Samples of marine subtidal sediments collected in 1985 and 1986 from Elliott Bay, Washington, were analyzed at the Environmental Laboratories of the Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle as part of a larger study. Interstitial water and solvent extracts of subtidal sediments were analyzed by the Microtox procedure to determine toxicity. Particle size distribution, and concentration of oil and grease, metals, and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, were compared to toxicity of interstitial water and solvent extracts. Physical and chemical compositions of sediments affects the toxicities of solvent extracts and interstitial water extracts differently. Samples with smaller particle sizes had relatively high concentrations of oil and grease and metals, and less toxic interstitial water. Samples with larger particles had less oil and grease and metals, and more toxic interstitial water. The opposite was true for the solvent extracts: samples with smaller particle sizes with relatively higher concentrations of oil and grease and metals had more toxic solvent extracts. Samples containing larger particles with relatively lower concentrations of oil and grease and metals had less toxic solvent extracts. No correlations were found between the toxicity of the solvent extracts and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. The Microtox procedure has the potential to estimate toxicity of both water-soluble and solvent-soluble compounds in marine sediments if two different extraction procedures are used.
{"title":"Relationships between microtox test results, extraction methods, and physical and chemical compositions of marine sediment samples","authors":"C. True, A. Heyward","doi":"10.1002/TOX.2540050104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/TOX.2540050104","url":null,"abstract":"Samples of marine subtidal sediments collected in 1985 and 1986 from Elliott Bay, Washington, were analyzed at the Environmental Laboratories of the Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle as part of a larger study. Interstitial water and solvent extracts of subtidal sediments were analyzed by the Microtox procedure to determine toxicity. Particle size distribution, and concentration of oil and grease, metals, and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, were compared to toxicity of interstitial water and solvent extracts. Physical and chemical compositions of sediments affects the toxicities of solvent extracts and interstitial water extracts differently. Samples with smaller particle sizes had relatively high concentrations of oil and grease and metals, and less toxic interstitial water. Samples with larger particles had less oil and grease and metals, and more toxic interstitial water. The opposite was true for the solvent extracts: samples with smaller particle sizes with relatively higher concentrations of oil and grease and metals had more toxic solvent extracts. Samples containing larger particles with relatively lower concentrations of oil and grease and metals had less toxic solvent extracts. No correlations were found between the toxicity of the solvent extracts and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. The Microtox procedure has the potential to estimate toxicity of both water-soluble and solvent-soluble compounds in marine sediments if two different extraction procedures are used.","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":"51 1","pages":"29-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79903383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Whole cells, mureinoplasts, and protoplasts of gram-negative bacteria were used in cadmium biosorption and toxicity determinations. It was shown that whole cells of Pseudomonas fluorescens bind less metal than other bacterial forms, suggesting the outer membrane acts as a barrier toward metals. Such a role was confirmed by toxicity measurements showing a lower toxic effect of cadmium in the presence of the outer membrane. Chemically modified bacteria, with carboxyl groups masked, were used to identify the cadmium binding sites. Results indicate that care is necessary in interpretation since the acid pH used in the blockage reaction was shown to interfere with the cadmium binding. Moreover, the blockage reagents have been shown to modify the cadmium toxicity.
{"title":"Role of envelopes of gram‐negative bacteria in cadmium binding and toxicity","authors":"P. Bauda, J. Block","doi":"10.1002/TOX.2540050105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/TOX.2540050105","url":null,"abstract":"Whole cells, mureinoplasts, and protoplasts of gram-negative bacteria were used in cadmium biosorption and toxicity determinations. It was shown that whole cells of Pseudomonas fluorescens bind less metal than other bacterial forms, suggesting the outer membrane acts as a barrier toward metals. Such a role was confirmed by toxicity measurements showing a lower toxic effect of cadmium in the presence of the outer membrane. Chemically modified bacteria, with carboxyl groups masked, were used to identify the cadmium binding sites. Results indicate that care is necessary in interpretation since the acid pH used in the blockage reaction was shown to interfere with the cadmium binding. Moreover, the blockage reagents have been shown to modify the cadmium toxicity.","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":"1 1","pages":"47-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91246086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The kinetics and the influence of soil moisture content (MC) on the mineralization of 14C-labeled linuron were investigated at 15 different MCs in the range from air-dried soil to 100% of the water-holding capacity (WHC). For all MCs used, the data on the liberated amount of 14C (x) were initially described by Eq. (1) x = k1t + a—after which the data were described by Eq. (2) x = k2t1/2 + b—where t is time, k1 and k2 are rate constants, and a and b are constants. The rate constants k1 and k2 for MCs < 100% of WHC were mathematically described by the equation k = l + m. MC12, where k is either of the rate constants, l is a constant that can account for a threshold value of MC below which no decomposition occurs, and m is a constant. The validity of this equation for first-order rate constants was tested by using data from the literature. The kinetics of mineralization of 14C-labeled glyphosate were investigated by adding glyphosate after different times of preincubation (tp) of a previously frozen soil. An initial phase of 11 days linear with t [Eq. (1)] was obtained when the herbicide was added immediately after the thawing, after which a phase linear with t1/2 [Eq. (2)] ensued. The length of the initial phase decreased and k1 increased with increasing tp, and for tp ≥ 8 days the initial phase could not be confirmed. The following phase was almost unaffected by the preincubation. Thus, the phases represented by Eqs. (1) and (2) are separate, since they can be affected independently of each other. It is suggested that the initial phase is an induction phase, or lag phase, which reflects the disturbances introduced by handling the soil, and that the second phase is the steady state.
在风干土壤至100%持水量范围内，研究了土壤含水量(MC)对14c标记linuron矿化的影响及其动力学。对于所有使用的mc，关于14C (x)释放量的数据最初由式(1)x = k1t + a描述，之后数据由式(2)x = k2t1/2 + b描述，其中t是时间，k1和k2是速率常数，a和b是常数。MCs < 100% WHC的速率常数k1和k2用数学公式k = l + m. MC12描述，其中k是速率常数之一，l是一个常数，可以解释MC的阈值，低于该阈值不发生分解，m是一个常数。用文献数据验证了该方程对一阶速率常数的有效性。通过对冻土进行不同时间的预孵育，研究了14c标记草甘膦矿化动力学。解冻后立即添加除草剂，初始阶段为11天，与t呈线性关系[式(1)]，之后进入与t1/2呈线性关系的阶段[式(2)]。初始期长度随tp的增加而缩短，k1随tp的增加而增加，且tp≥8 d时无法确定初始期。下一阶段几乎不受预孵育的影响。因此，方程表示的相。(1)和(2)是分开的，因为它们可以相互独立地影响。认为初始阶段是感应阶段或滞后阶段，反映了处理土壤所带来的干扰，第二阶段是稳态。
{"title":"Kinetics and effect of moisture content and preincubation on the decomposition of 14C‐labeled herbicides in soil","authors":"J. Stenström","doi":"10.1002/TOX.2540050103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/TOX.2540050103","url":null,"abstract":"The kinetics and the influence of soil moisture content (MC) on the mineralization of 14C-labeled linuron were investigated at 15 different MCs in the range from air-dried soil to 100% of the water-holding capacity (WHC). For all MCs used, the data on the liberated amount of 14C (x) were initially described by Eq. (1) x = k1t + a—after which the data were described by Eq. (2) x = k2t1/2 + b—where t is time, k1 and k2 are rate constants, and a and b are constants. The rate constants k1 and k2 for MCs < 100% of WHC were mathematically described by the equation k = l + m. MC12, where k is either of the rate constants, l is a constant that can account for a threshold value of MC below which no decomposition occurs, and m is a constant. The validity of this equation for first-order rate constants was tested by using data from the literature. The kinetics of mineralization of 14C-labeled glyphosate were investigated by adding glyphosate after different times of preincubation (tp) of a previously frozen soil. An initial phase of 11 days linear with t [Eq. (1)] was obtained when the herbicide was added immediately after the thawing, after which a phase linear with t1/2 [Eq. (2)] ensued. The length of the initial phase decreased and k1 increased with increasing tp, and for tp ≥ 8 days the initial phase could not be confirmed. The following phase was almost unaffected by the preincubation. Thus, the phases represented by Eqs. (1) and (2) are separate, since they can be affected independently of each other. It is suggested that the initial phase is an induction phase, or lag phase, which reflects the disturbances introduced by handling the soil, and that the second phase is the steady state.","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":"24 1","pages":"15-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74794957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Seyfried, Robert M. Desjardins, A. Alarcón, N. Kulendran, M. Sidarous, E. Harris, W. Bradbury, M. Young
Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated from different clinical and environmental sources were examined for resistance to antibiotics, pentachlorophenol, and heavy metals using intracellular ATP measurements. Resistance to kanamycin, neomycin, gentamicin, and tobramycin was noted for the hospital strain but not for the environmentally derived isolates. On the other hand, strains isolated from pulp and paper mill effluents and receiving waters exhibited a higher degree of pentachlorophenol and heavy metal resistance. Chromosomal restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) digests of three environmental strains produced patterns that were different and readily distinguishable. Plasmids were detectable in these same environmental isolates; two of the three carried a 70 × 106 Da plasmid that is thought to mediate both antibiotic and heavy metal resistance.
{"title":"Antibiotic and toxicant susceptibility profiles of clinical and environmental Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates","authors":"P. Seyfried, Robert M. Desjardins, A. Alarcón, N. Kulendran, M. Sidarous, E. Harris, W. Bradbury, M. Young","doi":"10.1002/TOX.2540040404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/TOX.2540040404","url":null,"abstract":"Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated from different clinical and environmental sources were examined for resistance to antibiotics, pentachlorophenol, and heavy metals using intracellular ATP measurements. Resistance to kanamycin, neomycin, gentamicin, and tobramycin was noted for the hospital strain but not for the environmentally derived isolates. On the other hand, strains isolated from pulp and paper mill effluents and receiving waters exhibited a higher degree of pentachlorophenol and heavy metal resistance. Chromosomal restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) digests of three environmental strains produced patterns that were different and readily distinguishable. Plasmids were detectable in these same environmental isolates; two of the three carried a 70 × 106 Da plasmid that is thought to mediate both antibiotic and heavy metal resistance.","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":"10 1","pages":"437-450"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91461953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The interaction between microorganism and chemical mixture was studied using resazurin reduction to delineate the microbial response to toxic substances. Two chemical mixtures, one consisting of two similar chemicals (2,3-dichlorophenol and pentachlorophenol) and another of two dissimilar compounds (mercuric chloride and 2,3-dichlorophenol), were tested on three pure bacterial isolates. Various toxicity patterns encompassing synergistic, neutral, and antagonistic effects on test bacteria were observed, demonstrating that the observed toxicity response from a chemical mixture does not always match the summed toxicity responses of the chemicals tested individually. No overall pattern regarding the interaction between microorganism and chemical mixture's toxicity could be drawn, implying that the traditional philosophy of setting water quality standards based on the toxicity assessment of individual chemicals should be readdressed to reflect the complexity of managing toxic substances in the aquatic environment.
{"title":"Assessment of the interaction between microorganism and chemical mixture using resazurin reduction","authors":"Dickson L. S. Liu","doi":"10.1002/TOX.2540040406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/TOX.2540040406","url":null,"abstract":"The interaction between microorganism and chemical mixture was studied using resazurin reduction to delineate the microbial response to toxic substances. Two chemical mixtures, one consisting of two similar chemicals (2,3-dichlorophenol and pentachlorophenol) and another of two dissimilar compounds (mercuric chloride and 2,3-dichlorophenol), were tested on three pure bacterial isolates. Various toxicity patterns encompassing synergistic, neutral, and antagonistic effects on test bacteria were observed, demonstrating that the observed toxicity response from a chemical mixture does not always match the summed toxicity responses of the chemicals tested individually. No overall pattern regarding the interaction between microorganism and chemical mixture's toxicity could be drawn, implying that the traditional philosophy of setting water quality standards based on the toxicity assessment of individual chemicals should be readdressed to reflect the complexity of managing toxic substances in the aquatic environment.","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":"97 4 1","pages":"463-471"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74831202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Data on the decomposition of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) by pure cultures of Alcaligenes eutrophus JMP134 and in soil were obtained to investigate the validity of the Eq. (1), c = c0 - k1t1/2 for decomposition at a decreasing rate by a constant amount of enzymes, and Eq. (2), c = c0 - k1t1/2, for decomposition at an increasing rate by an exponentially increasing amount of cells. In the equations, c is the concentration of 2,4-D at time t, c0 is the initial concentration of 2,4-D, q is the maximum metabolic rate, N0 is the initial amount of 2,4-D-degrading microorganisms, and k1 and k2 are rate constants. Equation 2 satisfactorily described the data on decomposition of 2,4-D by A. eutrophus at c0 of 100–400 μg mL−1, with N0 of 0.33-11.8 × 107 cells mL−1, and at initial pH values between 7.1 and 8.4. At an initial pH of 6.1 there was accumulation of 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP), and the pattern of decomposition of 2,4-D was sigmoidal. When approximately 20 μg of DCP mL−1 had accumulated, the kinetics of decomposition switched from Eq. (2) to Eq. (1). Growth and DCP accumulation then also became linear with t1/2. Equation (1) was also valid for decomposition of 2,4-D under conditions of nitrogen starvation. In soil, Eq. (1) was valid when the number of 2,4-D degrading microorganisms was constant, and Eq. (2) was valid when the number increased exponentially. It is concluded that several occurring patterns of decomposition are described mathematically by Eq. (1), by Eq. (2), or by the sum of these equations. Sigmoidal curves are described by combining the equations in a sequence, thus providing an alternative to models where decomposition curves are treated by one continuous function.
{"title":"Kinetics of decomposition of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid by Alcaligenes eutrophus JMP134 and in soil","authors":"J. Stenström","doi":"10.1002/TOX.2540040402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/TOX.2540040402","url":null,"abstract":"Data on the decomposition of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) by pure cultures of Alcaligenes eutrophus JMP134 and in soil were obtained to investigate the validity of the Eq. (1), c = c0 - k1t1/2 for decomposition at a decreasing rate by a constant amount of enzymes, and Eq. (2), c = c0 - k1t1/2, for decomposition at an increasing rate by an exponentially increasing amount of cells. In the equations, c is the concentration of 2,4-D at time t, c0 is the initial concentration of 2,4-D, q is the maximum metabolic rate, N0 is the initial amount of 2,4-D-degrading microorganisms, and k1 and k2 are rate constants. Equation 2 satisfactorily described the data on decomposition of 2,4-D by A. eutrophus at c0 of 100–400 μg mL−1, with N0 of 0.33-11.8 × 107 cells mL−1, and at initial pH values between 7.1 and 8.4. At an initial pH of 6.1 there was accumulation of 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP), and the pattern of decomposition of 2,4-D was sigmoidal. When approximately 20 μg of DCP mL−1 had accumulated, the kinetics of decomposition switched from Eq. (2) to Eq. (1). Growth and DCP accumulation then also became linear with t1/2. Equation (1) was also valid for decomposition of 2,4-D under conditions of nitrogen starvation. In soil, Eq. (1) was valid when the number of 2,4-D degrading microorganisms was constant, and Eq. (2) was valid when the number increased exponentially. It is concluded that several occurring patterns of decomposition are described mathematically by Eq. (1), by Eq. (2), or by the sum of these equations. Sigmoidal curves are described by combining the equations in a sequence, thus providing an alternative to models where decomposition curves are treated by one continuous function.","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":"134 1","pages":"405-424"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77381960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A toxicant interaction method was used to study the effects of various bioassay parameters on interaction responses obtained in microbial bioassays. The fungus Pythium ultimum was employed as the test organism, and was exposed to various combinations of the fungicide captan and several organic solvents, using a poisoned agar technique. In all cases the fungicide and solvents interacted synergistically toward culture growth. For most experiments acetone was used as the test solvent. Where pH and temperature were altered, the magnitude of the interaction response between captan and acetone increased dramatically as the pH or temperature was raised from 4.5 to 7.5, or 15 to 30°C, respectively. This corresponded to similar increases in the culture growth rate and decreases in the toxicity of captan. When the medium composition was changed, interaction magnitudes were again greatest in media eliciting the fastest growth rate. These media also yielded the lowest captan toxicity. The largest interaction magnitudes occurred with V8 juice agar, followed by corn meal agar, potato dextrose agar, and malt extract agar. When the solvent used in the interaction experiments was changed, a similar response was obtained, in that the greatest interaction magnitudes occurred in systems eliciting the lowest captan toxicity. The largest magnitudes were measured with acetone, followed by hexane, ethanol, dimethylformamide, methanol, and dimethyl sulfoxide. The significance of these data in toxicant interaction bioassays is discussed.
{"title":"Factors affecting the magnitude of toxicant interactions in microbial bioassays","authors":"G. Stratton","doi":"10.1002/TOX.2540040403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/TOX.2540040403","url":null,"abstract":"A toxicant interaction method was used to study the effects of various bioassay parameters on interaction responses obtained in microbial bioassays. The fungus Pythium ultimum was employed as the test organism, and was exposed to various combinations of the fungicide captan and several organic solvents, using a poisoned agar technique. In all cases the fungicide and solvents interacted synergistically toward culture growth. For most experiments acetone was used as the test solvent. Where pH and temperature were altered, the magnitude of the interaction response between captan and acetone increased dramatically as the pH or temperature was raised from 4.5 to 7.5, or 15 to 30°C, respectively. This corresponded to similar increases in the culture growth rate and decreases in the toxicity of captan. When the medium composition was changed, interaction magnitudes were again greatest in media eliciting the fastest growth rate. These media also yielded the lowest captan toxicity. The largest interaction magnitudes occurred with V8 juice agar, followed by corn meal agar, potato dextrose agar, and malt extract agar. When the solvent used in the interaction experiments was changed, a similar response was obtained, in that the greatest interaction magnitudes occurred in systems eliciting the lowest captan toxicity. The largest magnitudes were measured with acetone, followed by hexane, ethanol, dimethylformamide, methanol, and dimethyl sulfoxide. The significance of these data in toxicant interaction bioassays is discussed.","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":"10 1","pages":"425-435"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87276243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Watanabe, K. Harada, K. Matsuura, S. Oishi, Yasunori Watanabe, Makoto Suzuki
Toxins contained in Microcystis species were examined for natural samples of water bloom collected from several lakes in Japan. The toxins were identified as microcystins (cyanoginosins)-LR,-YR, and -RR. The amounts of the three toxins were estimated after adsorption to a C18 cartridge, eluted with methanol, and subjected to high performance liquid chromatography using an octa decylsilanized column. Microcystins-RR and -LR were the main components of the toxins contained in natural samples of Microcystis bloom, while YR was not detected in more than half of the samples analyzed. Six samples were also examined in relation to LD50 values and species composition of Microcystis. The highest total amount of the three toxins was obtained for the sample with the lowest LD50 value and composed mostly of cells of M. aeruginosa. The relation between LD50 values and total contents of the three toxins was well fitted to the formula Y = 1100 × X−1.079, where Y is the LD50 value and X is the total amount of the three toxins.
{"title":"Heptapeptide toxins contained in natural samples of Microcystis species","authors":"M. Watanabe, K. Harada, K. Matsuura, S. Oishi, Yasunori Watanabe, Makoto Suzuki","doi":"10.1002/TOX.2540040408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/TOX.2540040408","url":null,"abstract":"Toxins contained in Microcystis species were examined for natural samples of water bloom collected from several lakes in Japan. The toxins were identified as microcystins (cyanoginosins)-LR,-YR, and -RR. The amounts of the three toxins were estimated after adsorption to a C18 cartridge, eluted with methanol, and subjected to high performance liquid chromatography using an octa decylsilanized column. Microcystins-RR and -LR were the main components of the toxins contained in natural samples of Microcystis bloom, while YR was not detected in more than half of the samples analyzed. Six samples were also examined in relation to LD50 values and species composition of Microcystis. The highest total amount of the three toxins was obtained for the sample with the lowest LD50 value and composed mostly of cells of M. aeruginosa. The relation between LD50 values and total contents of the three toxins was well fitted to the formula Y = 1100 × X−1.079, where Y is the LD50 value and X is the total amount of the three toxins.","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":"6 1","pages":"487-497"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85734328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The effect of CuSO4 on O2 consumption in sediment samples and a pure culture of Aeromonas hydrophila were examined using an O2 electrode. Maximum inhibition of O2 consumption in sediment samples was 85% at Cu concentrations ranging from 400 to 500 μg/g sediment. In contrast, O2 consumption by A. hydrophila cell suspensions was inhibited 100% at Cu concentrations of 150 μg/mL in stream water and 250 μg/mL in sediment extract, respectively. Nonbiological (chemical) O2 consumption also occurred in sediment samples during the bioassay. This was demonstrated by respiration insensitive to KCN (metabolic inhibitor) and the observation that chemical O2 consumption occurred in autoclaved sediment samples. Caution should be taken when interpreting O2 consumption data in environmental samples as nonbiological reactions may interfere with the bioassay.
{"title":"Copper toxicity in freshwater sediment and Aeromonas hydrophila cell suspensions measured using an O2 electrode","authors":"C. Flemming, J. Trevors","doi":"10.1002/TOX.2540040407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/TOX.2540040407","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of CuSO4 on O2 consumption in sediment samples and a pure culture of Aeromonas hydrophila were examined using an O2 electrode. Maximum inhibition of O2 consumption in sediment samples was 85% at Cu concentrations ranging from 400 to 500 μg/g sediment. In contrast, O2 consumption by A. hydrophila cell suspensions was inhibited 100% at Cu concentrations of 150 μg/mL in stream water and 250 μg/mL in sediment extract, respectively. Nonbiological (chemical) O2 consumption also occurred in sediment samples during the bioassay. This was demonstrated by respiration insensitive to KCN (metabolic inhibitor) and the observation that chemical O2 consumption occurred in autoclaved sediment samples. Caution should be taken when interpreting O2 consumption data in environmental samples as nonbiological reactions may interfere with the bioassay.","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":"28 1","pages":"473-485"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84068286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Codd, W. Brooks, I. Priestley, G. K. Poon, S. Bell, J. Fawell
Cyanobacterial blooms from several British freshwaters have been toxic by mouse bioassay each year since annual sampling began in 1981. Toxic blooms of Microcystis aeruginosa, Anabaena spp., Gloeotrichia echinulata, Oscillatoria spp., and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae occur, with peptide toxin-producing Microcystis and Anabaena being most often encountered. We are developing a range of detection and quantification methods for cyanobacterial peptide and alkaloid toxins to supplement the standard mouse bioassay. Both types of toxins can be readily assayed by high performance liquid chromatography, and we have developed facile high performance thin layer chromatographic procedures for their detection from natural blooms and laboratory cultures. We have also produced polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for the assay of Microcystis toxins by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and have developed in vitro fibroblast cytotoxicity assays for the toxins of Microcystis and other cyanobacteria.
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