Lameness in horses, particularly in relation to osteoarthritis (OA), is complex and variable, highlighting the importance of experimental models in advancing our understanding of pain and lameness. Synovitis plays a critical role in the development of OA, and reversible models of synovitis offer valuable insights into physiology and potential therapeutic interventions. While various induced lameness models aim to mimic clinical conditions, they are often acute or chronic in nature and not true parallels of clinical disease. While these models often reflect key aspects, the development of an ideal in vivo model of synovitis has yet to be identified. This article reviews established models of synovitis induced lameness, outlines their respective benefits and limitations and provides an overview of studies in which these methods have been utilised. To enhance future model selection and development, this article compares these models by considering factors such as reversibility and severity.
{"title":"Review of experimental equine synovitis models for inducing lameness","authors":"A. Dockery, B. Beasley, V. J. Moorman","doi":"10.1111/eve.14207","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eve.14207","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Lameness in horses, particularly in relation to osteoarthritis (OA), is complex and variable, highlighting the importance of experimental models in advancing our understanding of pain and lameness. Synovitis plays a critical role in the development of OA, and reversible models of synovitis offer valuable insights into physiology and potential therapeutic interventions. While various induced lameness models aim to mimic clinical conditions, they are often acute or chronic in nature and not true parallels of clinical disease. While these models often reflect key aspects, the development of an ideal in vivo model of synovitis has yet to be identified. This article reviews established models of synovitis induced lameness, outlines their respective benefits and limitations and provides an overview of studies in which these methods have been utilised. To enhance future model selection and development, this article compares these models by considering factors such as reversibility and severity.</p>","PeriodicalId":11786,"journal":{"name":"Equine Veterinary Education","volume":"37 10","pages":"547-560"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eve.14207","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144935010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Decision making in treatment of upward fixation of the patella","authors":"A. V. Kent","doi":"10.1111/eve.14202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eve.14202","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11786,"journal":{"name":"Equine Veterinary Education","volume":"37 12","pages":"626-627"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145443297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This clinical commentary is accompanying the manuscript on quantitative sensory testing and trigemino-cervical thresholds in a Warmblood gelding affected by trigeminal-mediated headshaking by Käfer-Karrer et al. This new diagnostic method is promising for diagnosing a devastating disease which has an enormous impact on the horses welfare. The clinical commentary emphasizes on the underlying neuropathic pain in TMHS and underlines the necessity to quantify this specific pain in order to decide on how to proceed with affected horses.
{"title":"Trigeminal-mediated headshaking in horses","authors":"A. May, V. Franzen","doi":"10.1111/eve.14203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eve.14203","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This clinical commentary is accompanying the manuscript on quantitative sensory testing and trigemino-cervical thresholds in a Warmblood gelding affected by trigeminal-mediated headshaking by Käfer-Karrer et al. This new diagnostic method is promising for diagnosing a devastating disease which has an enormous impact on the horses welfare. The clinical commentary emphasizes on the underlying neuropathic pain in TMHS and underlines the necessity to quantify this specific pain in order to decide on how to proceed with affected horses.</p>","PeriodicalId":11786,"journal":{"name":"Equine Veterinary Education","volume":"37 12","pages":"619-621"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eve.14203","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145443029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cranial mid-body fractures of the axis in horses result from hyperflexion of the neck and are most commonly associated with lateral bending falls over showjumping or steeplechase fences. In the authors' experience, conservative treatment of mild to moderately displaced cranial mid-body axis fractures has been unsuccessful. This case report describes surgical management of a cranial mid-body fracture of the axis in an 8-year-old Warmblood gelding that sustained the injury during a showjumping course. Following reduction, a five-hole 4.5-/5.0-mm locking compression T-plate (4.5/5.0 T-LCP) was contoured to fit the ventral aspect of the axis and used as an internal fixator. The horse was turned out starting 2 months after surgery, and training was gradually resumed. No lameness, ataxia or decrease in cervical range of motion were reported after surgery. Follow-up radiographs performed 5 months postoperatively confirmed bone union at the fracture site resulting from adequate reduction and stabilisation. T-LCP fixation is a promising treatment option for cranial mid-body fractures of the axis.
{"title":"T-locking compression plate fixation of a cranial mid-body axis fracture in an adult horse","authors":"A. Campos Schweitzer, G. Croon, F. Rossignol","doi":"10.1111/eve.14200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eve.14200","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Cranial mid-body fractures of the axis in horses result from hyperflexion of the neck and are most commonly associated with lateral bending falls over showjumping or steeplechase fences. In the authors' experience, conservative treatment of mild to moderately displaced cranial mid-body axis fractures has been unsuccessful. This case report describes surgical management of a cranial mid-body fracture of the axis in an 8-year-old Warmblood gelding that sustained the injury during a showjumping course. Following reduction, a five-hole 4.5-/5.0-mm locking compression T-plate (4.5/5.0 T-LCP) was contoured to fit the ventral aspect of the axis and used as an internal fixator. The horse was turned out starting 2 months after surgery, and training was gradually resumed. No lameness, ataxia or decrease in cervical range of motion were reported after surgery. Follow-up radiographs performed 5 months postoperatively confirmed bone union at the fracture site resulting from adequate reduction and stabilisation. T-LCP fixation is a promising treatment option for cranial mid-body fractures of the axis.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11786,"journal":{"name":"Equine Veterinary Education","volume":"38 1","pages":"e1-e7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145719602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<p>The case report by Papa et al. (<span>2025</span>) describes the successful management of a ureteral tear in a foal. While the foal in this case report did well under anesthesia, this article highlights several important patient factors that can lead to cardiopulmonary arrest under general anesthesia.</p><p>Foals under 1 month of age are particularly susceptible to complications under general anesthesia with an increased risk of death compared to adults (Johnston et al., <span>2002</span>). Multiple case reports have demonstrated that perianaesthetic cardiac arrest can be successfully managed in foals (Haga et al., <span>2011</span>; Marolf et al., <span>2018</span>; Wiechert-Brown et al., <span>2022</span>). In 2024, the RECOVER Initiative published an updated version of its Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) guidelines, incorporating revised recommendations (Burkitt-Creedon et al., <span>2024</span>). This clinical commentary aims to present these recommendations in the context of perianaesthetic cardiopulmonary resuscitation in foals.</p><p>Cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) in foals is most commonly described due to patient-related factors surrounding parturition, such as prematurity or dysmaturity, asphyxia and neonatal maladjustment. CPA in anaesthetised foals can be due to a combination of anaesthetic or patient-related factors.</p><p>Signs of impending cardiopulmonary failure in anaesthetised patients include hypotension (<40 mmHg), marked elevations in lactate, apnoea, agonal breathing, absent peripheral pulses, nonresponsive mydriatic pupils, bradycardia or tachycardia. In anaesthetised patients, detection of CPA is typically characterised by a loss or sudden severe reduction of end tidal CO<sub>2</sub> (EtCO<sub>2</sub>), hypotension and loss of arterial waveform, as well as cardiovascular rhythms associated with CPR, such as asystole, ventricular fibrillation and pulseless ventricular tachycardia. Often, CPR is initiated earlier in those who are anaesthetised and is associated with higher survival rates, likely due to the rapid response, presence of monitoring and previously established venous and airway access.</p><p>Basic life support (BLS) encompasses airway management, ventilation and chest compressions, forming the foundation of effective cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). BLS is performed in 2-min cycles.</p><p>Advanced life support (ALS) involves pharmacologic interventions and advanced monitoring in addition to BLS to address the underlying causes of CPA and support ROSC. Drug dosing is available in Table 1.</p><p>Effective CPR in neonatal foals hinges on prompt recognition of CPA, initiation of BLS measures, including airway management, ventilation and chest compressions, followed by ALS interventions tailored to the foal's specific needs. Adherence to current RECOVER guidelines and continuous monitoring can enhance the likelihood of ROSC and improve survival outcomes. Ongoing research and training are crucial for refining
Papa等人（2025）的病例报告描述了对马驹输尿管撕裂的成功治疗。虽然本病例报告中的马驹在麻醉下表现良好，但本文强调了几个重要的患者因素，这些因素可能导致全身麻醉下的心肺骤停。1个月以下的马驹在全身麻醉下特别容易出现并发症，其死亡风险比成年马驹高（Johnston et al., 2002）。多个病例报告表明，马驹麻醉周围心脏骤停可以成功管理（Haga等人，2011；Marolf等人，2018；Wiechert-Brown等人，2022）。在2024年，RECOVER Initiative发布了其心肺复苏（CPR）指南的更新版本，纳入了修订后的建议（Burkitt-Creedon et al., 2024）。这篇临床评论的目的是在马驹围麻醉心肺复苏的背景下提出这些建议。马驹的心肺骤停（CPA）最常被描述为由于分娩周围的患者相关因素，如早产或不成熟，窒息和新生儿适应不良。麻醉马驹的CPA可能是由于麻醉剂或患者相关因素的组合。麻醉患者即将出现的心肺衰竭体征包括低血压（40毫米汞柱）、乳酸水平明显升高、呼吸暂停、呼吸异常、外周脉搏缺失、无反应性瞳孔、心动过缓或心动过速。在麻醉患者中，CPA检测的典型特征是末潮CO2 （EtCO2）丢失或突然严重降低，低血压和动脉波形丢失，以及与CPR相关的心血管节律，如心脏骤停、心室颤动和无脉性室性心动过速。通常，在麻醉的患者中，心肺复苏术开始得更早，生存率更高，这可能是由于快速反应，监测的存在以及先前建立的静脉和气道通道。基本生命支持（BLS）包括气道管理、通气和胸外按压，是有效心肺复苏（CPR）的基础。BLS以2分钟为周期进行。高级生命支持（ALS）包括药物干预和高级监测，除了BLS，以解决CPA的潜在原因和支持ROSC。药物剂量见表1。新生儿马驹的有效心肺复苏术取决于及时识别CPA，启动BLS措施，包括气道管理，通气和胸部按压，然后根据马驹的具体需求进行ALS干预。坚持当前的康复指南和持续监测可以提高ROSC的可能性并改善生存结果。正在进行的研究和培训对于完善马新生儿复苏技术和方案至关重要。瓦纳：写作-原稿；写作——审阅和编辑。H. Roessner：写作-原稿；写作——审阅和编辑。本次提交无需报告资助者。作者没有利益冲突需要报告。这篇临床评论不需要。
{"title":"Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in anaesthetised foals","authors":"K. Varner, H. Roessner","doi":"10.1111/eve.14198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eve.14198","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The case report by Papa et al. (<span>2025</span>) describes the successful management of a ureteral tear in a foal. While the foal in this case report did well under anesthesia, this article highlights several important patient factors that can lead to cardiopulmonary arrest under general anesthesia.</p><p>Foals under 1 month of age are particularly susceptible to complications under general anesthesia with an increased risk of death compared to adults (Johnston et al., <span>2002</span>). Multiple case reports have demonstrated that perianaesthetic cardiac arrest can be successfully managed in foals (Haga et al., <span>2011</span>; Marolf et al., <span>2018</span>; Wiechert-Brown et al., <span>2022</span>). In 2024, the RECOVER Initiative published an updated version of its Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) guidelines, incorporating revised recommendations (Burkitt-Creedon et al., <span>2024</span>). This clinical commentary aims to present these recommendations in the context of perianaesthetic cardiopulmonary resuscitation in foals.</p><p>Cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) in foals is most commonly described due to patient-related factors surrounding parturition, such as prematurity or dysmaturity, asphyxia and neonatal maladjustment. CPA in anaesthetised foals can be due to a combination of anaesthetic or patient-related factors.</p><p>Signs of impending cardiopulmonary failure in anaesthetised patients include hypotension (<40 mmHg), marked elevations in lactate, apnoea, agonal breathing, absent peripheral pulses, nonresponsive mydriatic pupils, bradycardia or tachycardia. In anaesthetised patients, detection of CPA is typically characterised by a loss or sudden severe reduction of end tidal CO<sub>2</sub> (EtCO<sub>2</sub>), hypotension and loss of arterial waveform, as well as cardiovascular rhythms associated with CPR, such as asystole, ventricular fibrillation and pulseless ventricular tachycardia. Often, CPR is initiated earlier in those who are anaesthetised and is associated with higher survival rates, likely due to the rapid response, presence of monitoring and previously established venous and airway access.</p><p>Basic life support (BLS) encompasses airway management, ventilation and chest compressions, forming the foundation of effective cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). BLS is performed in 2-min cycles.</p><p>Advanced life support (ALS) involves pharmacologic interventions and advanced monitoring in addition to BLS to address the underlying causes of CPA and support ROSC. Drug dosing is available in Table 1.</p><p>Effective CPR in neonatal foals hinges on prompt recognition of CPA, initiation of BLS measures, including airway management, ventilation and chest compressions, followed by ALS interventions tailored to the foal's specific needs. Adherence to current RECOVER guidelines and continuous monitoring can enhance the likelihood of ROSC and improve survival outcomes. Ongoing research and training are crucial for refining","PeriodicalId":11786,"journal":{"name":"Equine Veterinary Education","volume":"37 11","pages":"563-567"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eve.14198","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145237172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Peritoneal adhesions and endotoxaemia secondary to septic peritonitis are among potential cause of mortality in the postoperative stage of equine colic. Despite decades of rigorous investigation, efficacious interventions remain limited. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the Malecot catheter usage in facilitating peritoneal lavage and drainage of toxic inflammatory debris and secretions in a horse diagnosed with septic peritonitis. A 6-year-old stallion presented with acute abdominal pain, severe sweating, pyrexia, anorexia, tachycardia, poor respiratory effort, increased capillary refill time, endotoxaemia and circulatory shock. Blood analysis indicated haemoconcentration, leukopaenia, neutropaenia, a left shift, toxic degenerative neutrophils and azotaemia. An exploratory laparotomy revealed a severe obstruction at the pelvic flexure caused by a large, firm and dry faecalith, resulting in secondary colonic impaction and subsequent septic peritonitis. Following colotomy through the pelvic flexure and removal of the faecally impacted masses, including the faecalith, a Malecot catheter was utilised for peritoneal lavage and drainage during continuous 24-h critical care over 12 days. The horse demonstrated full clinical recovery, evidenced by the normalisation of haematological parameters, peritoneal fluid composition and bacterial culture results. The Malecot catheter demonstrated potential as an efficacious instrument for managing septic peritonitis in equine patients. However, it is imperative to note that the results of this study are derived from a single case and should be regarded with caution as a preliminary observation. Further investigation with an expanded sample size is essential to substantiate the application of the Malecot catheter in equine peritonitis and abdominal surgery.
{"title":"Efficacy of Malecot catheter for peritoneal lavage and drainage in a horse with septic peritonitis","authors":"N. Alidadi, F. Saberi Afshar","doi":"10.1111/eve.14186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eve.14186","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Peritoneal adhesions and endotoxaemia secondary to septic peritonitis are among potential cause of mortality in the postoperative stage of equine colic. Despite decades of rigorous investigation, efficacious interventions remain limited. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the Malecot catheter usage in facilitating peritoneal lavage and drainage of toxic inflammatory debris and secretions in a horse diagnosed with septic peritonitis. A 6-year-old stallion presented with acute abdominal pain, severe sweating, pyrexia, anorexia, tachycardia, poor respiratory effort, increased capillary refill time, endotoxaemia and circulatory shock. Blood analysis indicated haemoconcentration, leukopaenia, neutropaenia, a left shift, toxic degenerative neutrophils and azotaemia. An exploratory laparotomy revealed a severe obstruction at the pelvic flexure caused by a large, firm and dry faecalith, resulting in secondary colonic impaction and subsequent septic peritonitis. Following colotomy through the pelvic flexure and removal of the faecally impacted masses, including the faecalith, a Malecot catheter was utilised for peritoneal lavage and drainage during continuous 24-h critical care over 12 days. The horse demonstrated full clinical recovery, evidenced by the normalisation of haematological parameters, peritoneal fluid composition and bacterial culture results. The Malecot catheter demonstrated potential as an efficacious instrument for managing septic peritonitis in equine patients. However, it is imperative to note that the results of this study are derived from a single case and should be regarded with caution as a preliminary observation. Further investigation with an expanded sample size is essential to substantiate the application of the Malecot catheter in equine peritonitis and abdominal surgery.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11786,"journal":{"name":"Equine Veterinary Education","volume":"38 2","pages":"e51-e59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145915940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Murdock, D. Wong, T. Hall, B. Sponseller, J. Howard, K. Frerichs, A. Bianco, R. Ruby
Two foals were being treated with a combination of oral doxycycline and rifampin for presumed Rhodococcus equi infections. After 3–4 weeks of antimicrobial administration, both foals presented with icterus and nonspecific clinical signs, including lethargy and inappetence. Diagnostic evaluation, including clinicopathologic testing, ultrasonography and liver biopsy, documented evidence of toxic hepatopathy and anaemia. An acute drug reaction was suspected based on histopathologic evidence observed on liver biopsy samples, the resolution of clinical and clinicopathologic abnormalities once antimicrobials were discontinued, and anecdotal reports from other investigators. Serial monitoring of liver enzyme activities documented the resolution of hepatopathy over several weeks with limited supportive therapy, and both foals survived to adulthood. Although uncommon, equine practitioners should be aware that hepatopathy and anaemia can be observed with oral administration of doxycycline and rifampin in foals.
{"title":"Acute hepatitis and haemolysis associated with doxycycline and rifampin administration in two weanling foals","authors":"A. Murdock, D. Wong, T. Hall, B. Sponseller, J. Howard, K. Frerichs, A. Bianco, R. Ruby","doi":"10.1111/eve.14195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eve.14195","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Two foals were being treated with a combination of oral doxycycline and rifampin for presumed <i>Rhodococcus equi</i> infections. After 3–4 weeks of antimicrobial administration, both foals presented with icterus and nonspecific clinical signs, including lethargy and inappetence. Diagnostic evaluation, including clinicopathologic testing, ultrasonography and liver biopsy, documented evidence of toxic hepatopathy and anaemia. An acute drug reaction was suspected based on histopathologic evidence observed on liver biopsy samples, the resolution of clinical and clinicopathologic abnormalities once antimicrobials were discontinued, and anecdotal reports from other investigators. Serial monitoring of liver enzyme activities documented the resolution of hepatopathy over several weeks with limited supportive therapy, and both foals survived to adulthood. Although uncommon, equine practitioners should be aware that hepatopathy and anaemia can be observed with oral administration of doxycycline and rifampin in foals.</p>","PeriodicalId":11786,"journal":{"name":"Equine Veterinary Education","volume":"38 2","pages":"e70-e77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eve.14195","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145931152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Medications selected to treat problems of pregnancy in the mare must be simultaneously safe for the mare, safe for the developing fetus and able to penetrate the placental barrier. With consideration of these factors, the practitioner must determine when and for how long to administer therapy. Monitoring equine pregnancy can be challenging, owing to the size of the equine abdomen (precluding visualisation of the entire fetoplacental unit), individual variation in the appearance of the reproductive tract, and (typically) minimal clinical signs of pregnancy compromise until late in a disease process. A large proportion of currently available literature regarding medication use in the pregnant mare focuses on those pharmaceuticals which may be of use in treating placentitis, leaving the practitioner to extrapolate from these findings when managing clinical cases that do not fit into a tidy diagnosis; the aim of this paper is to aid the practitioner with making rational choices of medications using evidence-based medicine, while simultaneously considering a One Health perspective. This paper is an extension of an article originally prepared for the 2023 Proceedings of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, produced with permission.
{"title":"Practical approach to medication selection in the pregnant mare","authors":"K. A. Von Dollen, S. K. Lyle","doi":"10.1111/eve.14193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eve.14193","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Medications selected to treat problems of pregnancy in the mare must be simultaneously safe for the mare, safe for the developing fetus and able to penetrate the placental barrier. With consideration of these factors, the practitioner must determine when and for how long to administer therapy. Monitoring equine pregnancy can be challenging, owing to the size of the equine abdomen (precluding visualisation of the entire fetoplacental unit), individual variation in the appearance of the reproductive tract, and (typically) minimal clinical signs of pregnancy compromise until late in a disease process. A large proportion of currently available literature regarding medication use in the pregnant mare focuses on those pharmaceuticals which may be of use in treating placentitis, leaving the practitioner to extrapolate from these findings when managing clinical cases that do not fit into a tidy diagnosis; the aim of this paper is to aid the practitioner with making rational choices of medications using evidence-based medicine, while simultaneously considering a One Health perspective. This paper is an extension of an article originally prepared for the 2023 Proceedings of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, produced with permission.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11786,"journal":{"name":"Equine Veterinary Education","volume":"37 11","pages":"608-616"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145237212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<p>Warmbloods and Warmblood cross-breeds make up a high proportion of sports horses in active competition work in the Western world. As a breed, Warmbloods often have small feet relative to their body size and weight, resulting in proportionally increased load on structures within the hoof capsule. This may predispose to some patterns of pathology, resulting in lameness that can be localised to within the foot. The paper by Carrozzo et al. (<span>2025</span>) presents an <i>uncommon</i> variation of a common pathology, namely osteoarthritis of the distal interphalangeal joint (DIP), in a small number of Warmblood horses all working competitively at a high level within the showjumping industry.</p><p>The propensity for many horses to be ‘broken back’ in hoof pastern conformation, with a long toe and low heel conformation extends the point of breakover further dorsal relative to the long axis of the distal limb and places greater loading forces onto the dorsodistal aspect of the middle phalanx and the extensor body and extensor process of the distal phalanx. Therefore, a ‘broken back’ conformation as well as a high workload may explain why lameness clinicians routinely see modelled articular margins, new bone formation and areas of sclerosis (radiographs and MRI) or abnormal fluid accumulation (‘oedema’ on MRI) within the trabecular bone of the dorsal aspect of these osseous structures within the dorsal recess of the DIP joint (Figure 1), rather than modelling within the palmar recess of the DIP joint.</p><p>A ‘broken back’ hoof pastern conformation also results in the palmar flexor compacta of the navicular bone becoming liable to greater compressive force from the deep digital flexor tendon, with pathology we might expect to see on MR images including abnormal increased fluid/necrosis signal within the navicular spongiosa and focal concavities in contour representative of erosive lesions extending within the flexor compacta (Figure 2).</p><p>Increased compressive forces between the two adjacent articular surfaces of the palmar distal aspect of the middle phalanx and the dorsal margin of the navicular bone due to increased load from proximal, perhaps secondary to repeated jumping effort rather than solely due to increased shearing forces secondary to DDFT compression may be a contributing cause of the relatively rare occurrence of osteoarthritis primarily within the palmar recess of the DIP joint reported in the accompanying paper. The authors note the need for further research investigating conformation as a potential cause of increased forces between the articular surfaces of the middle phalanx and the navicular bone.</p><p>It is interesting to note that in the three cases presented there appears to be little evidence of modelling within the dorsal recess of the DIP joint despite the extensive changes described within the palmar recess. It is interesting to consider what other factors may be contributing to a primary increased compressive load o
{"title":"Back to basics: Hoof pastern conformation and its role in development of pathology within the coffin joint","authors":"M. A. Smith","doi":"10.1111/eve.14199","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eve.14199","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Warmbloods and Warmblood cross-breeds make up a high proportion of sports horses in active competition work in the Western world. As a breed, Warmbloods often have small feet relative to their body size and weight, resulting in proportionally increased load on structures within the hoof capsule. This may predispose to some patterns of pathology, resulting in lameness that can be localised to within the foot. The paper by Carrozzo et al. (<span>2025</span>) presents an <i>uncommon</i> variation of a common pathology, namely osteoarthritis of the distal interphalangeal joint (DIP), in a small number of Warmblood horses all working competitively at a high level within the showjumping industry.</p><p>The propensity for many horses to be ‘broken back’ in hoof pastern conformation, with a long toe and low heel conformation extends the point of breakover further dorsal relative to the long axis of the distal limb and places greater loading forces onto the dorsodistal aspect of the middle phalanx and the extensor body and extensor process of the distal phalanx. Therefore, a ‘broken back’ conformation as well as a high workload may explain why lameness clinicians routinely see modelled articular margins, new bone formation and areas of sclerosis (radiographs and MRI) or abnormal fluid accumulation (‘oedema’ on MRI) within the trabecular bone of the dorsal aspect of these osseous structures within the dorsal recess of the DIP joint (Figure 1), rather than modelling within the palmar recess of the DIP joint.</p><p>A ‘broken back’ hoof pastern conformation also results in the palmar flexor compacta of the navicular bone becoming liable to greater compressive force from the deep digital flexor tendon, with pathology we might expect to see on MR images including abnormal increased fluid/necrosis signal within the navicular spongiosa and focal concavities in contour representative of erosive lesions extending within the flexor compacta (Figure 2).</p><p>Increased compressive forces between the two adjacent articular surfaces of the palmar distal aspect of the middle phalanx and the dorsal margin of the navicular bone due to increased load from proximal, perhaps secondary to repeated jumping effort rather than solely due to increased shearing forces secondary to DDFT compression may be a contributing cause of the relatively rare occurrence of osteoarthritis primarily within the palmar recess of the DIP joint reported in the accompanying paper. The authors note the need for further research investigating conformation as a potential cause of increased forces between the articular surfaces of the middle phalanx and the navicular bone.</p><p>It is interesting to note that in the three cases presented there appears to be little evidence of modelling within the dorsal recess of the DIP joint despite the extensive changes described within the palmar recess. It is interesting to consider what other factors may be contributing to a primary increased compressive load o","PeriodicalId":11786,"journal":{"name":"Equine Veterinary Education","volume":"37 10","pages":"511-513"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eve.14199","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144934958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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