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Dioxins vs. PFAS: Science and Policy Challenges. 二恶英与全氟辛烷磺酸:科学与政策挑战》。
IF 10.1 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.1289/EHP14449
Alex J George, Linda S Birnbaum

Background: Dioxin-like chemicals are a group of ubiquitous environmental toxicants that received intense attention in the last two decades of the 20th century. Through extensive mechanistic research and validation, the global community has agreed upon a regulatory strategy for these chemicals that centers on their common additive activation of a single receptor. Applying these regulations has led to decreased exposure in most populations studied. As dioxin-like chemicals moved out of the limelight, research and media attention has turned to other concerning contaminants, including per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). During the 20th century, PFAS were also being quietly emitted into the environment, but only in the last 20 years have we realized the serious threat they pose to health. There is active debate about how to appropriately classify and regulate the thousands of known PFAS and finding a solution for these "forever chemicals" is of the utmost urgency.

Objectives: Here, we compare important features of dioxin-like chemicals and PFAS, including the history, mechanism of action, and effective upstream regulatory strategies, with the objective of gleaning insight from the past to improve strategies for addressing PFAS.

Discussion: The differences between these two chemical classes means that regulatory strategies for dioxin-like chemicals will not be appropriate for PFAS. PFAS exert toxicity by both receptor-based and nonreceptor-based mechanisms, which complicates mixtures evaluation and stymies efforts to develop inexpensive assays that accurately capture toxicity. Furthermore, dioxin-like chemicals were unwanted byproducts, but PFAS are useful and valuable, which has led to intense resistance against efforts to restrict their production. Nonetheless, useful lessons can be drawn from dioxin-like chemicals and applied to PFAS, including eliminating nonessential production of new PFAS and proactive investment in environmental remediation to address their extraordinarily long environmental persistence. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP14449.

背景:二恶英类化学品是一类无处不在的环境毒物,在 20 世纪的最后 20 年里受到了广泛关注。通过广泛的机理研究和验证,国际社会已就这些化学品的监管策略达成一致,其核心是这些化学品对单一受体的共同叠加激活作用。实施这些法规后,大多数被研究人群的接触量都有所下降。随着二恶英类化学物质逐渐淡出人们的视线,研究和媒体的注意力转向了其他令人担忧的污染物,包括全氟和多氟烷基物质 (PFAS)。20 世纪,PFAS 也悄悄地排放到环境中,但直到最近 20 年,我们才意识到它们对健康的严重威胁。目前,关于如何对数千种已知的全氟辛烷磺酸进行适当分类和监管的争论十分激烈,当务之急是为这些 "永远的化学品 "找到解决方案:在此,我们比较了二恶英类化学品和全氟辛烷磺酸的重要特征,包括历史、作用机理和有效的上游监管策略,目的是从过去的经验中吸取教训,改进应对全氟辛烷磺酸的策略:这两类化学品之间的差异意味着针对二恶英类化学品的监管策略并不适用于全氟辛烷磺酸。全氟辛烷磺酸通过基于受体和非基于受体的机制产生毒性,这使得混合物评估变得复杂,并阻碍了开发可准确捕捉毒性的廉价检测方法的工作。此外,二恶英类化学品是不受欢迎的副产品,而全氟辛烷磺酸却是有用和有价值的,这导致限制其生产的努力受到强烈抵制。尽管如此,我们仍可从二恶英类化学品中汲取有益的经验,并将其应用于全氟辛烷磺酸,包括消除新的全氟辛烷磺酸的非必要生产,并积极投资于环境修复,以解决其超长的环境持久性问题。https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP14449。
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引用次数: 0
Response to "Comment on 'Evidence Synthesis of Observational Studies in Environmental Health: Lessons Learned from a Systematic Review on Traffic-Related Air Pollution'". 对 "关于'环境健康观察研究的证据综合'的评论:与交通有关的空气污染系统综述的经验教训 "的评论。
IF 10.1 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-13 DOI: 10.1289/EHP15822
Hanna Boogaard, Richard W Atkinson, Jeffrey R Brook, Howard H Chang, Gerard Hoek, Barbara Hoffmann, Sharon K Sagiv, Evangelia Samoli, Audrey Smargiassi, Adam A Szpiro, Danielle Vienneau, Jennifer Weuve, Frederick W Lurmann, Francesco Forastiere
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引用次数: 0
Invited Perspective: The All About Arsenic Program-A Blueprint for Leveraging Youth Engagement to Advance Water Justice. 特邀观点:关于砷的一切计划--利用青年参与推进水正义的蓝图。
IF 10.1 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-21 DOI: 10.1289/EHP15068
Yoshira Ornelas Van Horne, Anne E Nigra
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引用次数: 0
Phenotypic and Functional Outcomes in Macrophages Exposed to an Environmentally Relevant Mixture of Organophosphate Esters in Vitro. 体外暴露于环境相关有机磷酯混合物的巨噬细胞的表型和功能结果
IF 10.1 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1289/EHP13869
Braeden H Giles, Nikola Kukolj, Koren K Mann, Bernard Robaire

Background: Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are flame retardants and plasticizers used in consumer products. OPEs are found ubiquitously throughout the environment with high concentrations in indoor house dust. Exposure to individual OPEs is associated with immune dysfunction, particularly in macrophages. However, OPEs exist as complex mixtures and the effects of environmentally relevant mixtures on the immune system have not been investigated.

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the toxicity of an environmentally relevant mixture of OPEs that models Canadian house dust on macrophages using phenotypic and functional assessments in vitro.

Methods: High-content live-cell fluorescent imaging for phenotypic biomarkers of toxicity in THP-1 macrophages treated with the OPE mixture was undertaken. We used confocal microscopy and cholesterol analysis to validate and expand on the observed OPE-induced lipid phenotype. Then, we used flow cytometry and live-cell imaging to conduct functional tests and uncover mechanisms of OPE-induced phagocytic suppression. Finally, we validated our THP-1 findings in human primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMC) derived macrophages.

Results: Exposure to non-cytotoxic dilutions of the OPE mixture resulted in higher oxidative stress and disrupted lysosome and lipid homeostasis in THP-1 and primary macrophages. We further observed that phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in THP-1 and primary macrophages was lower in OPE-exposed cells vs. controls. In THP-1 macrophages, phagocytosis of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was also lower in OPE-exposed cells vs. controls. Additionally, the OPE mixture altered the expression of phagocytic receptors linked to the recognition of phosphatidylserine and pathogen-associated molecular patterns.

Discussion: The results of this in vitro study suggested that exposure to an environmentally relevant mixture of OPEs resulted in higher lipid retention in macrophages and poor efferocytic response. These effects could translate to enhanced foam cell generation resulting in higher cardiovascular mortality. Furthermore, bacterial phagocytosis was lower in OPE-exposed macrophages in an in vitro setting, which may indicate the potential for reduced bacterial clearance in models of infections. Taken together, our data provide strong evidence that mixtures of OPEs can influence the biology of macrophages and offer new mechanistic insights into the impact of OPE mixtures on the immune system. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13869.

背景:有机磷酸酯 (OPE) 是消费品中使用的阻燃剂和增塑剂。有机磷酸酯在整个环境中无处不在,在室内灰尘中的浓度很高。接触单个 OPE 会导致免疫功能紊乱,尤其是巨噬细胞的免疫功能紊乱。然而,OPE 以复杂混合物的形式存在,目前尚未研究与环境相关的混合物对免疫系统的影响:本研究的目的是利用体外表型和功能评估方法,评估以加拿大室内灰尘为模型的 OPE 环境相关混合物对巨噬细胞的毒性。我们使用共聚焦显微镜和胆固醇分析来验证和扩展观察到的 OPE 诱导的脂质表型。然后,我们使用流式细胞术和活细胞成像技术进行了功能测试,并揭示了 OPE 诱导的吞噬抑制机制。最后,我们在人类原代外周血单核细胞(hPBMC)衍生的巨噬细胞中验证了 THP-1 的研究结果:结果:暴露于无细胞毒性稀释的 OPE 混合物会导致 THP-1 和原代巨噬细胞氧化应激增加,溶酶体和脂质稳态遭到破坏。我们进一步观察到,与对照组相比,暴露于 OPE 的细胞对 THP-1 和原代巨噬细胞中凋亡细胞的吞噬作用较低。在 THP-1 巨噬细胞中,与对照组相比,暴露于 OPE 的细胞吞噬革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性细菌的能力也较低。此外,OPE 混合物改变了与识别磷脂酰丝氨酸和病原体相关分子模式有关的吞噬受体的表达:讨论:这项体外研究的结果表明,暴露于与环境相关的 OPE 混合物会导致巨噬细胞中的脂质滞留率升高,并产生较差的吞噬反应。这些影响可能会导致泡沫细胞生成增加,从而导致心血管死亡率升高。此外,在体外环境中,暴露于 OPE 的巨噬细胞的细菌吞噬能力较低,这可能表明在感染模型中细菌清除能力可能会降低。总之,我们的数据提供了强有力的证据,证明 OPE 混合物可影响巨噬细胞的生物学特性,并为 OPE 混合物对免疫系统的影响提供了新的机理认识。https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13869。
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引用次数: 0
Association between Residential Distance to Airport and Blood Lead Levels in Children under 6 Living in North Carolina, 1992-2015. 1992-2015 年北卡罗来纳州 6 岁以下儿童居住地与机场距离与血液铅含量之间的关系。
IF 10.1 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.1289/EHP14362
Abdul-Nasah Soale, Rashida Callender, Dennis Guignet, Ron Shadbegian, Marie Lynn Miranda
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引用次数: 0
The Association between Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution and the Trajectory of Internalizing and Externalizing Behaviors during Late Childhood and Early Adolescence: Evidence from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. 暴露于微粒空气污染与儿童晚期和青少年早期内化和外化行为轨迹之间的关系:来自青少年大脑认知发展(ABCD)研究的证据。
IF 10.1 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-06 DOI: 10.1289/EHP13427
Harry R Smolker, Colleen E Reid, Naomi P Friedman, Marie T Banich
<p><strong>Background: </strong>Exposure to high levels of fine particulate matter (PM) with aerodynamic diameter <math><mrow><mo>≤</mo><mn>2.5</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>μ</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow></math> (<math><mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mrow><mi>PM</mi></mrow></mrow><mrow><mrow><mn>2.5</mn></mrow></mrow></msub></mrow></mrow></math>) via air pollution may be a risk factor for psychiatric disorders during adulthood. Yet few studies have examined associations between exposure and the trajectory of symptoms across late childhood and early adolescence.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The current study evaluated whether <math><mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mrow><mi>PM</mi></mrow></mrow><mrow><mrow><mn>2.5</mn></mrow></mrow></msub></mrow></mrow></math> exposure at 9-11 y of age affects both concurrent symptoms as well as the longitudinal trajectory of internalizing and externalizing behaviors across the following 3 y. This issue was examined using multiple measures of exposure and separate measures of symptoms of internalizing disorders (e.g., depression, anxiety) and externalizing disorders (e.g., conduct disorder), respectively.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In a sample of more than 10,000 youth from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, we used a dataset of historical <math><mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mrow><mi>PM</mi></mrow></mrow><mrow><mrow><mn>2.5</mn></mrow></mrow></msub></mrow></mrow></math> levels and growth curve modeling to evaluate associations of <math><mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mrow><mi>PM</mi></mrow></mrow><mrow><mrow><mn>2.5</mn></mrow></mrow></msub></mrow></mrow></math> exposure with internalizing and externalizing symptom trajectories, as assessed by the Child Behavioral Check List. Three distinct measures of <math><mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mrow><mi>PM</mi></mrow></mrow><mrow><mrow><mn>2.5</mn></mrow></mrow></msub></mrow></mrow></math> exposure were investigated: annual average concentration during 2016, number of days in 2016 above the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) 24-h <math><mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mrow><mi>PM</mi></mrow></mrow><mrow><mrow><mn>2.5</mn></mrow></mrow></msub></mrow></mrow></math> standards, and maximum 24-h concentration during 2016.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At baseline, higher number of days with <math><mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mrow><mi>PM</mi></mrow></mrow><mrow><mrow><mn>2.5</mn></mrow></mrow></msub></mrow></mrow></math> levels above US EPA standards was associated with higher parent-reported internalizing symptoms in the same year. This association remained significant up to a year following exposure and after controlling for <math><mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mrow><mi>PM</mi></mrow></mrow><mrow><mrow><mn>2.5</mn></mrow></mrow></msub></mrow></mrow></math> annual average, maximum 24-h level, and informant psychopathology. There was also evidence of an association between <math><mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mrow><mi>PM</mi></mrow></mrow><mrow><mrow><mn>2.5</mn></mrow></mrow></msub></mrow></mrow></mat
背景:通过空气污染暴露于空气动力学直径≤2.5μm的高浓度细颗粒物(PM2.5)可能是成年期精神障碍的一个风险因素。然而,很少有研究对暴露与童年晚期和青少年早期症状轨迹之间的关系进行研究:本研究评估了9-11岁时的PM2.5暴露是否会影响并发症状以及随后3年中内化和外化行为的纵向轨迹。本研究采用多种暴露测量方法,并分别测量了内化障碍(如抑郁、焦虑)和外化障碍(如行为障碍)的症状:在青少年大脑认知发展(ABCD)研究的1万多名青少年样本中,我们使用PM2.5历史水平数据集和生长曲线模型来评估PM2.5暴露与内化和外化症状轨迹之间的关联,并通过儿童行为检查表进行评估。研究人员对 PM2.5 暴露的三种不同测量方法进行了调查:2016 年的年平均浓度、2016 年超过美国环保署(US EPA)24 小时 PM2.5 标准的天数以及 2016 年 24 小时的最大浓度:基线时,PM2.5浓度超过美国环保署标准的天数越多,同年家长报告的内化症状越重。在控制了PM2.5年平均值、24小时最大浓度水平和信息提供者的心理病理学因素后,这种关联在接触后一年内仍有意义。还有证据表明,PM2.5年均值与基线时女性的外化症状水平之间存在关联:讨论:研究结果表明,儿童时期暴露于PM2.5与暴露时和1年后较高的内化和外化障碍症状有关。此外,与年平均值和最大日暴露量相比,PM2.5暴露天数超过美国环保局标准对青少年内化症状的影响可能最大。https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13427。
{"title":"The Association between Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution and the Trajectory of Internalizing and Externalizing Behaviors during Late Childhood and Early Adolescence: Evidence from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study.","authors":"Harry R Smolker, Colleen E Reid, Naomi P Friedman, Marie T Banich","doi":"10.1289/EHP13427","DOIUrl":"10.1289/EHP13427","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Exposure to high levels of fine particulate matter (PM) with aerodynamic diameter &lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;≤&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2.5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;mi&gt;μ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt; (&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;PM&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2.5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;) via air pollution may be a risk factor for psychiatric disorders during adulthood. Yet few studies have examined associations between exposure and the trajectory of symptoms across late childhood and early adolescence.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective: &lt;/strong&gt;The current study evaluated whether &lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;PM&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2.5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt; exposure at 9-11 y of age affects both concurrent symptoms as well as the longitudinal trajectory of internalizing and externalizing behaviors across the following 3 y. This issue was examined using multiple measures of exposure and separate measures of symptoms of internalizing disorders (e.g., depression, anxiety) and externalizing disorders (e.g., conduct disorder), respectively.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;In a sample of more than 10,000 youth from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, we used a dataset of historical &lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;PM&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2.5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt; levels and growth curve modeling to evaluate associations of &lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;PM&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2.5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt; exposure with internalizing and externalizing symptom trajectories, as assessed by the Child Behavioral Check List. Three distinct measures of &lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;PM&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2.5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt; exposure were investigated: annual average concentration during 2016, number of days in 2016 above the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) 24-h &lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;PM&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2.5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt; standards, and maximum 24-h concentration during 2016.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;At baseline, higher number of days with &lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;PM&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2.5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt; levels above US EPA standards was associated with higher parent-reported internalizing symptoms in the same year. This association remained significant up to a year following exposure and after controlling for &lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;PM&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2.5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt; annual average, maximum 24-h level, and informant psychopathology. There was also evidence of an association between &lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;PM&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2.5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mat","PeriodicalId":11862,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Health Perspectives","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11302585/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141897085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Exposure of Ldlr-/- Mice to a PFAS Mixture and Outcomes Related to Circulating Lipids, Bile Acid Excretion, and the Intestinal Transporter ASBT. Ldlr-/- 小鼠暴露于全氟辛烷磺酸混合物以及与循环脂质、胆汁酸排泄和肠道转运体 ASBT 相关的结果。
IF 10.1 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-23 DOI: 10.1289/EHP14339
Katherine Roth, Zhao Yang, Manisha Agarwal, Johnna Birbeck, Judy Westrick, Todd Lydic, Katherine Gurdziel, Michael C Petriello
<p><strong>Background: </strong>Previous epidemiological studies have repeatedly found per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure associated with higher circulating cholesterol, one of the greatest risk factors for development of coronary artery disease. The main route of cholesterol catabolism is through its conversion to bile acids, which circulate between the liver and ileum via enterohepatic circulation. Patients with coronary artery disease have decreased bile acid excretion, indicating that PFAS-induced impacts on enterohepatic circulation may play a critical role in cardiovascular risk.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Using a mouse model with high levels of low-density and very low-density lipoprotein (LDL and VLDL, respectively) cholesterol and aortic lesion development similar to humans, the present study investigated mechanisms linking exposure to a PFAS mixture with increased cholesterol.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Male and female <math><mrow><mi>L</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>l</mi><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>r</mi></mrow><mrow><mrow><mo>-</mo><mo>/</mo><mo>-</mo></mrow></mrow></msup></mrow></mrow></math> mice were fed an atherogenic diet (Clinton/Cybulsky low fat, 0.15% cholesterol) and exposed to a mixture of 5 PFAS representing legacy, replacement, and emerging subtypes (i.e., PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, PFNA, GenX), each at a concentration of <math><mrow><mn>2</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>mg</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>L</mi></mrow></math>, for 7 wk. Blood was collected longitudinally for cholesterol measurements, and mass spectrometry was used to measure circulating and fecal bile acids. Transcriptomic analysis of ileal samples was performed via RNA sequencing.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After 7 wk of PFAS exposure, average circulating PFAS levels were measured at 21.6, 20.1, 31.2, 23.5, and <math><mrow><mn>1.5</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>μ</mi><mi>g</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>mL</mi></mrow></math> in PFAS-exposed females and 12.9, 9.7, 23, 14.3, and <math><mrow><mn>1.7</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>μ</mi><mi>g</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>mL</mi></mrow></math> in PFAS-exposed males for PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, PFNA, and GenX, respectively. Total circulating cholesterol levels were higher in PFAS-exposed mice after 7 wk (<math><mrow><mn>352</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>mg</mi><mo>/</mo><mtext>dL</mtext></mrow></math> vs. <math><mrow><mn>415</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>mg</mi><mo>/</mo><mtext>dL</mtext></mrow></math> in female mice and <math><mrow><mn>392</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>mg</mi><mo>/</mo><mtext>dL</mtext></mrow></math> vs. <math><mrow><mn>488</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>mg</mi><mo>/</mo><mtext>dL</mtext></mrow></math> in male mice exposed to vehicle or PFAS, respectively). Total circulating bile acid levels were higher in PFAS-exposed mice (<math><mrow><mn>2,978</mn><mtext> pg</mtext><mo>/</mo><mi>μ</mi><mi>L</mi></mrow></math> vs. <math><mrow><mn>8,496</mn><mtext> pg</mtext><mo>/</mo><mi>μ</mi><mi>L</mi></mrow></math> in female mice and <math><mrow><mn>1,960</mn><mtext> pg</mtext><
背景:以往的流行病学研究多次发现,接触全氟和多氟烷基物质(PFAS)与循环胆固醇升高有关,而循环胆固醇升高是冠心病发病的最大风险因素之一。胆固醇分解代谢的主要途径是转化为胆汁酸,胆汁酸通过肠肝循环在肝脏和回肠之间循环。冠状动脉疾病患者的胆汁酸排泄减少,这表明全氟辛烷磺酸对肠肝循环的影响可能在心血管风险中起到关键作用:本研究利用一种低密度和极低密度脂蛋白(分别为 LDL 和 VLDL)胆固醇水平较高且主动脉病变发展与人类相似的小鼠模型,调查了暴露于 PFAS 混合物与胆固醇升高之间的关联机制:给雌雄 Ldlr-/- 小鼠喂食致动脉粥样硬化饮食(Clinton/Cybulsky 低脂饮食,胆固醇含量为 0.15%),并将其暴露于 5 种全氟辛烷磺酸混合物(分别代表遗留、替代和新兴亚型,即 PFOA、PFOS、PFHxS、PFNA、GenX)中,每种混合物的浓度为 2 毫克/升,持续 7 周。纵向收集血液以测量胆固醇,并使用质谱法测量循环胆汁酸和粪便胆汁酸。通过 RNA 测序对回肠样本进行转录组分析:结果:暴露于 PFAS 7 周后,PFOA、PFOS、PFHxS、PFNA 和 GenX 在暴露于 PFAS 的女性体内的平均循环 PFAS 含量分别为 21.6、20.1、31.2、23.5 和 1.5 微克/毫升,在暴露于 PFAS 的男性体内的平均循环 PFAS 含量分别为 12.9、9.7、23、14.3 和 1.7 微克/毫升。暴露于 PFAS 的小鼠在 7 周后的总循环胆固醇水平较高(雌性小鼠为 352 毫克/分升,雄性小鼠为 415 毫克/分升;暴露于车辆或 PFAS 的小鼠为 392 毫克/分升,雄性小鼠为 488 毫克/分升)。暴露于 PFAS 的小鼠的总循环胆汁酸水平更高(暴露于车辆或 PFAS 的雌性小鼠分别为 2,978 pg/μL 对 8,496 pg/μL,雄性小鼠分别为 1,960 pg/μL 对 4,452 pg/μL)。此外,暴露于 PFAS 的小鼠粪便总胆汁酸水平较低(暴露于车辆或 PFAS 的雌性小鼠为 1,797 纳克/毫克,雄性小鼠为 682 纳克/毫克;暴露于车辆或 PFAS 的雄性小鼠为 1,622 纳克/毫克,雄性小鼠为 670 纳克/毫克)。在回肠中,暴露于 PFAS 的小鼠顶端钠依赖性胆汁酸转运体 (ASBT) 的表达水平较高:讨论:暴露于全氟辛烷磺酸混合物的小鼠体内循环胆固醇和胆汁酸含量较高,这可能是由于肠肝循环受到了影响。这项研究表明,PFAS 在回肠部位介导的效应可能是暴露于 PFAS 后心血管风险增加的关键介质。https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP14339。
{"title":"<ArticleTitle xmlns:ns0=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\">Exposure of <ns0:math><ns0:mrow><ns0:mrow><ns0:msup><ns0:mrow><ns0:mrow><ns0:mi>L</ns0:mi><ns0:mi>d</ns0:mi><ns0:mi>l</ns0:mi><ns0:mi>r</ns0:mi></ns0:mrow></ns0:mrow><ns0:mrow><ns0:mrow><ns0:mo>-</ns0:mo><ns0:mo>/</ns0:mo><ns0:mo>-</ns0:mo></ns0:mrow></ns0:mrow></ns0:msup></ns0:mrow></ns0:mrow></ns0:math> Mice to a PFAS Mixture and Outcomes Related to Circulating Lipids, Bile Acid Excretion, and the Intestinal Transporter ASBT.","authors":"Katherine Roth, Zhao Yang, Manisha Agarwal, Johnna Birbeck, Judy Westrick, Todd Lydic, Katherine Gurdziel, Michael C Petriello","doi":"10.1289/EHP14339","DOIUrl":"10.1289/EHP14339","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Previous epidemiological studies have repeatedly found per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure associated with higher circulating cholesterol, one of the greatest risk factors for development of coronary artery disease. The main route of cholesterol catabolism is through its conversion to bile acids, which circulate between the liver and ileum via enterohepatic circulation. Patients with coronary artery disease have decreased bile acid excretion, indicating that PFAS-induced impacts on enterohepatic circulation may play a critical role in cardiovascular risk.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objectives: &lt;/strong&gt;Using a mouse model with high levels of low-density and very low-density lipoprotein (LDL and VLDL, respectively) cholesterol and aortic lesion development similar to humans, the present study investigated mechanisms linking exposure to a PFAS mixture with increased cholesterol.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;Male and female &lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;d&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;r&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;-&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;/&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;-&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt; mice were fed an atherogenic diet (Clinton/Cybulsky low fat, 0.15% cholesterol) and exposed to a mixture of 5 PFAS representing legacy, replacement, and emerging subtypes (i.e., PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, PFNA, GenX), each at a concentration of &lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;mi&gt;mg&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;/&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;, for 7 wk. Blood was collected longitudinally for cholesterol measurements, and mass spectrometry was used to measure circulating and fecal bile acids. Transcriptomic analysis of ileal samples was performed via RNA sequencing.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;After 7 wk of PFAS exposure, average circulating PFAS levels were measured at 21.6, 20.1, 31.2, 23.5, and &lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1.5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;mi&gt;μ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;g&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;/&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;mL&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt; in PFAS-exposed females and 12.9, 9.7, 23, 14.3, and &lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1.7&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;mi&gt;μ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;g&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;/&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;mL&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt; in PFAS-exposed males for PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, PFNA, and GenX, respectively. Total circulating cholesterol levels were higher in PFAS-exposed mice after 7 wk (&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;352&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;mi&gt;mg&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;/&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;dL&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt; vs. &lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;415&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;mi&gt;mg&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;/&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;dL&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt; in female mice and &lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;392&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;mi&gt;mg&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;/&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;dL&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt; vs. &lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;488&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;mi&gt;mg&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;/&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;dL&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt; in male mice exposed to vehicle or PFAS, respectively). Total circulating bile acid levels were higher in PFAS-exposed mice (&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2,978&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mtext&gt; pg&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;mo&gt;/&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;μ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt; vs. &lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;8,496&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mtext&gt; pg&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;mo&gt;/&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;μ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt; in female mice and &lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1,960&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mtext&gt; pg&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;","PeriodicalId":11862,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Health Perspectives","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11343043/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142035502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A State-of-the-Science Review of the Effect of Damp- and Mold-Affected Housing on Mental Health. 关于受潮湿和霉菌影响的房屋对心理健康的影响的科学现状综述。
IF 10.1 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-20 DOI: 10.1289/EHP14341
Maria Rosa Gatto, Adelle Mansour, Ang Li, Rebecca Bentley

Background: While it is well-established that exposure to dampness or mold in homes negatively affects physical health, the association with mental health remains less well evidenced. As plausible psychosocial and biological pathways exist between dampness and mold exposure and poor mental health, a review of evidence is required.

Objective: This State-of-the-Science review sought to assess what is known about the mental health effects of dampness or mold exposure and identify gaps in the literature and priorities for further research.

Methods: A comprehensive search of electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, PsycInfo, Global Health, Web of Science, and Scopus) was conducted to identify relevant studies published from 2003 to 2023. Eligible studies included observational study designs such as cohort and cross-sectional studies. Target studies for review assessed the effect of dampness and/or mold on mental health outcomes.

Results: Of the 1,169 records retrieved, 19 studies met the inclusion criteria. The available evidence described positive associations between residential dampness/mold exposure and poor mental health. In adults, associations were observed for outcomes such as depression, stress, and anxiety, while for children, associations were observed for emotional symptoms and emotional dysregulation.

Discussion: Identified studies generally reported associations between exposure to dampness/mold in the home and poorer mental and emotional health. Given the methodological limitations present in the current evidence base, it is recommended that more research be conducted. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP14341.

背景:家庭中的潮湿或霉菌会对身体健康产生负面影响,这一点已得到充分证实,但与心理健康之间的关系则证据不足。由于潮湿和霉菌暴露与不良心理健康之间存在着看似合理的社会心理和生物学途径,因此需要对证据进行审查:本科学现状综述旨在评估有关潮湿或霉菌暴露对心理健康影响的已知信息,并确定文献中的空白点和进一步研究的优先事项:对电子数据库(MEDLINE、Embase、PsycInfo、Global Health、Web of Science 和 Scopus)进行了全面检索,以确定 2003 年至 2023 年间发表的相关研究。符合条件的研究包括观察性研究设计,如队列研究和横断面研究。审查的目标研究评估了潮湿和/或霉菌对心理健康结果的影响:在检索到的 1,169 条记录中,有 19 项研究符合纳入标准。现有证据表明,住宅潮湿/霉菌暴露与不良心理健康之间存在正相关。在成人中,与抑郁、压力和焦虑等结果有关,而在儿童中,与情绪症状和情绪失调有关:讨论:已确定的研究普遍报告了暴露于家中的潮湿/霉菌与较差的心理和情绪健康之间的关联。鉴于目前的证据基础存在方法上的局限性,建议开展更多的研究。https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP14341。
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引用次数: 0
Comment on "Evidence Synthesis of Observational Studies in Environmental Health: Lessons Learned from a Systematic Review on Traffic-Related Air Pollution". 评论 "环境健康观察研究的证据综合:从与交通有关的空气污染系统回顾中汲取的教训 "的评论。
IF 10.1 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-13 DOI: 10.1289/EHP15644
Kyla W Taylor, Kembra L Howdeshell, Anisha Singh, Vickie R Walker, Amy Wang, Abee E Boyles, Brandiese E J Beverly, Andrew A Rooney
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引用次数: 0
A Mixed Methods Approach to Understanding the Public Health Impact of a School-Based Citizen Science Program to Reduce Arsenic in Private Well Water. 采用混合方法了解以学校为基础的公民科学计划对公众健康的影响,以减少私人井水中的砷含量。
IF 10.1 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-21 DOI: 10.1289/EHP13421
Ashley Taylor, Alexis Garretson, Karen H Bieluch, Kate L Buckman, Hannah Lust, Cait Bailey, Anna E Farrell, Brian P Jackson, Rebecca Lincoln, Erin Arneson, Sarah R Hall, Bruce A Stanton, Jane E Disney

Background: Exposure to arsenic (As) in well water is a well-documented public health issue for Maine and New Hampshire, as well as for other states in the United States and abroad. Arsenic contamination of well water in these locations is primarily attributed to metasedimentary bedrock that leaches As into groundwater. However, As can also enter groundwater reserves from soils contaminated by the historical use of arsenical pesticides. Approximately half of the households in Maine and New Hampshire rely on private wells, many of which have elevated As. Arsenic exposure has been associated with an increased risk of cancer, cardiovascular disease, reduced infection resistance, and lower intelligence quotient in children. Despite these known health impacts, well water testing and treatment are not universal.

Objectives: We have approached the problem of low well water testing rates in Maine and New Hampshire communities by developing the All About Arsenic (AAA) project, which engages secondary school teachers and students as citizen scientists in collecting well water samples for analysis of As and other toxic metals and supports their outreach efforts to their communities.

Methods: We assessed this project's public health impact by analyzing student data relative to existing well water quality datasets in both states. In addition, we surveyed private well owners who contributed well water samples to the project to determine the actions taken to mitigate As in well water.

Results: Students collected 3,070 drinking water samples for metals testing, and 752 exceeded New Hampshire's As standard of 5 ppb. The AAA data has more than doubled the amount of information available to public health agencies about well water quality in multiple municipalities across both states. Students also collected information about well types and treatment systems. Their data reveal that some homeowners did not know what type of wells they had or whether they had filtration systems. Those with filtration systems were often unaware of the type of system, what the system was filtering for, or whether the system was designed to remove As. Through interviews with pilot survey participants, we learned that some had begun mitigating their exposure to As and other toxic metals in response to test results from the AAA project.

Discussion: A school-based approach to collecting and analyzing private well water samples can successfully reach communities with low testing rates for toxic elements, such as As and other metals. Importantly, information generated through the program can impact household decision-making, and students can influence local and state policymaking by sharing information in their communities. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13421.

背景:在缅因州和新罕布什尔州以及美国其他州和国外,井水中的砷(As)暴露是一个有据可查的公共健康问题。这些地区井水砷污染的主要原因是成岩基岩将砷渗入地下水。不过,砷也可能从历史上使用含砷杀虫剂污染的土壤中进入地下水储备。缅因州和新罕布什尔州约有一半的家庭依靠私人水井取水,其中许多水井的砷含量都有所升高。砷暴露与癌症风险增加、心血管疾病、抗感染能力下降和儿童智商降低有关。尽管已知会对健康产生这些影响,但井水检测和处理并未普及:我们针对缅因州和新罕布什尔州社区井水检测率低的问题,开展了 "关于砷的一切"(AAA)项目,让中学教师和学生作为公民科学家参与收集井水样本,分析砷和其他有毒金属,并为他们在社区的推广工作提供支持:我们通过分析这两个州现有井水质量数据集的学生数据,评估了该项目的公共健康影响。此外,我们还调查了为该项目提供井水样本的私人水井所有者,以确定他们为减少井水中的砷而采取的行动:结果:学生们收集了 3070 份饮用水样本进行金属检测,其中 752 份超过了新罕布什尔州 5 ppb 的砷标准。AAA 数据为公共卫生机构提供了两州多个城市的井水质量信息,数量增加了一倍多。学生们还收集了有关水井类型和处理系统的信息。他们的数据显示,一些房主不知道他们的水井是什么类型的,也不知道他们是否有过滤系统。那些拥有过滤系统的业主往往不知道过滤系统的类型、过滤系统的用途,也不知道过滤系统的设计目的是去除 As。通过对试点调查参与者的访谈,我们了解到,一些人已经开始根据 AAA 项目的检测结果来减少砷和其他有毒金属的暴露量:讨论:以学校为基础收集和分析私人井水样本的方法可以成功地覆盖砷和其他金属等有毒元素检测率较低的社区。重要的是,通过该项目获得的信息可以影响家庭决策,学生可以通过在社区分享信息来影响地方和州政府的决策。https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13421。
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引用次数: 0
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Environmental Health Perspectives
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