹ MPs for 96 hours. Histological and histochemical analyses revealed that pristine MPs caused subtle cellular changes, while the exposure to photodegraded MPs led to significant vacuolization, nuclear condensation, and pyknosis. These effects are possibly linked to the release of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) like Copper, Manganese, and Iron from photodegraded MPs, which exceeded Brazil's CONAMA safety limits. Photodegraded MPs also reduced body weight, disrupting homeostasis and potentially decreasing bumblebee’s fitness. These findings highlight the importance of studying the toxicity of environmentally realistic MPs, as plastic composition and weathering significantly influence their harmful effects.

虽然大黄蜂可能会接触到微塑料（MPs），但对其影响的研究并不多。因此，在这项研究中，我们评估了原始和光降解喷漆衍生的 MPs 对暴露于 50 mg.L-1 MPs 96 小时的大黄蜂工人的中肠、马氏管和肝肾系统细胞的细胞毒性。组织学和组织化学分析显示，原始 MPs 会导致细胞发生细微变化，而接触光降解 MPs 则会导致细胞明显空泡化、核凝结和细胞凋亡。这些影响可能与光降解 MPs 释放的潜在有毒元素（PTEs）有关，如铜、锰和铁，这些元素超过了巴西 CONAMA 的安全限制。光降解 MPs 还降低了体重，破坏了体内平衡，可能会降低大黄蜂的体能。这些发现凸显了研究现实环境中 MPs 的毒性的重要性，因为塑料成分和风化作用会对其有害影响产生重大影响。

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引用次数: 0

Pollen contaminated with a triple-action fungicide induced oxidative stress and reduced longevity though with less impact on lifespan in honey bees from well fed colonies 被三效杀真菌剂污染的花粉会诱发氧化应激并降低蜜蜂的寿命，但对喂养良好蜂群的蜜蜂寿命影响较小。

IF 4.2 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental toxicology and pharmacology

Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104587

Thais R.R. Alves , Matheus F. Trivellato , Tainá A.L. Freitas , Aline Y. Kato , Cássia R.A. Gomes , Yara M.M. Ferraz , Jéssica A. Serafim , David De Jong , Evandro P. Prado , Eduardo F. Vicente , Ricardo O. Orsi , Gener T. Pereira , Camila A. Miranda , Fábio E. Mingatto , Daniel Nicodemo

Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of a triple-action fungicide on bees and whether improved nutrition can ameliorate eventual negative impacts. In cage tests, newly-emerged bees from well fed and from nutritionally-restricted honey bee colonies were fed for five days with pollen from sunflowers that had been sprayed or not with a commercial fungicide containing bixafen, prothioconazole and trifloxystrobin. Bees from well-fed colonies were significantly larger and consumed more uncontaminated pollen. They also exhibited increased glutathione peroxidase activity and higher concentrations of pyridine nucleotides, both of which are involved in antioxidase defense. However, pollen contaminated with fungicide led to an increase in lipoperoxidation, regardless of nutritional status. Bee longevity was reduced by both fungicide contamination of the pollen diet and poor nutritional condition. The fungicide adversely affected bees fed with contaminated pollen, though nutritional supplementation of the bee colonies that reared the bees partially compensated for these effects.

实验旨在确定三效杀真菌剂对蜜蜂的影响，以及改善营养是否能减轻最终的负面影响。在笼养试验中，用喷洒过或未喷洒过含有噻螨酮、丙硫菌唑和三唑酮的商用杀真菌剂的向日葵花粉喂养来自喂养良好和营养受限蜂群的新雏蜂五天。喂养充足的蜂群中的蜜蜂体型明显更大，消耗的无污染花粉也更多。它们还表现出谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性增强，吡啶核苷酸浓度升高，这两种物质都参与了抗氧化防御。然而，无论营养状况如何，受杀菌剂污染的花粉都会导致脂肪过氧化反应增加。花粉食物中的杀真菌剂污染和不良的营养状况都会缩短蜜蜂的寿命。用受污染的花粉喂养蜜蜂会受到杀真菌剂的不利影响，但对饲养蜜蜂的蜂群进行营养补充可部分弥补这些影响。

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引用次数: 0

Constructing an adverse outcome pathway framework for the impact of maternal exposure to PM2.5 on liver development and injury in offspring 构建母体暴露于 PM2.5 对后代肝脏发育和损伤影响的不良后果路径框架。

IF 4.2 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental toxicology and pharmacology

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104585

Kexin Zhang , Li Tian , Qinglin Sun , Jianong Lv , Ruiyang Ding , Yang Yu , Yang Li , Junchao Duan

Ambient fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) is a significant contributor to air pollution. PM_2.5 exposure poses a substantial hazard to public health. In recent years, the adverse effects of maternal PM_2.5 exposure on fetal health have gradually gained public attention. As the largest organ in the body, the liver has many metabolic and secretory functions. Liver development, as well as factors that interfere with its growth and function, are of concern. This review utilized the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework as the analytical approach to demonstrate the link between maternal PM_2.5 exposure and potential neonatal liver injury from the molecular to the population level. The excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), subsequent endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and oxidative stress were regarded as the essential components in this framework, as they could trigger adverse developmental outcomes in the offspring through DNA damage, autophagy dysfunction, mitochondrial injury, and other pathways. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first article based on an AOP framework that elaborates on the influence of maternal exposure to PM_2.5 on liver injury occurrence and adverse effects on liver development in offspring. Therefore, this review offered mechanistic insights into the developmental toxicity of PM_2.5 in the liver, which provided a valuable basis for future studies and prevention strategies.

环境细颗粒物（PM2.5）是造成空气污染的重要因素。暴露于 PM2.5 会对公众健康造成巨大危害。近年来，母体暴露于PM2.5对胎儿健康的不良影响逐渐受到公众的关注。作为人体最大的器官，肝脏具有多种代谢和分泌功能。肝脏的发育以及干扰其生长和功能的因素都值得关注。本综述利用不良后果途径（AOP）框架作为分析方法，从分子到人群层面论证了母体接触 PM2.5 与新生儿潜在肝损伤之间的联系。活性氧（ROS）的过度生成、随后的内质网（ER）应激和氧化应激被认为是这一框架的重要组成部分，因为它们可能通过DNA损伤、自噬功能障碍、线粒体损伤和其他途径引发后代的不良发育结果。据我们所知，这是第一篇基于AOP框架阐述母体暴露于PM2.5对肝损伤发生的影响以及对后代肝脏发育不良影响的文章。因此，这篇综述从机理上揭示了PM2.5对肝脏发育的毒性，为今后的研究和预防策略提供了宝贵的依据。

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引用次数: 0

Microplastic contamination in the aquaculture icon Oreochromis mossambicus: Prevalence, characteristics, and comprehensive overview 水产养殖图标 Oreochromis mossambicus 中的微塑料污染：普遍性、特征和综合概述。

IF 4.2 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental toxicology and pharmacology

Pub Date : 2024-10-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104584

Pradeep Kumkar , Chandani R. Verma , Sachin M. Gosavi , Martin Lexa , Sanjay S. Kharat , Radek Rinn , Lukáš Kalous

The global production of plastics has surged to 368 million tonnes annually, leading to significant plastic waste accumulation, projected to reach 12,000 Mt by 2050, impacting aquatic ecosystems. Fish, crucial for their protein and nutrients, are particularly vulnerable to microplastic (MP) ingestion. As a major aquaculture producer and fish consumer, India faces rising plastic pollution in freshwater, which disrupts fish health and growth, posing a significant threat to the sustainability and productivity of aquaculture systems and potential health risks. This study focuses on Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), valued for its widespread aquaculture use, rapid growth, and nutritional benefits. Our research reveals significant MP contamination (69.23 %) in Mozambique tilapia, with over 80 % from the Ulhas River and 60 % from the Bhima River contaminated and females showing higher susceptibility. These findings emphasise the need for further research on MP impacts on human health and the development of mitigation strategies.

全球塑料年产量激增至 3.68 亿吨，导致大量塑料废物堆积，预计到 2050 年将达到 12,000 兆吨，对水生生态系统造成影响。鱼类的蛋白质和营养至关重要，尤其容易摄入微塑料（MP）。作为一个主要的水产养殖生产国和水产品消费国，印度面临着日益严重的淡水塑料污染问题，这种污染会破坏鱼类的健康和生长，对水产养殖系统的可持续性和生产力构成重大威胁，并带来潜在的健康风险。本研究的重点是莫桑比克罗非鱼（Oreochromis mossambicus），该鱼类因其广泛的水产养殖用途、快速生长和营养价值而备受重视。我们的研究揭示了莫桑比克罗非鱼的重大 MP 污染（69.23%），其中乌尔哈斯河和比马河分别有 80% 和 60% 的罗非鱼受到污染，雌性罗非鱼的易感性更高。这些发现强调了进一步研究 MP 对人类健康的影响和制定缓解策略的必要性。

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引用次数: 0

Association of chronic arsenic exposure with cellular immune profile in MINIMat adolescents: A birth cohort in Bangladesh 慢性砷暴露与 MINIMat 青少年细胞免疫特征的关系：孟加拉国出生队列

IF 4.2 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental toxicology and pharmacology

Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104583

Farjana Haque , Evana Akhtar , Bikash Chandra Chanda , Anjuman Ara , Md.Ahsanul Haq , Protim Sarker , Maria Kippler , Yukiko Wagatsuma , Ondine S. von Ehrenstein , Rubhana Raqib

Chronic arsenic exposure is known to affect the immune system. We aimed to evaluate the association between arsenic exposure and immune cell profile in 15 years old adolescents (n=389) in rural Bangladesh, with chronic exposure to groundwater arsenic. Single blood and urine were collected. Urinary arsenic (U-As) concentration was measured using atomic absorption spectrometry. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were analyzed by flow cytometry. Non-linear association was found between U-As (median, 24.9 µg/L) and immune cells with a cut-off at U-As 20 µg/L. U-As (<20 µg/L) were significantly associated with increases in CD8⁺T (21 %), na^ïve CD8⁺T (42 %) and early B cells (40 %), and classical monocytes (55 %), but reduction in CD3⁺T cells (37^%) and intermediate-monocytes (56 %). U-As (>20 µg/L) were associated with a 3 % reduction in memory B cells. Arsenic exposure was associated with altered immune cell profile in adolescents likely rendering them vulnerable to adverse health effects in later life.

众所周知，长期接触砷会影响免疫系统。我们的目的是评估长期暴露于地下水砷的孟加拉国农村地区 15 岁青少年（人数=389）的砷暴露与免疫细胞特征之间的关系。我们采集了单次血液和尿液。使用原子吸收光谱法测量尿砷（U-As）浓度。外周血单核细胞（PBMC）采用流式细胞术进行分析。结果发现，U-As（中位数，24.9 微克/升）与免疫细胞之间存在非线性关联，U-As 20 微克/升为分界线。U-As（+T细胞（21%）、幼稚CD8+T细胞（42%）、早期B细胞（40%）和典型单核细胞（55%），但CD3+T细胞（37%）和中间单核细胞（56%）减少。U-砷（>20 微克/升）与记忆 B 细胞减少 3% 有关。砷暴露与青少年免疫细胞谱的改变有关，可能使他们在以后的生活中容易受到不良健康影响。

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引用次数: 0