There are several advantages to the use of planktonic rotifers as freshwater bioassay organisms, yet few studies report toxicological data for these taxa. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the 24-h acute toxicity responses of Brachionus calycifiorus to six heavy metals, and to compare metal tolerance of this species to published results for other aquatic organisms. Metal toxicity to B. calyciflorus, in decreasing order, was Hg > Cu > Cd > Zn > Fe > Mn. This order follows the theoretical ranking by affinity for anionic radicals based on Lewis acid-base classification. While not quite as sensitive as Daphnia magna, B. calyciflorus is potentially useful as a bioassay species because it is easy to culture and manipulate, and is widely distributed in alkaline waters of eastern North America.
利用浮游轮虫作为淡水生物检测生物有几个优点，但很少有研究报告这些分类群的毒理学数据。本研究的目的是评估萼状臂轮虫对六种重金属的24小时急性毒性反应，并将该物种的金属耐受性与其他水生生物的已发表结果进行比较。对萼花的金属毒性由大到小依次为Hg > Cu > Cd > Zn > Fe > Mn。这个顺序是根据路易斯酸碱分类对阴离子自由基的亲和力进行的理论排序。虽然不像水蚤那样敏感，但由于易于培养和操作，并且广泛分布于北美东部的碱性水域，因此萼花水蚤作为生物测定物种可能是有用的。
{"title":"Acute toxicity of six metals to the Rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus, with comparisons to other freshwater organisms","authors":"Y. Couillard, P. Ross, B. Pinel‐Alloul","doi":"10.1002/TOX.2540040405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/TOX.2540040405","url":null,"abstract":"There are several advantages to the use of planktonic rotifers as freshwater bioassay organisms, yet few studies report toxicological data for these taxa. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the 24-h acute toxicity responses of Brachionus calycifiorus to six heavy metals, and to compare metal tolerance of this species to published results for other aquatic organisms. Metal toxicity to B. calyciflorus, in decreasing order, was Hg > Cu > Cd > Zn > Fe > Mn. This order follows the theoretical ranking by affinity for anionic radicals based on Lewis acid-base classification. While not quite as sensitive as Daphnia magna, B. calyciflorus is potentially useful as a bioassay species because it is easy to culture and manipulate, and is widely distributed in alkaline waters of eastern North America.","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":"14 1","pages":"451-462"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82645316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Sivonen, K. Himberg, R. Luukkainen, S. Niemelä, G. K. Poon, G. Codd
Two hundred fifteen cyanobacteria bloom samples collected from different parts of Finland were studied, 35 of which proved to be neurotoxic. Toxicity was determined by mouse bioassay. Anabaena species were present in all neurotoxic samples except one, in which Oscillatoria dominated. The presence of anatoxin-a in the blooms and in the isolated strains was studied from freeze-dried materials by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The simultaneous occurrence of neurotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in some samples was studied by high performance liquid chromatography and high performance thin layer chromatography. Thirteen out of 30 bloom samples contained anatoxin-a. In the remaining samples, neurotoxicity was caused by unknown toxin(s). Strains producing anatoxin-a were isolated from the genera Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Oscillatoria, and Cylindrospermum. Anatoxin-a content of the blooms varied from 12 to 4360 μg/g freeze-dried material. Some strains were able to produce about three times as much anatoxin-a as was detected in natural blooms. Simultaneous occurrence of neurotoxicity and hepatotoxicity was found in some samples as well as atypical toxic responses in mouse bioassay.
{"title":"Preliminary characterization of neurotoxic cyanobacteria blooms and strains from Finland","authors":"K. Sivonen, K. Himberg, R. Luukkainen, S. Niemelä, G. K. Poon, G. Codd","doi":"10.1002/TOX.2540040310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/TOX.2540040310","url":null,"abstract":"Two hundred fifteen cyanobacteria bloom samples collected from different parts of Finland were studied, 35 of which proved to be neurotoxic. Toxicity was determined by mouse bioassay. Anabaena species were present in all neurotoxic samples except one, in which Oscillatoria dominated. The presence of anatoxin-a in the blooms and in the isolated strains was studied from freeze-dried materials by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The simultaneous occurrence of neurotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in some samples was studied by high performance liquid chromatography and high performance thin layer chromatography. Thirteen out of 30 bloom samples contained anatoxin-a. In the remaining samples, neurotoxicity was caused by unknown toxin(s). Strains producing anatoxin-a were isolated from the genera Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Oscillatoria, and Cylindrospermum. Anatoxin-a content of the blooms varied from 12 to 4360 μg/g freeze-dried material. Some strains were able to produce about three times as much anatoxin-a as was detected in natural blooms. Simultaneous occurrence of neurotoxicity and hepatotoxicity was found in some samples as well as atypical toxic responses in mouse bioassay.","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":"77 1","pages":"339-352"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79348526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Le ministere de la sante au Canada est charge du controle physique, chimique et microbiologique de la qualite des eaux potables. Ce document s'interesse plus particulierement a l'aspect microbiologique. Il presente les directives canadiennes sur la qualite des eaux potables, les epidemies de maladies transportees par voie d'eau, la recherche microbiologique, les traitements et certains equipements de traitement des eaux potables
{"title":"Microbiology of potable water in Canada: An overview of the health and welfare Canada program","authors":"R. S. Tobin","doi":"10.1002/TOX.2540040303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/TOX.2540040303","url":null,"abstract":"Le ministere de la sante au Canada est charge du controle physique, chimique et microbiologique de la qualite des eaux potables. Ce document s'interesse plus particulierement a l'aspect microbiologique. Il presente les directives canadiennes sur la qualite des eaux potables, les epidemies de maladies transportees par voie d'eau, la recherche microbiologique, les traitements et certains equipements de traitement des eaux potables","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":"1 1","pages":"257-270"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79658931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Interrelationships between the morphological and physiological properties of selected cyanobacterial species distinguished in the laboratory are used to simulate their population dynamics against realistic scales of environmental variability. Differences in performances are shown to correlate well with the ambient conditions found in the various types of lakes in which cyanobacteria are typically distributed.
{"title":"Relationships among the biological properties, distribution and regulation of production by planktonic cyanobacteria","authors":"C. Reynolds","doi":"10.1002/TOX.2540040302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/TOX.2540040302","url":null,"abstract":"Interrelationships between the morphological and physiological properties of selected cyanobacterial species distinguished in the laboratory are used to simulate their population dynamics against realistic scales of environmental variability. Differences in performances are shown to correlate well with the ambient conditions found in the various types of lakes in which cyanobacteria are typically distributed.","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":"107 1","pages":"229-255"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77238637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Discussion de deux options pour la gestion des ressources en eau de ce lac basees sur le respect des normes de qualite israeliennes et l'utilisation prioritaire des eaux soit pour l'alimentation en eau potable, soit pour l'irrigation
讨论该湖水资源管理的两种选择，这两种选择是基于遵守以色列质量标准和优先使用水作为饮用水供应或灌溉
{"title":"Utilization and water quality management of lake kinneret, Israel","authors":"M. Gophen","doi":"10.1002/TOX.2540040311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/TOX.2540040311","url":null,"abstract":"Discussion de deux options pour la gestion des ressources en eau de ce lac basees sur le respect des normes de qualite israeliennes et l'utilisation prioritaire des eaux soit pour l'alimentation en eau potable, soit pour l'irrigation","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":"96 1","pages":"353-362"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84250480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Controle et mesure de la quantite de coliformes fecaux dans les eaux des bassins en utilisant des tests bacteriens, chimiques et en evaluant l'effet des vitesses hydrauliques d'echange sur la quantite de coliformes
通过细菌和化学试验控制和测量池塘水中粪便大肠菌群的数量，并评估水力交换速度对大肠菌群数量的影响
{"title":"The effect of reservoir-induced circulation on numbers of indicator bacteria in freshwater swim embayments","authors":"D. Johnstone, A. Babb, Gary C. Bailey","doi":"10.1002/TOX.2540040306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/TOX.2540040306","url":null,"abstract":"Controle et mesure de la quantite de coliformes fecaux dans les eaux des bassins en utilisant des tests bacteriens, chimiques et en evaluant l'effet des vitesses hydrauliques d'echange sur la quantite de coliformes","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":"1 1","pages":"295-307"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76376750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Numbers of fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci increased during the winter in a stream near a ski area. These numbers returned to background levels within a month after the ski area closed for the year. As the pollution events continued with time, the day of the week on which maximal numbers were obtained changed. Maximum numbers of these bacteria were seen in the afternoons when pollution was occurring. Minimum numbers were found in the morning. Fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci were enumerated in a stream above and below the ski area for three summers. Statistically significant differences in the numbers of these organisms occurred between the months studied, depending upon whether the statistics were run upon numbers per 100 mL or upon numbers passing a point per second.
{"title":"Bacteriological aspects of a mountain watershed","authors":"J. Adams, Q. Skinner","doi":"10.1002/TOX.2540040307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/TOX.2540040307","url":null,"abstract":"Numbers of fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci increased during the winter in a stream near a ski area. These numbers returned to background levels within a month after the ski area closed for the year. As the pollution events continued with time, the day of the week on which maximal numbers were obtained changed. Maximum numbers of these bacteria were seen in the afternoons when pollution was occurring. Minimum numbers were found in the morning. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci were enumerated in a stream above and below the ski area for three summers. Statistically significant differences in the numbers of these organisms occurred between the months studied, depending upon whether the statistics were run upon numbers per 100 mL or upon numbers passing a point per second.","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":"7 1","pages":"309-315"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74949591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A total of 200 swimming pools, including one wading pool, were monitored for specific bacteria to select the most appropriate water quality indicators for a proposed prospective epidemiological survey of swimming pools. The organisms included in the study were fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter spp., and total plate counts of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria. The results indicated that fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci, and Acinetobacter spp. have limited use as water quality parameters because of their naturally low densities in pools. Total plate counts, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus appeared to be the indicators of choice because they were either present in large numbers, were opportunistic pathogens, or had a varied susceptibility to chlorine. The study showed that P. aeruginosa has an added advantage as an indicator because it can be typed using serological and genotyping methods.
{"title":"Bacterial indicators to estimate the health hazards associated with the use of swimming pools","authors":"P. Seyfried","doi":"10.1002/TOX.2540040308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/TOX.2540040308","url":null,"abstract":"A total of 200 swimming pools, including one wading pool, were monitored for specific bacteria to select the most appropriate water quality indicators for a proposed prospective epidemiological survey of swimming pools. The organisms included in the study were fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter spp., and total plate counts of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria. The results indicated that fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci, and Acinetobacter spp. have limited use as water quality parameters because of their naturally low densities in pools. Total plate counts, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus appeared to be the indicators of choice because they were either present in large numbers, were opportunistic pathogens, or had a varied susceptibility to chlorine. The study showed that P. aeruginosa has an added advantage as an indicator because it can be typed using serological and genotyping methods.","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":"22 1","pages":"317-327"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84474698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Palmateer, D. McLean, M. Walsh, W. L. Kutas, E. M. Janzen, D. Hocking
Mesure de l'impact de l'agriculture sur le degre de pollution par des bacteries de sediments lacustres preleves dans neufs sites de controle echelonnes sur toute la longueur de l'egout Desjardine s'ecoulant dans les eaux du lac Huron (Canada)
{"title":"A study of contamination of suspended stream sediments with Escherichia coli","authors":"G. Palmateer, D. McLean, M. Walsh, W. L. Kutas, E. M. Janzen, D. Hocking","doi":"10.1002/TOX.2540040313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/TOX.2540040313","url":null,"abstract":"Mesure de l'impact de l'agriculture sur le degre de pollution par des bacteries de sediments lacustres preleves dans neufs sites de controle echelonnes sur toute la longueur de l'egout Desjardine s'ecoulant dans les eaux du lac Huron (Canada)","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":"22 1","pages":"377-397"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75710353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fifty-seven water samples in all were collected in a northern (latitude 69° N) and in a southern (latitude 61° N) region from waters in the “natural state.” Coliform populations were studied by collecting random isolates of typical sheen colonies from Endo LES 35° C cultivations. The maximum growth temperatures of 607 strains were measured. Identification of 372 isolates was attempted by using the API 20EC and 20E systems. Eleven species were found—seven of them common to both regions. Twenty-nine percent of the strains could not be identified. The most frequent species was Serratia fonticola (26% of all strains tested), the second was Hafnia alvei (14%), and the third Enterobacter cloacae (13%; only encountered in the north). The strains able to grow at or above 44. 5°C were identified as Escherichia coli. In the southern region, environmental coliforms (S. fonticola and H. alvei) so completely outnumbered E. coli that it was met only once among the 438 total coliform isolates, whereas 23% of the isolates from the northern region were E. coli. Typical pipeline/biofilm coliform types were not found, with the exception of numerous E. cloacae strains in the most remote lake samples collected and one Klebsiella oxytoca in a brook. The fecal coliforms (all of them E. coli) were concluded to be of recent animal origin. The standard fecal coliform analysis was estimated to function extremely well in the pristine waters of our subarctic climate. The total coliform analysis has no indicator value under these circumstances.
总共57个水样是在北部(北纬69°N)和南部(北纬61°N)地区从“自然状态”的水域中收集的。通过随机收集Endo LES 35°C培养中典型光泽菌落的分离株，研究大肠菌群种群。测定了607株菌株的最高生长温度。采用API 20EC和20E系统对372株分离株进行了鉴定。发现了11种，其中7种在两个地区都有。29%的菌株无法识别。最常见的菌种是fonticola沙雷氏菌(26%)，其次是Hafnia alvei(14%)，第三是cloacae肠杆菌(13%;只有在北方才会遇到)。能在44度或以上生长的菌株。5°C鉴定为大肠杆菌。在南部地区，环境大肠菌群(S. fonticola和H. alvei)的数量远远超过大肠杆菌，在438个大肠菌群分离株中只出现一次，而北部地区23%的分离株是大肠杆菌。除了在最偏远的湖泊样本中发现大量阴沟肠杆菌菌株和在一条小溪中发现1株后叶克雷伯菌外，未发现典型的管道/生物膜大肠菌群类型。粪便大肠菌群(均为大肠杆菌)均为近期动物来源。据估计，标准的粪便大肠菌群分析在我们亚北极气候的原始水域中非常有效。在这种情况下，总大肠菌群分析没有指标值。
{"title":"Species distribution and temperature relations of coliform populations from uninhabited watershed areas","authors":"S. Niemelä, R. M. Niemi","doi":"10.1002/TOX.2540040304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/TOX.2540040304","url":null,"abstract":"Fifty-seven water samples in all were collected in a northern (latitude 69° N) and in a southern (latitude 61° N) region from waters in the “natural state.” Coliform populations were studied by collecting random isolates of typical sheen colonies from Endo LES 35° C cultivations. The maximum growth temperatures of 607 strains were measured. Identification of 372 isolates was attempted by using the API 20EC and 20E systems. Eleven species were found—seven of them common to both regions. Twenty-nine percent of the strains could not be identified. The most frequent species was Serratia fonticola (26% of all strains tested), the second was Hafnia alvei (14%), and the third Enterobacter cloacae (13%; only encountered in the north). The strains able to grow at or above 44. 5°C were identified as Escherichia coli. In the southern region, environmental coliforms (S. fonticola and H. alvei) so completely outnumbered E. coli that it was met only once among the 438 total coliform isolates, whereas 23% of the isolates from the northern region were E. coli. Typical pipeline/biofilm coliform types were not found, with the exception of numerous E. cloacae strains in the most remote lake samples collected and one Klebsiella oxytoca in a brook. The fecal coliforms (all of them E. coli) were concluded to be of recent animal origin. The standard fecal coliform analysis was estimated to function extremely well in the pristine waters of our subarctic climate. The total coliform analysis has no indicator value under these circumstances.","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":"19 1","pages":"271-280"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81141607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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