Pub Date : 2023-11-27DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v7i2.80308
Aida Nur Ramadhani, Arnanda Fadillah Malik, Wina Rahma Fitriana
Abstract. Utilizations of waste cooking oil can be projected to be candles. Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) peel, considering the large amount of this abandoned waste, also can be utilized as essential oil. This research was conducted to examine the production of aromatherapy candles by purifying the wasted cooking oil and adding the sweet orange peel essential oil. Steam distillation method was used to extract essential oils by determining the effect of raw material conditions on the yield obtained. The essential oils obtained from fresh peel was 1.87% of yield with 94.37% limonene, while dry one was 2.16% yield with 94.67% limonene by GC-MS analysis. Adsorption method by activated carbon was carried out to purify the wasted cooking oil as candle materials, varied by 7%, 10%, and 13% mass of activated carbon. The addition of the highest mass of activated carbon gave the lowest absorbance and indicated that the purified oil was the brightest. Utilization of refined wasted oil was mixed with stearin and sweet orange peel essential oil of 2%, 4%, and 6% by weight as aromatherapy candle product. Characteristics of candle was investigated by analyzing the melting point, burning time, organoleptic, and preference test for respondents and resulted that all characters meet Indonesian National Standard. Purification of wasted cooking oil varied by activated carbon mass influenced the color of the candles. The addition of essential oils influenced the smell, melting point and burning time of candle, the essential oil addition makes lower melting point and faster burning time.Keywords:Aromatherapy Candles, Sweet Orange Peel Essential Oil, Wasted Cooking Oil
{"title":"Utilization of Wasted Cooking Oil and Essential Oil of Sweet Orange Peel (Citrus sinensis) as Aromatherapy Candles","authors":"Aida Nur Ramadhani, Arnanda Fadillah Malik, Wina Rahma Fitriana","doi":"10.20961/equilibrium.v7i2.80308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20961/equilibrium.v7i2.80308","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Utilizations of waste cooking oil can be projected to be candles. Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) peel, considering the large amount of this abandoned waste, also can be utilized as essential oil. This research was conducted to examine the production of aromatherapy candles by purifying the wasted cooking oil and adding the sweet orange peel essential oil. Steam distillation method was used to extract essential oils by determining the effect of raw material conditions on the yield obtained. The essential oils obtained from fresh peel was 1.87% of yield with 94.37% limonene, while dry one was 2.16% yield with 94.67% limonene by GC-MS analysis. Adsorption method by activated carbon was carried out to purify the wasted cooking oil as candle materials, varied by 7%, 10%, and 13% mass of activated carbon. The addition of the highest mass of activated carbon gave the lowest absorbance and indicated that the purified oil was the brightest. Utilization of refined wasted oil was mixed with stearin and sweet orange peel essential oil of 2%, 4%, and 6% by weight as aromatherapy candle product. Characteristics of candle was investigated by analyzing the melting point, burning time, organoleptic, and preference test for respondents and resulted that all characters meet Indonesian National Standard. Purification of wasted cooking oil varied by activated carbon mass influenced the color of the candles. The addition of essential oils influenced the smell, melting point and burning time of candle, the essential oil addition makes lower melting point and faster burning time.Keywords:Aromatherapy Candles, Sweet Orange Peel Essential Oil, Wasted Cooking Oil","PeriodicalId":11866,"journal":{"name":"Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139232251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-27DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v8i1.78333
Frideni Yushandiana Putri GF, Wilson Pauru', Sulaeman
Gold is a very important metal in human life. Most gold is processed using the cyanidation method. The most commonly used cyanidation method is the agitation leaching method. The cyanidation method will produce aurocyanide complexes that will be further processed, with activated carbon adsorption stages using the carbon in leach method to increase gold recovery. To maximize leach recovery, optimization of leaching and carbon adsorption process parameters is carried out, one of which is dissolved oxygen (DO) levels. Oxygen is added to oxidize gold atoms (Au) into cations (Au+) which will then react with cyanide ions (CN-) to form the aurocyanide complex anion Au(CN)2- dissolved in cyanide solution. To optimize leaching, various testworks were carried out by varying the operating parameters in the leaching process. This study used dissolved oxygen variations derived from oxygen injection with a recovery of 92.5% Au and 80.5% Ag, hydrogen peroxide achieved a recovery of 92.5% Au and 79.9% Ag, and Aachen sheared with a recovery of 95% Au and 81.9% Ag.keyword: Gold, Cyanidation, Dissolved Oxygen, Percent Recovery
{"title":"Study of the Effect of Dissolved Oxygen Concentration on Gold Recovery Leaching at PT Indo Muro Kencana","authors":"Frideni Yushandiana Putri GF, Wilson Pauru', Sulaeman","doi":"10.20961/equilibrium.v8i1.78333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20961/equilibrium.v8i1.78333","url":null,"abstract":"Gold is a very important metal in human life. Most gold is processed using the cyanidation method. The most commonly used cyanidation method is the agitation leaching method. The cyanidation method will produce aurocyanide complexes that will be further processed, with activated carbon adsorption stages using the carbon in leach method to increase gold recovery. To maximize leach recovery, optimization of leaching and carbon adsorption process parameters is carried out, one of which is dissolved oxygen (DO) levels. Oxygen is added to oxidize gold atoms (Au) into cations (Au+) which will then react with cyanide ions (CN-) to form the aurocyanide complex anion Au(CN)2- dissolved in cyanide solution. To optimize leaching, various testworks were carried out by varying the operating parameters in the leaching process. This study used dissolved oxygen variations derived from oxygen injection with a recovery of 92.5% Au and 80.5% Ag, hydrogen peroxide achieved a recovery of 92.5% Au and 79.9% Ag, and Aachen sheared with a recovery of 95% Au and 81.9% Ag.keyword: Gold, Cyanidation, Dissolved Oxygen, Percent Recovery","PeriodicalId":11866,"journal":{"name":"Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139231699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-27DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v7i2.79964
Aulia Bunga Kencana, Erwana Dewi, Muhammad Taufik
ABSTRACT. This experiment concerns the optimization of coconut sugar production by using innovative processing methods. The raw material, coconut sap, is systematically collected through tapping coconut flowers to ensure consistency. Focusing on the process of coconut sap into coconut sugar in a convenient powdered form emphasizes a systematic approach. The research utilizes a controlled heating method with a crystallizer, introducing variations in pH and temperature. This research was to determine the best temperature and ph to produce coconut palm sugar products that comply with several SNI 3743: 2021 standards. To solve the problems associated with traditional palm sugar production emphasizes the need for innovative and efficient approaches. The results show that quality of palm sugar: sucrose content of 86.93%, moisture content of 1.03%, ash content of 1.65% and Pb content according to Indonesian Nasional Standard of palm sugar SNI 3743:2021. This systematic and innovative approach aligns coconut sugar with the quality standards specified in SNI 3743:2021, offering a high-quality and marketable formKeywords:Coconut sap, Palm Sugar, Volume, pH
{"title":"The Impact of pH And Temperature on the Crystallization Process of Coconut Palm Sugar","authors":"Aulia Bunga Kencana, Erwana Dewi, Muhammad Taufik","doi":"10.20961/equilibrium.v7i2.79964","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20961/equilibrium.v7i2.79964","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT. This experiment concerns the optimization of coconut sugar production by using innovative processing methods. The raw material, coconut sap, is systematically collected through tapping coconut flowers to ensure consistency. Focusing on the process of coconut sap into coconut sugar in a convenient powdered form emphasizes a systematic approach. The research utilizes a controlled heating method with a crystallizer, introducing variations in pH and temperature. This research was to determine the best temperature and ph to produce coconut palm sugar products that comply with several SNI 3743: 2021 standards. To solve the problems associated with traditional palm sugar production emphasizes the need for innovative and efficient approaches. The results show that quality of palm sugar: sucrose content of 86.93%, moisture content of 1.03%, ash content of 1.65% and Pb content according to Indonesian Nasional Standard of palm sugar SNI 3743:2021. This systematic and innovative approach aligns coconut sugar with the quality standards specified in SNI 3743:2021, offering a high-quality and marketable formKeywords:Coconut sap, Palm Sugar, Volume, pH","PeriodicalId":11866,"journal":{"name":"Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139233527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Indonesia is a country that has abundant natural resources, including non-renewable natural resources such as various types of metals, natural gas, petroleum and others. Besides that, Indonesia also has an important role in supplying the world's gold raw materials. Therefore, it is necessary to develop technology and science in the mining industry, especially gold to increase process optimization and increase the added value of the mining products themselves. One of the gold extraction processes can be carried out hydrometallurgically using the cyanidation method using agitator leach, as was done at PT Indo Muro Kencana. Process optimization is carried out with various test work, such as leaching tests, by varying the operating parameters of the leaching. The results of the analysis show that the optimal cyanide concentration for leaching of PT Indo Muro Kencana's gold ore is 600 ppm by controlling the rate diffusion control.
{"title":"Study on the Effect of Cyanide Concentration on Gold Leaching Recovery in Ore at PT Indo Muro Kencana","authors":"Frideni Yushandiana Putri GF, Armitha Lisanul Karimah, Sulaeman","doi":"10.20961/equilibrium.v7i2.77833","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20961/equilibrium.v7i2.77833","url":null,"abstract":"Indonesia is a country that has abundant natural resources, including non-renewable natural resources such as various types of metals, natural gas, petroleum and others. Besides that, Indonesia also has an important role in supplying the world's gold raw materials. Therefore, it is necessary to develop technology and science in the mining industry, especially gold to increase process optimization and increase the added value of the mining products themselves. One of the gold extraction processes can be carried out hydrometallurgically using the cyanidation method using agitator leach, as was done at PT Indo Muro Kencana. Process optimization is carried out with various test work, such as leaching tests, by varying the operating parameters of the leaching. The results of the analysis show that the optimal cyanide concentration for leaching of PT Indo Muro Kencana's gold ore is 600 ppm by controlling the rate diffusion control.","PeriodicalId":11866,"journal":{"name":"Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139260659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Various industrial, agricultural, household, mining, smelting, and chemical industrial activities can generate waste containing heavy metals such as Fe(III). Fly ash has the potential as an effective adsorbent to capture heavy metals in wastewater. This study aims to immobilize coal fly ash in alginate beads for the adsorption of Fe(III) ions from synthetic waste solution. To test the adsorption capability of fly ash-alginate beads was performed by varying the contact time (1-24 hours), the mass of fly ash-alginate beads (5, 15, 35, 45, and 55 grams), and the initial concentration of Fe (III) ions at 6, 8, and 10 ppm. The determination of the concentration after adsorption was done using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results showed that fly ash-alginate beads were able to remove Fe(III) ions up to 68.60% at a bead mass of 55 g, ion concentration of 10 ppm, and the equilibrium contact time was reached after 5 hours. The analysis results indicated that the adsorption mechanism followed the Freundlich isotherm model due to the heterogeneous surface exhibited.
{"title":"Immobilization of Coal Fly Ash in Alginate Beads for Adsorption of Fe (III) Ions","authors":"Fauzan Irfandy, Husna Muizzati Shabrina, Indriana Lestari, Heni Anggorowati, Perwitasari Perwitasari","doi":"10.20961/equilibrium.v7i2.79973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20961/equilibrium.v7i2.79973","url":null,"abstract":"Various industrial, agricultural, household, mining, smelting, and chemical industrial activities can generate waste containing heavy metals such as Fe(III). Fly ash has the potential as an effective adsorbent to capture heavy metals in wastewater. This study aims to immobilize coal fly ash in alginate beads for the adsorption of Fe(III) ions from synthetic waste solution. To test the adsorption capability of fly ash-alginate beads was performed by varying the contact time (1-24 hours), the mass of fly ash-alginate beads (5, 15, 35, 45, and 55 grams), and the initial concentration of Fe (III) ions at 6, 8, and 10 ppm. The determination of the concentration after adsorption was done using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results showed that fly ash-alginate beads were able to remove Fe(III) ions up to 68.60% at a bead mass of 55 g, ion concentration of 10 ppm, and the equilibrium contact time was reached after 5 hours. The analysis results indicated that the adsorption mechanism followed the Freundlich isotherm model due to the heterogeneous surface exhibited.","PeriodicalId":11866,"journal":{"name":"Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139261110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-24DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v7i2.73569
Suratno Lourentius, A. Ayucitra
ABSTRACT. In maintaining the existence of sugar factories that exist and are still actively operating in Indonesia, efforts should be made to carry out intensification and extensification. In terms of the intensification of the process, it is necessary to periodically evaluate the performance of process tools, especially those that require utilities so that the process is effective and efficient. The process of making sugar passes through six stages, namely: milling, purification, evaporation (evaporation), cooking, screening, and packaging processes or the final stage. The evaporation process is a crucial process that determines the success of the entire process because the juice is concentrated from 11% to 64%. The evaporator is designed to use a multiple effect evaporator to increase the value of steam economy. The research objective is to optimize the number of effects that require a minimum total cost. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to survey the sugar factory to obtain the necessary valid data. Furthermore, a mathematical model is compiled based on the principle of mass and heat balance and then a software program is made so that the optimization solution can be done accurately. The conclusions that can be drawn are as follows: for a mass flow rate of 125,000 kg/hour with a concentration of 11% juice and a feed temperature of 100oC, the optimum conditions are obtained with a minimum annual production cost of IDR. 22,090,361,779.00 which is owned by the evaporator with 4 effects, total evaporator area = 2,443.81 m2, steam economy = 3.98 and steam demand = 26,028.2 kg/hour. The number of evaporator effects of 4 is common in Indonesia.
{"title":"Optimization of Heat Transfer Area and Steam Requirement in Multiple Effects Evaporator for Concentration of Juice in Sugar Factory","authors":"Suratno Lourentius, A. Ayucitra","doi":"10.20961/equilibrium.v7i2.73569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20961/equilibrium.v7i2.73569","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT. In maintaining the existence of sugar factories that exist and are still actively operating in Indonesia, efforts should be made to carry out intensification and extensification. In terms of the intensification of the process, it is necessary to periodically evaluate the performance of process tools, especially those that require utilities so that the process is effective and efficient. The process of making sugar passes through six stages, namely: milling, purification, evaporation (evaporation), cooking, screening, and packaging processes or the final stage. The evaporation process is a crucial process that determines the success of the entire process because the juice is concentrated from 11% to 64%. The evaporator is designed to use a multiple effect evaporator to increase the value of steam economy. The research objective is to optimize the number of effects that require a minimum total cost. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to survey the sugar factory to obtain the necessary valid data. Furthermore, a mathematical model is compiled based on the principle of mass and heat balance and then a software program is made so that the optimization solution can be done accurately. The conclusions that can be drawn are as follows: for a mass flow rate of 125,000 kg/hour with a concentration of 11% juice and a feed temperature of 100oC, the optimum conditions are obtained with a minimum annual production cost of IDR. 22,090,361,779.00 which is owned by the evaporator with 4 effects, total evaporator area = 2,443.81 m2, steam economy = 3.98 and steam demand = 26,028.2 kg/hour. The number of evaporator effects of 4 is common in Indonesia.","PeriodicalId":11866,"journal":{"name":"Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82274289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-17DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v7i2.76073
M. Nurdin, Arifah Sukasri, J. Damayanti
Abstract. Water pollution can be caused by the discharge of domestic wastewater containing contaminants. Ammonia is a water pollutant that has a bad impact because it can cause an unpleasant pungent odor and can inhibit or stop the growth of aquatic organisms because it interferes with oxygen binding, changes pH and affects enzymatic reactions and membrane stability in aquatic organisms. This research treats domestic wastewater contaminated with ammonia by means of adsorption using water hyacinth powder. In order to reduce ammonia contaminants in domestic wastewater. This study used a quantitative method which included the acclimatization stage, preliminary test, water hyacinth powder production, adsorption process, ammonia content analysis. The results showed that the use of water hyacinth powder in the most efficient adsorption process was 8 grams of water hyacinth powder and 60 bioballs in 10 liters of wastewater with a decrease in ammonia content of 93.47% for 24 hours. With the bioremediation process ratio, the ammonia content in wastewater can be reduced from 4.810 ppm to 0.314 ppm. Keywords:Adsorption, Domestic Wastewater, Ammonia, Water Hyacinth Powder
{"title":"Adsorption of Ammonia in Wastewater Using Hyacinth (Eichornia Crassipes) Powder with The Assistance of Bio Balls","authors":"M. Nurdin, Arifah Sukasri, J. Damayanti","doi":"10.20961/equilibrium.v7i2.76073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20961/equilibrium.v7i2.76073","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Water pollution can be caused by the discharge of domestic wastewater containing contaminants. Ammonia is a water pollutant that has a bad impact because it can cause an unpleasant pungent odor and can inhibit or stop the growth of aquatic organisms because it interferes with oxygen binding, changes pH and affects enzymatic reactions and membrane stability in aquatic organisms. This research treats domestic wastewater contaminated with ammonia by means of adsorption using water hyacinth powder. In order to reduce ammonia contaminants in domestic wastewater. This study used a quantitative method which included the acclimatization stage, preliminary test, water hyacinth powder production, adsorption process, ammonia content analysis. The results showed that the use of water hyacinth powder in the most efficient adsorption process was 8 grams of water hyacinth powder and 60 bioballs in 10 liters of wastewater with a decrease in ammonia content of 93.47% for 24 hours. With the bioremediation process ratio, the ammonia content in wastewater can be reduced from 4.810 ppm to 0.314 ppm. Keywords:Adsorption, Domestic Wastewater, Ammonia, Water Hyacinth Powder","PeriodicalId":11866,"journal":{"name":"Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78548018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-23DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v7i2.75807
M. Hulupi, Keryanti Keryanti, Karina Aulia Rahmawati, Widya Tresna Dewi, F. Abdilah
Abstract. Methylene blue (MB) is an extensively utilized cationic dye in the textile industry. MB is, however, a highly noxious substance that can have detrimental effects on both the environment and human health. MB can pollute waterways and cause the mortality of aquatic organisms in the environment. Due to the hazards posed by MB, it is crucial to have an effective method for analyzing its concentration in wastewater. This will ensure that MB-contaminated water is appropriately treated and disposed of, thereby protecting the environment and human health. One of the analyses utilized the Evolution 360 UV-Vis Spectrophotometer to determine methylene blue concentrations. The Evolution 360 UV-Vis Spectrophotometer method was validated by measuring linearity tests, limit detection and quantization, precision, and accuracy. The R-value for linearity measurements is greater than 0.99, indicating that the method is proportionally validated. As required, the precision measurement yields acceptable results, with a %RSD value of less than 2%, and the accuracy measurement yields a recovery of 100% (between 80 and 110%). So that the method for measuring the concentration of methylene blue in water using the UV-Vis Evolution 360 Spectrophotometer satisfies the requirements for linearity, precision, and accuracy.Keywords:Analysis, Methylene Blue, Method Validation, Spectrophotometer
{"title":"Validation of Methylene Blue Analysis Method in Wastewater Samples by Uv-Vis Spectrophotometry","authors":"M. Hulupi, Keryanti Keryanti, Karina Aulia Rahmawati, Widya Tresna Dewi, F. Abdilah","doi":"10.20961/equilibrium.v7i2.75807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20961/equilibrium.v7i2.75807","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Methylene blue (MB) is an extensively utilized cationic dye in the textile industry. MB is, however, a highly noxious substance that can have detrimental effects on both the environment and human health. MB can pollute waterways and cause the mortality of aquatic organisms in the environment. Due to the hazards posed by MB, it is crucial to have an effective method for analyzing its concentration in wastewater. This will ensure that MB-contaminated water is appropriately treated and disposed of, thereby protecting the environment and human health. One of the analyses utilized the Evolution 360 UV-Vis Spectrophotometer to determine methylene blue concentrations. The Evolution 360 UV-Vis Spectrophotometer method was validated by measuring linearity tests, limit detection and quantization, precision, and accuracy. The R-value for linearity measurements is greater than 0.99, indicating that the method is proportionally validated. As required, the precision measurement yields acceptable results, with a %RSD value of less than 2%, and the accuracy measurement yields a recovery of 100% (between 80 and 110%). So that the method for measuring the concentration of methylene blue in water using the UV-Vis Evolution 360 Spectrophotometer satisfies the requirements for linearity, precision, and accuracy.Keywords:Analysis, Methylene Blue, Method Validation, Spectrophotometer","PeriodicalId":11866,"journal":{"name":"Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90603359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-23DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v7i2.74478
Natasya Dian Andini, Yuliana Prasetiyani, Fisafillah Al Mumtahinah, C. Yudha, Bintari Astika
Abstract. The use of activated carbon in Indonesia is expanding along with the increasing demand for activated carbon. Therefore, it is necessary to continue to search for raw materials and methods for producing activated carbon to produce high-quality activated carbon. Sorghum stalk (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is used as a new precursor for the formation of activated carbon by utilizing a ZnCl2 activator followed by pyrolysis in a furnace with a temperature of 800°C. This study aims to determine the effect of drying and the concentration of activator agents on activated carbon production. The ZnCl2 activator concentrations used were 15% and 30%. The results showed that the activated carbon obtained through the withdrawal process with a ZnCl2 concentration of 30% had the highest carbon content, namely 100%. Test results with FTIR spectroscopy showed that the activated carbon samples had groups (C-H), (O-H), (C≡C), (C=O), (C=C), and (C-O). In addition, the SEM test results showed that the surface of the activated carbon formed had many pores. With the presence of activated carbon from sorghum stem waste, it is hoped that this product can reduce the contaminants contained in wastewater.Keywords: Activation, Activated Carbon, Waste, Pyrolysis, Sorghum, ZnCl2
{"title":"The Conversion of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) Stem Waste into Activated Carbon by the Pyrolysis Method Using ZnCl2 Activator","authors":"Natasya Dian Andini, Yuliana Prasetiyani, Fisafillah Al Mumtahinah, C. Yudha, Bintari Astika","doi":"10.20961/equilibrium.v7i2.74478","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20961/equilibrium.v7i2.74478","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The use of activated carbon in Indonesia is expanding along with the increasing demand for activated carbon. Therefore, it is necessary to continue to search for raw materials and methods for producing activated carbon to produce high-quality activated carbon. Sorghum stalk (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is used as a new precursor for the formation of activated carbon by utilizing a ZnCl2 activator followed by pyrolysis in a furnace with a temperature of 800°C. This study aims to determine the effect of drying and the concentration of activator agents on activated carbon production. The ZnCl2 activator concentrations used were 15% and 30%. The results showed that the activated carbon obtained through the withdrawal process with a ZnCl2 concentration of 30% had the highest carbon content, namely 100%. Test results with FTIR spectroscopy showed that the activated carbon samples had groups (C-H), (O-H), (C≡C), (C=O), (C=C), and (C-O). In addition, the SEM test results showed that the surface of the activated carbon formed had many pores. With the presence of activated carbon from sorghum stem waste, it is hoped that this product can reduce the contaminants contained in wastewater.Keywords: Activation, Activated Carbon, Waste, Pyrolysis, Sorghum, ZnCl2","PeriodicalId":11866,"journal":{"name":"Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90777346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-16DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v7i2.74492
Fransisca Poppy Amelia, Erica Puspita Sari, H. Norman, Muhammad Alhadilansa Salsabil, C. Yudha
Abstract. Nickel Catalyst is one of the common catalysts found in chemical industries. However, this catalyst has a limited lifetime indicated by having performance or activity drop so it is potentially become dangerous waste if the handling is not proper. The spent nickel catalyst needs to be processed to recover and avoid pollution towards the environment. The Hydrometallurgy method is a proper method to process nickel catalyst waste. The purpose of this research is to investigate the characteristic of a regenerated nickel catalyst when it is treated with HCl and H2SO4 as the lixiviant. In this research, the spent nickel catalyst was treated with HCl and H2SO4 in the presence of 2% H2O2 reductant under room conditions and mixing rate at 200 rpm for 30 minutes of reaction. The leaching filtrate was precipitated using NaOH solution while the formed precipitate was heated at 800 °C for 3 hours. The regenerated catalyst was characterized using FTIR and SEM-EDX. The SEM images showed regenerated catalyst prepared using the HCl solution has a different morphology compared to the one using the H2SO4 solution. Based on FTIR analysis, both samples exhibit Ni-O and C-O groups. Based on elemental analysis, the highest nickel concentration was obtained by using HCl with a Ni content of 25.98%w/w, compare to sulfuric acid (H2SO4) with a Ni content of 10.94%w/w. The Ni content can be improved by the addition of a washing step after the sintering process.
{"title":"Regeneration of Spent Nickel Catalyst via Hydrometallurgical Method","authors":"Fransisca Poppy Amelia, Erica Puspita Sari, H. Norman, Muhammad Alhadilansa Salsabil, C. Yudha","doi":"10.20961/equilibrium.v7i2.74492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20961/equilibrium.v7i2.74492","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Nickel Catalyst is one of the common catalysts found in chemical industries. However, this catalyst has a limited lifetime indicated by having performance or activity drop so it is potentially become dangerous waste if the handling is not proper. The spent nickel catalyst needs to be processed to recover and avoid pollution towards the environment. The Hydrometallurgy method is a proper method to process nickel catalyst waste. The purpose of this research is to investigate the characteristic of a regenerated nickel catalyst when it is treated with HCl and H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> as the lixiviant. In this research, the spent nickel catalyst was treated with HCl and H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> in the presence of 2% H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> reductant under room conditions and mixing rate at 200 rpm for 30 minutes of reaction. The leaching filtrate was precipitated using NaOH solution while the formed precipitate was heated at 800 °C for 3 hours. The regenerated catalyst was characterized using FTIR and SEM-EDX. The SEM images showed regenerated catalyst prepared using the HCl solution has a different morphology compared to the one using the H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> solution. Based on FTIR analysis, both samples exhibit Ni-O and C-O groups. Based on elemental analysis, the highest nickel concentration was obtained by using HCl with a Ni content of 25.98%w/w, compare to sulfuric acid (H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>) with a Ni content of 10.94%w/w. The Ni content can be improved by the addition of a washing step after the sintering process.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong></p><p align=\"left\">Hydrometallurgy Nickel Catalyst, Waste, Leaching, Sintering</p><p><strong><br /></strong></p>","PeriodicalId":11866,"journal":{"name":"Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78359845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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