The use of pesticides, particularly insecticides, is integral to modern agriculture. Fipronil, a widely used phenylpyrazole insecticide, is classified as a class II toxicant, indicating high toxicity by ingestion and contact. This study evaluated the morphometric and toxicological effects of fipronil on D. melanogaster development. Embryos were exposed orally from the embryonic stage to adulthood at 16, 40, 81, 163, 327, and 490 nM. The highest concentration reduced adult emergence from pupae, while survival decline at the three highest concentrations. Locomotor behavior was impaired at 81 nM in both sexes. Fipronil induced 24-h mortality in adult flies at concentrations ≥ 327 nM, with a median lethal concentration (LC50) of 442 nM. Canonical variate analysis (CVA) revealed sex-dependent differences and shape changes at 16 and 40 nM compared with controls. Overall, these findings indicate fipronil toxicity in D. melanogaster and suggest that this model can help anticipate effects in other invertebrates.
{"title":"Sublethal fipronil exposure impairs development and behavior in Drosophila melanogaster","authors":"Heloísa Pereira Santos , Andressa Paladini , Cristiane Lenz Dalla Corte","doi":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104917","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104917","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The use of pesticides, particularly insecticides, is integral to modern agriculture. Fipronil, a widely used phenylpyrazole insecticide, is classified as a class II toxicant, indicating high toxicity by ingestion and contact. This study evaluated the morphometric and toxicological effects of fipronil on <em>D. melanogaster</em> development. Embryos were exposed orally from the embryonic stage to adulthood at 16, 40, 81, 163, 327, and 490 nM. The highest concentration reduced adult emergence from pupae, while survival decline at the three highest concentrations. Locomotor behavior was impaired at 81 nM in both sexes. Fipronil induced 24-h mortality in adult flies at concentrations ≥ 327 nM, with a median lethal concentration (LC<sub>50</sub>) of 442 nM. Canonical variate analysis (CVA) revealed sex-dependent differences and shape changes at 16 and 40 nM compared with controls. Overall, these findings indicate fipronil toxicity in <em>D. melanogaster</em> and suggest that this model can help anticipate effects in other invertebrates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11775,"journal":{"name":"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 104917"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145823315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2025.104922
Congying Luo , Qiong Zhang , Yingjie Chen , Dinghui Wang , Han Xie , Yimin Zhang , Kusheng Wu
Bisphenols (BPs) are known to exert neurotoxic effects, but comparative studies of their neurotoxicity using equivalent concentrations (instead of identical ones) remain limited. This study assessed the neurotoxicity of bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol F (BPF), fluorine-9-bisphenol (BHPF), and bisphenol AF (BPAF) in zebrafish embryos/larvae exposed to concentrations equivalent to 2 % of each BP’s LC50. Results showed all five BPs significantly decreased 72 h post-fertilization (hpf) body length and increased 96 hpf mortality but had no notable impacts on hatching rate, heart rate, or eye span. BPs induced the most prominent hyperactivity and anxiety-like behaviors but impacted the locomotor ability. BPF and BHPF also increased spontaneous tail-coiling frequency under normal and high light, respectively. Molecularly, GABAergic (gad1b, slc6a1b, gabbr1b), dopaminergic (slc6a3, drd1b) and cholinergic (slc5a7a, ache) genes were downregulated. Neurodevelopmental genes (gfap, mbpa, syn2a) were suppressed, while oxidative stress-related genes (sod1, sod2) and metabolic gene cyp3a65 were upregulated. Mechanistically, BPs may trigger oxidative stress and metabolic disruption, interfering with GABAergic/ dopaminergic/cholinergic systems to induce neurobehavioral abnormalities. This study confirms equivalent-concentration comparison as a reliable method for toxicity assessment, highlights the varying neurodevelopmental toxicity of BPs, and provides a basis for environmental chemicals risk management.
{"title":"Comparative study on the neurotoxicity of five bisphenols using zebrafish embryos/larvae models","authors":"Congying Luo , Qiong Zhang , Yingjie Chen , Dinghui Wang , Han Xie , Yimin Zhang , Kusheng Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104922","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104922","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bisphenols (BPs) are known to exert neurotoxic effects, but comparative studies of their neurotoxicity using equivalent concentrations (instead of identical ones) remain limited. This study assessed the neurotoxicity of bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol F (BPF), fluorine-9-bisphenol (BHPF), and bisphenol AF (BPAF) in zebrafish embryos/larvae exposed to concentrations equivalent to 2 % of each BP’s LC<sub>50</sub>. Results showed all five BPs significantly decreased 72 h post-fertilization (hpf) body length and increased 96 hpf mortality but had no notable impacts on hatching rate, heart rate, or eye span. BPs induced the most prominent hyperactivity and anxiety-like behaviors but impacted the locomotor ability. BPF and BHPF also increased spontaneous tail-coiling frequency under normal and high light, respectively. Molecularly, GABAergic (<em>gad1b, slc6a1b, gabbr1b</em>), dopaminergic (<em>slc6a3, drd1b</em>) and cholinergic (<em>slc5a7a, ache</em>) genes were downregulated. Neurodevelopmental genes (<em>gfap, mbpa, syn2a</em>) were suppressed, while oxidative stress-related genes (<em>sod1, sod2</em>) and metabolic gene <em>cyp3a65</em> were upregulated. Mechanistically, BPs may trigger oxidative stress and metabolic disruption, interfering with GABAergic/ dopaminergic/cholinergic systems to induce neurobehavioral abnormalities. This study confirms equivalent-concentration comparison as a reliable method for toxicity assessment, highlights the varying neurodevelopmental toxicity of BPs, and provides a basis for environmental chemicals risk management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11775,"journal":{"name":"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 104922"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145894560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-30DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2025.104920
Enzo de Oliveira Novaes , Adriano Teixeira de Oliveira , Paloma de Almeida Rodrigues , Letícia Torrão Araruna , Júlia Vianna de Pinho , Flavia Dayana Felix Farias , Lucas Maia Garcês , Barbara Franz , Carlos Adam Conte-Junior
The present study aimed to determine the mercury (Hg) levels and risk analysis of consumption of tambaqui Colossoma macropomum in fish farms in the Amazon region. In total 212 tambaqui muscle samples were collected from 10 fish farms in 5 states (Amazonas, Pará, Amapá, Roraima, and Rondônia). The Hg in tambaqui muscles in the Amazon region revealed that Amazonas and Amapá had the highest values. The monthly estimate of tambaqui consumption per month showed that children had the highest values compared to young people and adults. Meanwhile, in the states of Amazonas and Amapá, especially among children, the maximum monthly intake of tambaqui should be lower than in other localities. For the hazard quality, only tambaqui evaluated in fish farms in the states of Roraima, Rondônia and Pará presented safety levels. Therefore, routine biomonitoring of fish farms is crucial, especially tambaqui farms, as the main fish species farmed in Brazil.
{"title":"Evaluation of mercury and risk analysis of consumption of the Amazonian tambaqui fish Colossoma macropomum from the production system of the Amazon region","authors":"Enzo de Oliveira Novaes , Adriano Teixeira de Oliveira , Paloma de Almeida Rodrigues , Letícia Torrão Araruna , Júlia Vianna de Pinho , Flavia Dayana Felix Farias , Lucas Maia Garcês , Barbara Franz , Carlos Adam Conte-Junior","doi":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104920","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104920","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study aimed to determine the mercury (Hg) levels and risk analysis of consumption of tambaqui <em>Colossoma macropomum</em> in fish farms in the Amazon region. In total 212 tambaqui muscle samples were collected from 10 fish farms in 5 states (Amazonas, Pará, Amapá, Roraima, and Rondônia). The Hg in tambaqui muscles in the Amazon region revealed that Amazonas and Amapá had the highest values. The monthly estimate of tambaqui consumption per month showed that children had the highest values compared to young people and adults. Meanwhile, in the states of Amazonas and Amapá, especially among children, the maximum monthly intake of tambaqui should be lower than in other localities. For the hazard quality, only tambaqui evaluated in fish farms in the states of Roraima, Rondônia and Pará presented safety levels. Therefore, routine biomonitoring of fish farms is crucial, especially tambaqui farms, as the main fish species farmed in Brazil.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11775,"journal":{"name":"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology","volume":"122 ","pages":"Article 104920"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145890664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-26DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2025.104918
Anda R. Gliga , Sarah McCarrick , Vilhelm Malmborg , Pekka Kohonen , Anastasiia Snigireva , Brandon Mills , Pernille Høgh Danielsen , Lena Palmberg , Karin Broberg , Joakim Pagels , Ulla Vogel
Renewable diesel fuels may reduce greenhouse gas emissions and particulate matter compared to fossil diesel, but the toxicity of their combustion products remains unclear. This study assessed pulmonary effects of renewable diesel exhaust particles in female C57BL/6NTac mice after single intratracheal instillation (6, 18, or 54 µg/mouse). Particles were generated from renewable fuels (rapeseed methyl ester, RME; hydrogen-treated vegetable oil, HVO) and petroleum diesel (DEP) using a modern heavy-duty diesel engine. Lung tissue was analysed via RNA sequencing one day post-exposure to identify differentially expressed genes, followed by pathway analysis and benchmark dose (BMD) modelling. Enriched pathways revealed similar toxicological profiles across fuels, involving immune response, extracellular matrix, and cardiovascular signalling. Pathway activation scores and BMDs indicated that HVO and DEP have similar pro-inflammatory potencies whereas RME was less potent. In conclusion, the similarity of the toxicological responses for renewable and traditional diesel exhaust particles raises health concerns for renewable diesels.
{"title":"Similar global transcription patterns in mouse lung tissue following pulmonary exposure to renewable and conventional diesel engine exhaust particles","authors":"Anda R. Gliga , Sarah McCarrick , Vilhelm Malmborg , Pekka Kohonen , Anastasiia Snigireva , Brandon Mills , Pernille Høgh Danielsen , Lena Palmberg , Karin Broberg , Joakim Pagels , Ulla Vogel","doi":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104918","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104918","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Renewable diesel fuels may reduce greenhouse gas emissions and particulate matter compared to fossil diesel, but the toxicity of their combustion products remains unclear. This study assessed pulmonary effects of renewable diesel exhaust particles in female C57BL/6NTac mice after single intratracheal instillation (6, 18, or 54 µg/mouse). Particles were generated from renewable fuels (rapeseed methyl ester, RME; hydrogen-treated vegetable oil, HVO) and petroleum diesel (DEP) using a modern heavy-duty diesel engine. Lung tissue was analysed via RNA sequencing one day post-exposure to identify differentially expressed genes, followed by pathway analysis and benchmark dose (BMD) modelling. Enriched pathways revealed similar toxicological profiles across fuels, involving immune response, extracellular matrix, and cardiovascular signalling. Pathway activation scores and BMDs indicated that HVO and DEP have similar pro-inflammatory potencies whereas RME was less potent. In conclusion, the similarity of the toxicological responses for renewable and traditional diesel exhaust particles raises health concerns for renewable diesels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11775,"journal":{"name":"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology","volume":"122 ","pages":"Article 104918"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145845149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-19DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2025.104907
Xia Wang , Ruixuan Li , Bo Cheng , Yingxue Sun , Xiaolong Yao , Chun Wang
Polyethylene micro/nano plastics (PE-MPs, PE-NPs), being the predominant plastic pollutants in aquaculture environments, frequently coexist with emerging contaminants such as perfluorinated compounds (PFOA) within closed aquaculture systems. Nevertheless, the combined biotoxicological impacts and underlying mechanisms of PE-MPs, PE-NPs, and PFOA co-pollutants remain poorly understood in zebrafish. This study revealed induced oxidative stress in zebrafish, as evidenced by aberrant levels of antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD, GST) and lipid peroxidation markers (LPO, GSH) as well as neurotoxicity (AChE) in the targeted organs (gills, intestine, and liver). Specifically, the Integrated Biomarker Responses (IBRv2) revealed that the combined toxic effects exhibited synergism in the gills and liver but antagonism in the gut of zebrafish, showing distinct tissue and organ specificity. The exposure of PFOA to environmental concentrations reduced the richness and diversity of intestinal microbiota, whereas the presence of MPs and NPs increased them. Compared to single exposure to PFOA, the combined-exposure of MPs and PFOA decreased the metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450 and naphthalene degradation of metabolic pathway. The combined-exposure of NPs and PFOA decreased the abundance of African trypanosomiasis, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, pathways in cancer, and naphthalene degradation pathway, while increasing the abundance of Wnt signaling pathway. In the combined-exposure group of MPs + NPs and PFOA, the abundance of African trypanosomiasis and naphthalene degradation metabolic pathways decreased, while the ethylbenzene degradation metabolic pathway increased. The present study offers a scientific foundation for conducting comprehensive ecological risk assessments and joint toxicological evaluations of PE-MPs, PE-NPs and PFOA.
{"title":"Combined toxicity of polyethylene micro/nanoplastics and PFOA in zebrafish (Danio rerio): Impacts on antioxidant, neurotransmission, and gut microbiota","authors":"Xia Wang , Ruixuan Li , Bo Cheng , Yingxue Sun , Xiaolong Yao , Chun Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104907","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104907","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polyethylene micro/nano plastics (PE-MPs, PE-NPs), being the predominant plastic pollutants in aquaculture environments, frequently coexist with emerging contaminants such as perfluorinated compounds (PFOA) within closed aquaculture systems. Nevertheless, the combined biotoxicological impacts and underlying mechanisms of PE-MPs, PE-NPs, and PFOA co-pollutants remain poorly understood in zebrafish. This study revealed induced oxidative stress in zebrafish, as evidenced by aberrant levels of antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD, GST) and lipid peroxidation markers (LPO, GSH) as well as neurotoxicity (AChE) in the targeted organs (gills, intestine, and liver). Specifically, the Integrated Biomarker Responses (IBRv2) revealed that the combined toxic effects exhibited synergism in the gills and liver but antagonism in the gut of zebrafish, showing distinct tissue and organ specificity. The exposure of PFOA to environmental concentrations reduced the richness and diversity of intestinal microbiota, whereas the presence of MPs and NPs increased them. Compared to single exposure to PFOA, the combined-exposure of MPs and PFOA decreased the metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450 and naphthalene degradation of metabolic pathway. The combined-exposure of NPs and PFOA decreased the abundance of African trypanosomiasis, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, pathways in cancer, and naphthalene degradation pathway, while increasing the abundance of Wnt signaling pathway. In the combined-exposure group of MPs + NPs and PFOA, the abundance of African trypanosomiasis and naphthalene degradation metabolic pathways decreased, while the ethylbenzene degradation metabolic pathway increased. The present study offers a scientific foundation for conducting comprehensive ecological risk assessments and joint toxicological evaluations of PE-MPs, PE-NPs and PFOA.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11775,"journal":{"name":"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 104907"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145785202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-18DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2025.104914
Nivedita Jha , Angshita Das , Megha Prasanth , S. Daisy Precilla , R. Sivachandran , Rajaneesh Anupam , T.S. Anitha
Background
The increasing production of disposable plastic has led to massive plastic waste, much of which is burned, resulting in microplastics (MPs) and other toxic byproducts. This study investigates the smoke-derived MPs from burning polypropylene (PP), their physicochemical properties, and their impact on lung cancer cells.
Methods
Smoke-derived MPs were generated by smoldering PP, and extracted MPs dissolved in methanol, ethanol, and DCM. For physicochemical assessment, DLS, UV–VIS, FTIR NMR, GC-MS, and SEM were performed, followed by in vitro analysis, MTT, AO/EB, and DAPI assays performed using A549 cells.
Result & Discussion
Characterization studies revealed particle size, hazardous compounds such as phthalates, siloxanes, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. In vitro studies showed increased cell viability in A549 cells with no sign of apoptosis or necrosis.
Conclusion
Proliferation in lung cancer cells through Smoke-derived MPs, implicating combustion MPs in respiratory disease, highlighting urgent control needs.
{"title":"Smoke-derived microplastics of polypropylene In Vitro proliferative impact on human lung adenocarcinoma cells: Physicochemical analysis and biological evaluation","authors":"Nivedita Jha , Angshita Das , Megha Prasanth , S. Daisy Precilla , R. Sivachandran , Rajaneesh Anupam , T.S. Anitha","doi":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104914","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104914","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The increasing production of disposable plastic has led to massive plastic waste, much of which is burned, resulting in microplastics (MPs) and other toxic byproducts. This study investigates the smoke-derived MPs from burning polypropylene (PP), their physicochemical properties, and their impact on lung cancer cells.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Smoke-derived MPs were generated by smoldering PP, and extracted MPs dissolved in methanol, ethanol, and DCM. For physicochemical assessment, DLS, UV–VIS, FTIR NMR, GC-MS, and SEM were performed, followed by in vitro analysis, MTT, AO/EB, and DAPI assays performed using A549 cells.</div></div><div><h3>Result & Discussion</h3><div>Characterization studies revealed particle size, hazardous compounds such as phthalates, siloxanes, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. <em>In vitro</em> studies showed increased cell viability in A549 cells with no sign of apoptosis or necrosis.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Proliferation in lung cancer cells through Smoke-derived MPs, implicating combustion MPs in respiratory disease, highlighting urgent control needs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11775,"journal":{"name":"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 104914"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145785203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-17DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2025.104910
Natália P.V.M. Faria , Amanda da S. Guerreiro , Giovana S. Branco , Mariana F. de Campos , Renata G. Moreira , Ismael E. Lozano , Renato M. Honji
Phenanthrene (PHE), a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), poses significant risks to marine biota, yet its behavioral and physiological effects on fish, particularly on Epinephelus marginatus, remain poorly understood. This study therefore aimed to assess the acute (96 h) effects of PHE exposure (0.1 and 1 mg L⁻¹) on juvenile E. marginatus (n = 15 per treatment) compared to an ethanol control (0.004 %). Behavioral endpoints, oxidative stress biomarkers, plasma cortisol levels, and acetylcholinesterase activity were evaluated in the same individuals. PHE-exposed fish exhibited pronounced behavioral disturbances, including reduced agonistic interactions and loss of equilibrium at the highest concentration, which may compromise social hierarchy and predator avoidance. Although acetylcholinesterase and antioxidant enzymes remained unchanged, the higher PHE concentration triggered increased plasma cortisol and hepatic lipid peroxidation, indicating stress axis activation and oxidative damage. These results provide the first integrated evidence of neurobehavioral and physiological disruption in E. marginatus under PHE exposure.
{"title":"Impacts of phenanthrene on juveniles of dusky grouper, Epinephelus marginatus (Perciformes: Serranidae): Behavioral, endocrine and oxidative effects","authors":"Natália P.V.M. Faria , Amanda da S. Guerreiro , Giovana S. Branco , Mariana F. de Campos , Renata G. Moreira , Ismael E. Lozano , Renato M. Honji","doi":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104910","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104910","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phenanthrene (PHE), a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), poses significant risks to marine biota, yet its behavioral and physiological effects on fish, particularly on <em>Epinephelus marginatus</em>, remain poorly understood. This study therefore aimed to assess the acute (96 h) effects of PHE exposure (0.1 and 1 mg L⁻¹) on juvenile <em>E. marginatus</em> (n = 15 per treatment) compared to an ethanol control (0.004 %). Behavioral endpoints, oxidative stress biomarkers, plasma cortisol levels, and acetylcholinesterase activity were evaluated in the same individuals. PHE-exposed fish exhibited pronounced behavioral disturbances, including reduced agonistic interactions and loss of equilibrium at the highest concentration, which may compromise social hierarchy and predator avoidance. Although acetylcholinesterase and antioxidant enzymes remained unchanged, the higher PHE concentration triggered increased plasma cortisol and hepatic lipid peroxidation, indicating stress axis activation and oxidative damage. These results provide the first integrated evidence of neurobehavioral and physiological disruption in <em>E. marginatus</em> under PHE exposure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11775,"journal":{"name":"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 104910"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145785207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-17DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2025.104915
Bozhena Tsyupa , Chiara Emma Campiglio , Elena Carrara , Marta Ripamonti , Alessandro Mancini , Andrea Bonfanti , Micol Introna , Ana Teresa Juarez-Facio , Karine Elihn , Manuela Teresa Raimondi , Andrea Remuzzi
Poor air quality is a significant risk to human health and the environment, with a direct correlation to respiratory diseases and premature death. Ultra fine particles (UFPs) in the atmosphere are particularly hazardous. This study evaluates the toxicological response of epithelial cells (A549) and macrophages (dTHP-1) to particulate matter (PM) emissions from car brake wear, under both submerged and Air-Liquid Interface (ALI) conditions. Toxicity was assessed using cell viability (Resazurin assay) and cytokine assays. Emissions were collected using a dynamometric bench simulating driving and braking conditions. Under ALI, freshly emitted particles were directly deposited onto cells, while in submerged conditions, particles were collected on filters and then deposited onto cells. M1a and M1b materials were tested, both materials are falling into category of ECE R90 Low Metallic pads. M1a showed slight toxicity under ALI and significant immune response in submerged conditions, while M1b showed no toxicity in either condition.
{"title":"On-site ALI versus submerged culture: Chemical and toxicological investigation of brake wear sub-micrometric particles","authors":"Bozhena Tsyupa , Chiara Emma Campiglio , Elena Carrara , Marta Ripamonti , Alessandro Mancini , Andrea Bonfanti , Micol Introna , Ana Teresa Juarez-Facio , Karine Elihn , Manuela Teresa Raimondi , Andrea Remuzzi","doi":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104915","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104915","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Poor air quality is a significant risk to human health and the environment, with a direct correlation to respiratory diseases and premature death. Ultra fine particles (UFPs) in the atmosphere are particularly hazardous. This study evaluates the toxicological response of epithelial cells (A549) and macrophages (dTHP-1) to particulate matter (PM) emissions from car brake wear, under both submerged and Air-Liquid Interface (ALI) conditions. Toxicity was assessed using cell viability (Resazurin assay) and cytokine assays. Emissions were collected using a dynamometric bench simulating driving and braking conditions. Under ALI, freshly emitted particles were directly deposited onto cells, while in submerged conditions, particles were collected on filters and then deposited onto cells. M1a and M1b materials were tested, both materials are falling into category of ECE R90 Low Metallic pads. M1a showed slight toxicity under ALI and significant immune response in submerged conditions, while M1b showed no toxicity in either condition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11775,"journal":{"name":"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 104915"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145785206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-16DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2025.104913
Martin Staron , Ľubica Rajčáková , Matej Planý , Hossam Abou-Shaara
Nutrition strongly shapes honey bee resilience, especially when bees face multiple environmental stressors. This study examined how different carbohydrate and commercial protein diets influence honey bee responses to residue-level tebuconazole exposure and short-term heat stress (40°C for 48 h). Mortality, food intake, and body water loss were measured under each treatment. Diet had a significant effect on survival: among carbohydrate diets, bees fed the control diet showed the lowest mortality, whereas rapeseed honey caused the highest. For protein diets, sugar candy and the vegetable protein diet yielded the highest survival, in contrast to the pollen-based feed. Food intake varied widely across diets and showed a positive association with mortality. The presence of tebuconazole in diets did not induce avoidance or reduce consumption. Water loss was inversely associated with mortality, suggesting complex physiological trade-offs. Tebuconazole did not cause acute lethal effects, contributing to current evaluations of fungicide risks.
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Pub Date : 2025-12-15DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2025.104908
Lin Tao , Lulu Dai , Shimin Xiong , Dengqing Liao , Yuan-zhong Zhou , Xubo Shen
Background
This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the associations among maternal immune-inflammatory markers and urinary phthalate (PAE) metabolites during pregnancy, focusing on their potential links with preeclampsia and related reproductive outcomes.
Method
A propensity score-matched case-control design was adopted, enrolling 61 cases and 118 controls matched based on propensity scores. To assess associations, dose-response relationships, and mediating effects, multiple statistical methods were employed, including logistic regression, restricted cubic splines (RCS), Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR), and structural equation modeling (SEM).
Results
Maternal urinary metabolites of PAEs (MEHP, MEHHP) and the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) were significantly higher in the case group than in the control group. Logistic regression analysis revealed positive associations between MEHP, MOP, MEHHP, SII, and preeclampsia (all odds ratios [OR] > 1, P < 0.05). RCS analysis revealed nonlinear dose-response relationships for MOP and SII, with threshold concentrations of 2.57 μg/L creatinine (MOP) and 977.24 μg/L (SII). BKMR results indicated a nonlinear positive correlation between PAE metabolites, immune-inflammatory markers, and spontaneous abortion. SEM models confirmed mediating effects of immune-inflammatory markers: SII mediated the associations between MEHP, MOP, MEHHP and preeclampsia with mediation rates (95 %CI) of 8.73 % [1.33 %–22.34 %], 25.31 % [11.72 %–36.00 %], and 6.50 % [0.36 %–21.39 %], respectively; AISI mediated the MEHP-preeclampsia association (0.27 % [0.20 %–1.19 %]); and MLR and PLR mediated the MEHHP-preeclampsia association (2.54 % [1.53 %–8.80 %] and 7.59 % [1.20 %–12.52 %], respectively).
Conclusion
Maternal urinary PAE metabolites during pregnancy are associated with an increased risk of preeclampsia, and maternal immune-inflammatory markers partially mediate this relationship. These findings provide insights into the potential mechanisms linking prenatal PAE exposure to adverse pregnancy outcomes.
{"title":"Maternal immune-inflammatory markers mediate the association between urinary phthalate metabolites and preeclampsia","authors":"Lin Tao , Lulu Dai , Shimin Xiong , Dengqing Liao , Yuan-zhong Zhou , Xubo Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104908","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104908","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the associations among maternal immune-inflammatory markers and urinary phthalate (PAE) metabolites during pregnancy, focusing on their potential links with preeclampsia and related reproductive outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>A propensity score-matched case-control design was adopted, enrolling 61 cases and 118 controls matched based on propensity scores. To assess associations, dose-response relationships, and mediating effects, multiple statistical methods were employed, including logistic regression, restricted cubic splines (RCS), Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR), and structural equation modeling (SEM).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Maternal urinary metabolites of PAEs (MEHP, MEHHP) and the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) were significantly higher in the case group than in the control group. Logistic regression analysis revealed positive associations between MEHP, MOP, MEHHP, SII, and preeclampsia (all odds ratios [OR] > 1, P < 0.05). RCS analysis revealed nonlinear dose-response relationships for MOP and SII, with threshold concentrations of 2.57 μg/L creatinine (MOP) and 977.24 μg/L (SII). BKMR results indicated a nonlinear positive correlation between PAE metabolites, immune-inflammatory markers, and spontaneous abortion. SEM models confirmed mediating effects of immune-inflammatory markers: SII mediated the associations between MEHP, MOP, MEHHP and preeclampsia with mediation rates (95 %CI) of 8.73 % [1.33 %–22.34 %], 25.31 % [11.72 %–36.00 %], and 6.50 % [0.36 %–21.39 %], respectively; AISI mediated the MEHP-preeclampsia association (0.27 % [0.20 %–1.19 %]); and MLR and PLR mediated the MEHHP-preeclampsia association (2.54 % [1.53 %–8.80 %] and 7.59 % [1.20 %–12.52 %], respectively).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Maternal urinary PAE metabolites during pregnancy are associated with an increased risk of preeclampsia, and maternal immune-inflammatory markers partially mediate this relationship. These findings provide insights into the potential mechanisms linking prenatal PAE exposure to adverse pregnancy outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11775,"journal":{"name":"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 104908"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145776873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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