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Standing repair of a complete, articular fracture of the proximal radius in a racing Thoroughbred 赛马桡骨近端完全性关节骨折的站立修复
IF 0.8 4区 农林科学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-05-08 DOI: 10.1111/eve.14158
K. C. Johnson, H. D. O'Neill

A 5-year-old Thoroughbred mare presented with acute onset, nonweight bearing lameness of the left forelimb following a kick injury to the left cubital joint during exercise earlier the same morning. Survey radiographs confirmed a complete articular fracture of the caudolateral prominence of the proximal radius. Later the same day, the fracture was repaired using two 4.5 mm cortical screws placed in lag fashion as a standing procedure using radiography to guide screw placement. No intraoperative complications were encountered and follow-up radiographs indicated complete fracture healing and an absence of any secondary arthritic changes. The horse made an uneventful return to full athletic training, with the first race 216 days following the date of injury. In summary, this case report further expands the repertoire of select fractures of the proximal limb that have the potential to be repaired in the standing patient.

一匹5岁的纯种马在同一天早上早些时候的运动中左肘关节被踢伤,出现急性发作,左前肢不负重跛行。x线片证实桡骨近端尾外侧突出处完全性关节骨折。当天晚些时候,采用两枚4.5 mm皮质螺钉作为固定手术,在x线摄影指导下放置螺钉。术中无并发症,随访x线片显示骨折完全愈合,无继发关节炎变化。这匹马平静地恢复了全面的运动训练,在受伤216天后举行了第一场比赛。总之,本病例报告进一步扩展了近端骨折的选择范围,这些骨折有可能在站立患者中修复。
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引用次数: 0
Unilateral thyrohyoid muscle aplasia in a case of dorsal displacement of the soft palate 单侧甲状腺舌骨肌发育不全软腭背侧移位一例
IF 0.8 4区 农林科学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-05-08 DOI: 10.1111/eve.14155
C. P. Blanco, C. S. Hawkes

Thyro-hyoid muscle (TH) dysfunction has been reported as a potential contributing factor to dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP) in the young equine athlete. A 5-year-old National Hunt (NH) mare presenting with a history of poor performance and respiratory noise was diagnosed with DDSP on exercising video-endoscopic examination. Aplasia of the right thyrohyoid muscle was observed intraoperatively whilst performing a laryngeal tie forward (LTF) procedure. The procedure was reported to have resolved poor performance and respiratory noise, allowing the animal to return to race performance.

据报道,甲状腺舌骨肌(TH)功能障碍是年轻马运动员软腭背侧移位(DDSP)的潜在因素。一只5岁的国家狩猎(NH)母马表现出表现不佳和呼吸噪音的历史,在运动视频内镜检查中被诊断为DDSP。术中进行喉前扎(LTF)手术时观察到右侧甲状舌骨肌发育不全。据报道,该程序解决了表现不佳和呼吸噪音,使动物恢复比赛表现。
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引用次数: 0
Associations between clinical signs, endoscopic and cytological findings in equine bronchoalveolar lavage samples 马支气管肺泡灌洗标本的临床体征、内窥镜和细胞学表现之间的关系
IF 0.8 4区 农林科学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-05-08 DOI: 10.1111/eve.14174
M. Larsen, C. Amstrup, J. Fjeldborg, N. D. Otten, K. E. Baptiste, S. Hansen

Background

Endoscopy, including tracheal mucus score (TMS) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid cytology, is commonly employed in the diagnosis of equine asthma (EA). Large-scale studies comparing clinical signs, TMS and BAL cytology are warranted.

Objectives

To investigate associations between clinical signs of EA, tracheal mucus score and BAL cytology.

Study Design

Cross-sectional study.

Methods

Data were collected from 604 horses, each with a single BAL cytology sample evaluated by the laboratory service at the Large Animal Teaching Hospital in Denmark. Additional information was obtained through owner questionnaire and reports from the veterinarian performing endoscopy and BAL procedures.

Results

The TMS increased significantly with EA severity, BAL neutrophilia and owner-reported coughing, but not with BAL mastocytosis. Owner-reported coughing was associated with a higher percentage of BAL neutrophils but not with an increased percentage of BAL mast cells. Poor performance was not correlated to BAL neutrophils, mast cells or TMS. The percentage of BAL fluid retrieved was lower in the SEA group compared to the MEA and non-asthmatic groups.

Main Limitations

BAL sampling was performed by multiple veterinarians; samples were shipped with up to a 24-h delay in processing, and seasonal effects were not accounted for.

Conclusion

This large-scale study identified a correlation between TMS and increasing severity of lower airway inflammation, confirming TMS as a reliable diagnostic factor for EA. Owner-reported coughing was associated with both TMS and BAL neutrophilia. However, poor performance in the absence of coughing was not found to be a reliable indicator of EA.

背景内镜检查,包括气管粘液评分(TMS)和支气管肺泡灌洗(BAL)液体细胞学检查,是诊断马哮喘(EA)的常用方法。比较临床体征、TMS和BAL细胞学的大规模研究是必要的。目的探讨鼻咽癌临床体征、气管粘液评分与BAL细胞学的关系。研究设计横断面研究。方法收集604匹马的数据,每匹马都有一个单独的BAL细胞学样本,由丹麦大型动物教学医院的实验室服务进行评估。通过对饲主的问卷调查和兽医进行内窥镜检查和BAL检查的报告获得了更多信息。结果TMS随EA严重程度、BAL嗜中性粒细胞增多和主人自报咳嗽而升高,但与BAL肥大细胞增多症无关。主人报告的咳嗽与BAL中性粒细胞百分比升高有关,但与BAL肥大细胞百分比升高无关。表现不佳与BAL中性粒细胞、肥大细胞或TMS无关。与MEA组和非哮喘组相比,SEA组BAL液回收的百分比较低。主要局限性BAL取样由多名兽医进行;样品在运输过程中最多延迟了24小时,季节性影响也没有考虑在内。结论:这项大规模研究确定了经颅磁刺激与下气道炎症严重程度增加之间的相关性,证实了经颅磁刺激是EA的可靠诊断因素。主人报告的咳嗽与经颅磁刺激和BAL嗜中性粒细胞增多有关。然而,在没有咳嗽的情况下,表现不佳并不是EA的可靠指标。
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引用次数: 0
Highlights of recent clinically relevant papers 最近临床相关论文的亮点
IF 0.8 4区 农林科学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-05-07 DOI: 10.1111/eve.14138
S. Wright
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引用次数: 0
Quantitative sensory testing and trigeminocervical reflex thresholds in a Warmblood gelding affected by trigeminal-mediated headshaking 定量感觉测试和三叉神经颈反射阈值对温血骟马三叉神经介导的摇头的影响
IF 0.8 4区 农林科学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-05-02 DOI: 10.1111/eve.14166
M. J. Käfer-Karrer, M. Wyler, C. Spadavecchia, L. Unger

Diagnosing trigeminal-mediated headshaking (TMHS) in horses primarily depends on identifying characteristic clinical signs such as headshaking and nasal irritation, along with excluding non-trigeminal causes through additional diagnostic techniques, primarily imaging. Aside from somatosensory evoked potentials, which require anaesthesia and are technically challenging, no tools currently assess trigeminal dysfunction, the hallmark of TMHS. We describe for the first time the application of quantitative sensory (QST) and trigeminocervical reflex (TCR) threshold testing for the evaluation of trigeminal sensory function in a 6-year-old Holstein gelding with TMHS. Both methods are simple to apply and feasible in an awake, unsedated state. While quantitative sensory testing indicated rather normal behavioural responses to tactile, mechanical, and thermal stimulations, the TCR thresholds, determined through electromyographic recordings from the splenius muscle following electrical stimulation of the infraorbital nerve, were considerably lower than those previously reported. If these observations are confirmed on a larger scale, TCR testing could become a promising non-invasive, easy-to-apply diagnostic tool for the quantitative assessment of peripheral neural sensitisation in horses affected by TMHS, potentially useful to evaluate severity, monitor progression over time and response to treatment.

诊断马的三叉神经介导的摇头(TMHS)主要取决于识别诸如摇头和鼻腔刺激等特征性临床症状,以及通过额外的诊断技术(主要是影像学)排除非三叉神经原因。除了需要麻醉且技术上具有挑战性的体感诱发电位外,目前还没有评估三叉神经功能障碍的工具,三叉神经功能障碍是TMHS的标志。我们首次应用定量感觉(QST)和三叉神经颈反射(TCR)阈值测试评估6岁荷斯坦骟马三叉神经感觉功能。这两种方法都很简单,在清醒、非镇静状态下都是可行的。虽然定量感觉测试表明对触觉、机械和热刺激的行为反应相当正常,但通过眶下神经电刺激后脾肌肌电图记录确定的TCR阈值远低于先前报道的阈值。如果这些观察结果在更大规模上得到证实,TCR测试可能成为一种有前途的非侵入性,易于应用的诊断工具,用于定量评估受TMHS影响的马的周围神经致敏性,可能有助于评估严重程度,监测随时间推移的进展和对治疗的反应。
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引用次数: 0
Magnetic resonance imaging findings in three Warmblood horses with osteoarthritis of the distal interphalangeal joint 三匹温血马远端指间关节骨关节炎的磁共振成像表现
IF 0.8 4区 农林科学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-04-28 DOI: 10.1111/eve.14164
U. Carrozzo, N. Werpy, T. Vinardell, M. Toniato

Osteoarthritis (OA) of the distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) can significantly affect horse performance and overall health. This article discusses three cases of a rare form of OA in the DIPJ, involving the palmar distal condyles of the middle phalanx and the dorsal articular surface of the navicular bone, as seen on MRI. Lesions of the flexor fibrocartilage surface of the navicular bone have been described in the literature; however, focal hyaline cartilage loss from the opposite articular surfaces of the navicular bone and the middle phalanx has not been reported as a manifestation of OA in the DIPJ. The loss of hyaline cartilage from this location has been clearly defined on MRI images, confirming that standing low-field MRI is an accurate diagnostic tool for identifying this type of OA in the DIPJ. This condition has a poor prognosis for athletic performance as none of the horses described in this report resumed their previous athletic activity, despite several conservative and/or surgical treatments.

骨关节炎(OA)的远端指间关节(DIPJ)可以显著影响马的表现和整体健康。这篇文章讨论了三例罕见形式的骨关节炎在DIPJ,涉及掌远端髁的中指骨和舟骨的背关节面,从MRI上看。舟骨屈肌纤维软骨表面的病变已经在文献中描述过;然而,从舟骨和中指骨的相对关节面出现局灶性透明软骨丢失尚未被报道为DIPJ骨性关节炎的表现。该部位透明软骨的缺失在MRI图像上已被明确定义,证实静置低场MRI是识别DIPJ中此类OA的准确诊断工具。这种情况对运动表现的预后很差,因为尽管进行了一些保守和/或手术治疗,但本报告中描述的马都没有恢复以前的运动活动。
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引用次数: 0
The utility of digital venography to facilitate diagnosis and treatment of digital abscesses in horses 数字静脉造影在马手指脓肿诊断和治疗中的应用
IF 0.8 4区 农林科学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-04-28 DOI: 10.1111/eve.14170
T. M. McCarrel, A. J. Morton
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引用次数: 0
Extensive iliopsoas muscle abscess resolution and return to soundness in a 7-week-old Arabian filly 广泛的髂腰肌脓肿解决和恢复健康在一个7周大的阿拉伯母马
IF 0.8 4区 农林科学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-04-28 DOI: 10.1111/eve.14167
W. R. C. M'Cloud, E. K. Pearson, M. Cercone, I. Porter, B. R. Pugliese, R. C. McOnie

A 7-week-old Arabian filly presented for a history of hindlimb gait abnormality and intermittent fever following a fall. Physical examination showed left hindlimb (LH) lameness and resistance to passive proximal limb flexion. Ultrasound revealed a large abscess in the left paralumbar region and computed tomography (CT) confirmed an expansile abscess within the left iliopsoas muscle. Ultrasound-guided abscess decompression followed by lavage and drain placement were performed under sedation with local anaesthesia. Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus was cultured from the abscess. The foal was managed with serial wound care, lameness evaluation and ultrasound examination. She was discharged after 35 days of hospitalisation following adequate wound healing and return to soundness with no signs of abscess persistence or recurrence. One-year follow-up indicated the filly healed well with minimal scarring, no visible lameness at the trot and only mild positive response to left hind full limb flexion. This case report describes the successful management of a large abscess in a highly unusual location in a young filly.

一个7周大的阿拉伯小母马提出的历史后肢步态异常和间歇性发烧后跌倒。体格检查显示左后肢(LH)跛行和抵抗被动肢体近端屈曲。超声显示左侧腰旁区有一个大脓肿,计算机断层扫描(CT)证实左侧髂腰肌内有一个扩张性脓肿。超声引导下脓肿减压后灌洗引流,局部麻醉镇静。从脓肿处培养马链球菌亚种动物流行病。对马驹进行了一系列的伤口护理、跛行评估和超声检查。住院35天后,伤口充分愈合并恢复健康,无脓肿持续或复发迹象,出院。一年的随访表明,母马愈合良好,瘢痕最小,小跑时没有明显的跛行,左后肢全屈只有轻微的阳性反应。本病例报告描述了成功的管理一个大脓肿在一个高度不寻常的位置在一个年轻的母马。
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引用次数: 0
Collateral damage: Current perspectives of equine ligament injuries 附带损伤:当前马韧带损伤的观点
IF 0.8 4区 农林科学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-04-28 DOI: 10.1111/eve.14169
B. B. Nelson

Collateral ligament injuries can be debilitating to equine athletes. Despite the awareness of collateral desmopathy seen in clinical practice, there remains limited detailed information on contrasting features of these injuries based on their location in the limb. This article briefly reviews collateral ligament injuries in horses, summarising the literature regarding anatomical and pathological differences as well as diagnostic and treatment options to consider for management, which can lead to successful outcomes. Awareness of the limited literature available will ideally stimulate equine clinicians to continue to share their objective data and improve our evidence-based decision making of these injuries.

副韧带损伤会使马运动员衰弱。尽管在临床实践中认识到侧支韧带病变,但基于肢体位置的这些损伤的对比特征的详细信息仍然有限。本文简要回顾了马的副韧带损伤,总结了有关解剖和病理差异的文献,以及诊断和治疗方案,以考虑管理,这可能导致成功的结果。意识到现有文献有限,将理想地刺激马临床医生继续分享他们的客观数据,并改善我们对这些损伤的循证决策。
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引用次数: 0
Fracture line sequestration: An important complication of open mandibular fractures in three horses 骨折线隔离:三匹马开放性下颌骨骨折的一个重要并发症
IF 0.8 4区 农林科学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-04-28 DOI: 10.1111/eve.14168
M. L. Tucker

The case series by Aßmann et al. (2025) describes three cases of mandibular fractures that developed sequestration of the fracture margin as a complication of the healing process. Two cases presented chronically after attempted conservative management; the third presented acutely. Despite robust stabilisation and debridement, two of the three cases continued to exhibit associated symptoms and were euthanised. The second case, which was presented and stabilised acutely, was in this group. For the first case, a type 1 external fixator was used with Schanz screws, and for the second case, a 4.5/5.0 narrow LCP plate was placed as a type 1 external fixator. One of the chronically presented cases underwent internal stabilisation with a 4.5/5.0 mm narrow LCP plate, continued treatment and eventually resolved after 25 months of treatment with debridement and flushing for over a year after the implants were removed.

Unilateral mandibular fractures tend to have high-success rates within the literature, with most reports indicating 90% or more success with minor complications (Belsito & Fischer, 2001; Henninger et al., 1999; Jansson, 2016). Conservative management of unilateral fractures has been shown to be highly effective; however, when complications do occur, they can be significant. One of 24 horses was euthanised due to persistent difficulty with mastication following conservative management of a mandibular fracture according to the retrospective study by Jansson, (2016). The abundant blood supply and support of the opposite hemimandible are thought to aid in the high level of success with resolution of these fractures. Interestingly, in the report by Aßmann et al. (2025), two of three cases presenting with complications were subsequently euthanised, albeit a function of the owner's decision-making.

The terms delayed union and nonunion are typically used to describe fractures that do not show normal signs of healing at 3 months (Bowers & Anderson, 2024). While none of these fractures were that old, an inappropriate healing response was observed which can be further described using characteristics of these terms. Radiographically, there is a recognised abnormality in bone response categorised as the absence of callus, mild callus and excessive callus, respectively, termed atrophic, oligotrophic or hypertrophic (Bowers & Anderson, 2024). These are thought to be associated with insufficient blood supply to the fracture site (atrophic), impaired osteogenesis (oligotrophic) and excessive motion at the fracture site (hypertrophic). Taking a step further back, there are four main recognised categories of factors that can contribute to delayed healing or the lack thereof—patient, mechanical, surgical and injury-related factors (Bowers & Anderson, 2024). In the presented cases, minimal callus formation was present

a ßmann等人(2025)的病例系列描述了三例下颌骨骨折,作为愈合过程的并发症,骨折缘发生隔离。2例在尝试保守治疗后出现慢性症状;第三个问题表现得很尖锐。尽管进行了强有力的稳定和清创,但三例中有两例继续表现出相关症状并被安乐死。第二个病例出现并迅速稳定下来,发生在该组。第一例患者使用1型外固定架和Schanz螺钉,第二例患者使用4.5/5.0窄LCP钢板作为1型外固定架。其中1例慢性病例采用4.5/5.0 mm狭窄LCP钢板进行内部稳定,并继续治疗,最终在清除植入物后25个月的清创和冲洗治疗一年多后痊愈。单侧下颌骨骨折在文献中往往具有较高的成功率,大多数报道表明90%或以上的成功率伴有轻微并发症(Belsito & Fischer, 2001; Henninger et al., 1999; Jansson, 2016)。单侧骨折的保守治疗已被证明是非常有效的;然而,当并发症确实发生时,它们可能会很严重。根据Jansson(2016)的回顾性研究,24匹马中的一匹在对下颌骨折进行保守治疗后,由于持续咀嚼困难而被安乐死。充足的血液供应和对侧下颌骨的支持被认为有助于高度成功地解决这些骨折。有趣的是,在a ßmann等人(2025)的报告中,出现并发症的三个病例中有两个随后被安乐死,尽管这是主人决策的一个功能。术语延迟愈合和不愈合通常用于描述3个月后未显示正常愈合迹象的骨折(Bowers & Anderson, 2024)。虽然这些骨折都不是那么古老,但观察到不适当的愈合反应,可以使用这些术语的特征进一步描述。放射学上,有一种公认的骨反应异常,分为无骨痂、轻度骨痂和过度骨痂,分别称为萎缩性、少营养性或肥厚性(Bowers & Anderson, 2024)。这些被认为与骨折部位供血不足(萎缩)、成骨受损(营养不足)和骨折部位过度运动(肥厚)有关。再往前看,有四种主要的公认因素会导致愈合延迟或缺乏愈合-患者,机械,手术和损伤相关因素(Bowers & Anderson, 2024)。在这些病例中,存在最小的愈伤组织形成,这表明血管原因,但存在压倒性的感染和污染也很重要。这些因素也有助于隔离层的形成,隔离层的机械存在可能导致缺乏有意义的骨反应。血供是促成残肢形成的重要因素。在马中,残肢最常见的部位是远端肢体,那里软组织覆盖最小,血液供应有限(Clem et al., 1988)。然而,在一份报告中,下颌骨仍占4.4%的病变(Clem et al., 1988)。引流道的出现是与隔离相关的最常见的主诉,疼痛是一个常见的症状,在这些病例中表现为咀嚼困难(Firth, 1987)。大多数病例采用骨痂切除术和外科清创治疗。医疗管理是成功的,但造成了难看的疤痕(Clem等人,1988年)。有趣的是,牛似乎比马更容易出现下颌骨折的隔离,在一项研究中,17例中有11例涉及颊齿区域出现隔离(Reif et al., 2000)。下颌颊齿所在的区域被咬肌覆盖在外部,因此与下颌吻侧相比,该区域的固支更少,下颌中央的血液供应被认为更脆弱。如病例系列所述,下牙槽动脉与下牙槽神经和静脉穿过下颌管,供应下颌颊齿和下颌骨的骨内血供。Iacopetti et al.(2015)在追踪下牙槽神经时发现,下颌管在09-11颊齿的中央走行,在08齿的腹侧有一个可变的走行,然后在06-07牙根的内侧走行,出颏孔。 尽管CT提供了高水平的细节,但下颌椎管的整体难以追踪,因此仅凭成像可能不足以确定椎管是否完全中断(Rawlinson等人,2018)。这进一步复杂化了预后和预测哪些病例会因为下肺泡动脉破裂而发展这些隔离的能力。在报告的第二个病例中,观察到颏孔瘘,这可能与下颌管内结构的创伤和坏死同时发生(Aßmann et al., 2025)。在CT上观察到的颏孔或下颌孔的损伤可能是能够预测这些隔离作为下颌骨折病例潜在并发症的第一步。另一个有趣的发现是,尽管有证据表明双膦酸盐不会影响其他解剖区域的骨愈合时间,但在人类中,使用双膦酸盐会导致自发性骨坏死和下颌骨脱落(Gao et al., 2021)。虽然在这些情况下没有使用双膦酸盐,但从这种人类现象中得出的见解可能适用。流行的理论是,下颌骨的快速更新和增强的破骨细胞活性在受到抑制或破坏时有助于坏死和隔离(Rogers et al., 2000)。坏死是自发的;血液供应没有中断,细菌接种也没有明确的途径,但已有文献记载,这表明仅破坏破骨细胞活性可能足以导致临床相关的隔离。作者在我们医院的一个病例中经历了类似的成像现象,该病例描述了25岁夏尔母马在309颗牙齿通过侧牙槽壁入路排斥时发生的医源性骨折。骨折斜穿过下颌骨水平支的整个皮质部分,但似乎稳定,保守治疗后愈合。术后3天,马进食良好,服用了逐渐减少剂量的苯丁酮,出院时服用了2周的磺胺甲恶唑/甲氧苄啶。初次就诊一个月后,马出现下颌骨腹侧引流道,并进行CT检查以重新检查该部位。如图1所示,边缘后有两个超衰减束区。所示区域是下颌骨的外侧,而引流起源于腹内侧的一个束。图2显示了下颌骨的扩展视图以及3D重建,以更好地显示骨折线的路线和相关的超衰减束。这些被认为是骨髓炎和骨折线的隔离。通过原结核切开术部位行外侧清创,但无法暴露整个骨折线;对马腹内侧下颌骨进行清创,给予两周的磺胺甲恶唑/甲氧苄啶治疗后出院。从混合培养中发现化脓性真芽菌和溶血隐菌的生长。由转诊兽医进行随访,无重大问题报告。清创7个月后,马主报告无分泌物排出,生殖道愈合,马吃得很好,体重保持正常,能够作为马车和戈迪马参加婚礼。没有对该区域进行活检,但将考虑在未来的病例中进一步探讨这一现象。在本例中,骨折是单侧的,但考虑到入路相关的妥协和该区域牙齿的排斥,可能存在不稳定。然而,这匹马很快恢复了正常的食欲。用快速凝固的乙烯聚硅氧烷填充牙槽。®,DenMat Holdings, LLC)在骨折区域周围的印模材料,以减少对肺泡和骨折线的污染。一些唾液污染是预料之中的。还应注意的是,拔牙是由于根尖感染和引流道,这也可能导致骨折线受到污染。该区域的血液供应可能受到影响,但考虑到入路位于牙根外侧,以及上述解剖研究中预期的下牙槽动脉位置,这似乎不太可能(Iacopetti et al., 2015)。下牙槽管在CT上不容易被发现。重要的是要考虑软组织的破坏程度,不仅在原来的系列中,而且在这种情况下,手术入路破坏了软组织。然而,奇怪的是,骨折线隔离出现在初始手术部位的吻侧和腹侧。
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Equine Veterinary Education
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