Pub Date : 2023-07-15DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v7i1.74484
Dona Kurniawati Dewi, Vira Mawardha Putri, Vita Febriyanti, C. Yudha
ABSTRACT. The high food industry waste can cause pollution including a pungent odor and the emergence of bacteria that cause disease. Egg shells are confectionery waste that is commonly found in household waste and the food industry. The accumulation of eggshell waste can cause various diseases such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, and cramps in the stomach caused by Salmonella bacteria. Thus, further processing of egg shells is required. In this study, eggshell waste was processed into heterogeneous catalysts of CaO. This heterogeneous CaO catalyst has the potential to be used as a catalyst in the manufacture of biodiesel. In this process, egg shells are processed by the calcination method. The variables used are shell type and calcination temperature. The shell variables used were chicken egg shells, duck egg shells, and quail egg shells. While the temperature variables used are at temperatures of 600 ºC and 800 ºC. To determine the quality of heterogeneous CaO catalyst, characteristic tests were varied out in the form of SEM-EDX and FTIR. From the analysis, the most effective results were in the form of chicken eggshell variables at a calcination temperature of 800 ºC.Keywords: Calcination, CaO, Catalyst, Shell, Waste
{"title":"Calcination of Various Eggshell Wastes into CaO Heterogeneous Catalysts","authors":"Dona Kurniawati Dewi, Vira Mawardha Putri, Vita Febriyanti, C. Yudha","doi":"10.20961/equilibrium.v7i1.74484","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20961/equilibrium.v7i1.74484","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT. The high food industry waste can cause pollution including a pungent odor and the emergence of bacteria that cause disease. Egg shells are confectionery waste that is commonly found in household waste and the food industry. The accumulation of eggshell waste can cause various diseases such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, and cramps in the stomach caused by Salmonella bacteria. Thus, further processing of egg shells is required. In this study, eggshell waste was processed into heterogeneous catalysts of CaO. This heterogeneous CaO catalyst has the potential to be used as a catalyst in the manufacture of biodiesel. In this process, egg shells are processed by the calcination method. The variables used are shell type and calcination temperature. The shell variables used were chicken egg shells, duck egg shells, and quail egg shells. While the temperature variables used are at temperatures of 600 ºC and 800 ºC. To determine the quality of heterogeneous CaO catalyst, characteristic tests were varied out in the form of SEM-EDX and FTIR. From the analysis, the most effective results were in the form of chicken eggshell variables at a calcination temperature of 800 ºC.Keywords: Calcination, CaO, Catalyst, Shell, Waste","PeriodicalId":11866,"journal":{"name":"Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81204798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-15DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v7i1.73947
Maudy Pratiwi Novia Matovanni, M. Ikhsanudin, R. I. Arvianto, J. Waluyo, S. Distantina, M. Kaavessina, S. H. Pranolo
ABSTRACT. Currently, Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) technology is being interested in the Indonesian state as an advanced technology that can recover oil remaining in the reservoir. The discovery of new resources and EOR efforts are predicted to result in increased oil production. This paper provides a review of main types of EOR methods, which are gas injection, thermal injection, and chemical injection; mechanism of polymer flooding; and biopolymer materials for EOR, attention were given to xanthan gum, cellulose, guar gum, and lignin. Polymer flooding is a low-cost chemical injection method with a high rate of success. Polymer flooding has several advantages, including improving oil recovery by minimizing residual oil saturation, decreasing water output from oil well, and requiring less water compared with water flooding. Since the use of polymer flooding in the EOR activities, there is a lot of potential that biopolymers are materials that play a significant role in the application of EOR technology, because environmentally friendly properties and have advantages over synthetic polymers. Biopolymer can be modified to nano materials or grafted with synthetic polymer to improve its properties and stability. It have shear, salinity, and temperature resistance, long-term stability, and large availability, so it making the right choice for applications in oil recovery.Keywords: enhanced oil recovery, EOR, biopolymer, polymer flood, modification of biopolymer
{"title":"The Prospects and Challenges of Biopolymers for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)","authors":"Maudy Pratiwi Novia Matovanni, M. Ikhsanudin, R. I. Arvianto, J. Waluyo, S. Distantina, M. Kaavessina, S. H. Pranolo","doi":"10.20961/equilibrium.v7i1.73947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20961/equilibrium.v7i1.73947","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT. Currently, Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) technology is being interested in the Indonesian state as an advanced technology that can recover oil remaining in the reservoir. The discovery of new resources and EOR efforts are predicted to result in increased oil production. This paper provides a review of main types of EOR methods, which are gas injection, thermal injection, and chemical injection; mechanism of polymer flooding; and biopolymer materials for EOR, attention were given to xanthan gum, cellulose, guar gum, and lignin. Polymer flooding is a low-cost chemical injection method with a high rate of success. Polymer flooding has several advantages, including improving oil recovery by minimizing residual oil saturation, decreasing water output from oil well, and requiring less water compared with water flooding. Since the use of polymer flooding in the EOR activities, there is a lot of potential that biopolymers are materials that play a significant role in the application of EOR technology, because environmentally friendly properties and have advantages over synthetic polymers. Biopolymer can be modified to nano materials or grafted with synthetic polymer to improve its properties and stability. It have shear, salinity, and temperature resistance, long-term stability, and large availability, so it making the right choice for applications in oil recovery.Keywords: enhanced oil recovery, EOR, biopolymer, polymer flood, modification of biopolymer","PeriodicalId":11866,"journal":{"name":"Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91121117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-28DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v7i1.72842
Y. Variyana, D. Ermaya, S. Shintawati, Děvy Cendekia, M. Mahfud
ABSTRACT. Aleurites moluccana Willd, known candlenut plant, has the potential to be used for vegetable oil, pharmacological purposes, and biofuel. However, there is a lack of knowledge on the optimal extraction conditions for this extraction. The current study aimed to use response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize the Microwave Hydrodiffusion Gravity (MHG) conditions for extraction yield. A three-factor-three-level Box-Behnken design (BBD) was used to investigate the effects of three independent parameters: material size (A), microwave power (B), and extraction time (C). The experimental data for the candlenut seed extraction were analyzed to obtain quadratic polynomial equations. The effects of various parameters on the yield of extraction yield were then examined and analyzed using plots and contours.The results showing extraction yield significantly influenced all independent parameters were p < 0.0001. Further, The study predicted the optimum conditions for extracting candlenut seeds, which included using material size in 1.378 cm, microwave power of 599.359 W, and extraction time 66.076 min, resulted yield of 5.015%. Based on experimental data conditions, the highest extraction yield was 5.5% of 1 cm, 600 W, and 60 min, respectively, which were in good agreement with the predicted model. The study concluded that the optimized MHG method could be useful in industrial extraction processes and the use of statistical method can optimize the extraction process and reduce the number of experiments required.Keywords: candlenut, RSM, MHG, yield
{"title":"Response Surface Methodology-Based Parameter Optimization of Candlenut Seeds Extraction (Aleurites moluccana Willd)","authors":"Y. Variyana, D. Ermaya, S. Shintawati, Děvy Cendekia, M. Mahfud","doi":"10.20961/equilibrium.v7i1.72842","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20961/equilibrium.v7i1.72842","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT. Aleurites moluccana Willd, known candlenut plant, has the potential to be used for vegetable oil, pharmacological purposes, and biofuel. However, there is a lack of knowledge on the optimal extraction conditions for this extraction. The current study aimed to use response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize the Microwave Hydrodiffusion Gravity (MHG) conditions for extraction yield. A three-factor-three-level Box-Behnken design (BBD) was used to investigate the effects of three independent parameters: material size (A), microwave power (B), and extraction time (C). The experimental data for the candlenut seed extraction were analyzed to obtain quadratic polynomial equations. The effects of various parameters on the yield of extraction yield were then examined and analyzed using plots and contours.The results showing extraction yield significantly influenced all independent parameters were p < 0.0001. Further, The study predicted the optimum conditions for extracting candlenut seeds, which included using material size in 1.378 cm, microwave power of 599.359 W, and extraction time 66.076 min, resulted yield of 5.015%. Based on experimental data conditions, the highest extraction yield was 5.5% of 1 cm, 600 W, and 60 min, respectively, which were in good agreement with the predicted model. The study concluded that the optimized MHG method could be useful in industrial extraction processes and the use of statistical method can optimize the extraction process and reduce the number of experiments required.Keywords: candlenut, RSM, MHG, yield","PeriodicalId":11866,"journal":{"name":"Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81489238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-23DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v7i1.73410
Arifah Sukasri, W. Utomo, Rahmiah Sjafruddin, Muhammad Nursam
ABSTRACT. Anise seeds can be processed into essential oils by steam distillation and solvent extraction. This research aims to produce a high oil yield by determining the optimum conditions of extraction, extracting anise seeds according to optimum conditions, producing anise oil with good quality based on 90% alcohol solubility analysis, analyzing the acid number, and conducting GC-MS analysis. The Activity Method was carried out by determining the optimum conditions of extraction on the effect of the variation in the ratio between anise seed powder and petroleum ether. Furthermore, based on optimal conditions, extraction was carried out at a temperature of 60°C, 5 hours with 5 repetitions. The results of essential oils were analyzed including solubility analysis, oil acid number, and GC-MS. The optimal extraction conditions were obtained at the ratio of anise seeds and petroleum ether 1:12.5 with an average oil yield of 4.72%. The results of the analysis showed that anise oil had good quality based on the oil solubility in 90% alcohol with a 1:7 ratio. The acid number of anise seed oil was obtained at 1.14444. GC-MS analysis showed that anise seed oil contained estragol, anethole, limonene, fenchone, and anis ketone.
{"title":"The Use of Soxhlet Techniques in the Essential Oil Extraction from Anise Seeds (Pimpinella anisum)","authors":"Arifah Sukasri, W. Utomo, Rahmiah Sjafruddin, Muhammad Nursam","doi":"10.20961/equilibrium.v7i1.73410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20961/equilibrium.v7i1.73410","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT. Anise seeds can be processed into essential oils by steam distillation and solvent extraction. This research aims to produce a high oil yield by determining the optimum conditions of extraction, extracting anise seeds according to optimum conditions, producing anise oil with good quality based on 90% alcohol solubility analysis, analyzing the acid number, and conducting GC-MS analysis. The Activity Method was carried out by determining the optimum conditions of extraction on the effect of the variation in the ratio between anise seed powder and petroleum ether. Furthermore, based on optimal conditions, extraction was carried out at a temperature of 60°C, 5 hours with 5 repetitions. The results of essential oils were analyzed including solubility analysis, oil acid number, and GC-MS. The optimal extraction conditions were obtained at the ratio of anise seeds and petroleum ether 1:12.5 with an average oil yield of 4.72%. The results of the analysis showed that anise oil had good quality based on the oil solubility in 90% alcohol with a 1:7 ratio. The acid number of anise seed oil was obtained at 1.14444. GC-MS analysis showed that anise seed oil contained estragol, anethole, limonene, fenchone, and anis ketone.","PeriodicalId":11866,"journal":{"name":"Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82681218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-13DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v7i1.72732
Rizka Mulyawan, R. Nurlaila, Tsa Tsa Anindya Rakhim Ahmadi, M. Muhammad, N. Sylvia, A. Muarif
ABSTRACT. Bioethanol is an alternative energy sourced from environmentally friendly raw materials from wastes that contain a lot of lignocellulosic such as HVS paper. Paper contains about 85% cellulose, 8% hemicellulose, 5% lignin and the rest is in the form of ash compounds. Bioethanol is ethanol produced from the fermentation of glucose (sugar) followed by a distillation process. This study aims to analyze the effect of a combination of fermentation time and concentration of sulfuric acid on bioethanol. The highest yield of beathanol was obtained at a hydrolysis concentration of 6.5% with a 7-day fermentation time of 3.45%. Bioethanol density that was close to standard was 3.5% acid concentration with 3 and 5 days fermentation. Moreover, at 3.5% acid concentration showed the closest bioethanol viscosity to the standard value with all conditions synthesized acidic bioethanol with pH ranged from 6 to 6.5
{"title":"The Effects of Fermentation Extent and Acid Concentration on Bioethanol from HVS Paper Waste","authors":"Rizka Mulyawan, R. Nurlaila, Tsa Tsa Anindya Rakhim Ahmadi, M. Muhammad, N. Sylvia, A. Muarif","doi":"10.20961/equilibrium.v7i1.72732","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20961/equilibrium.v7i1.72732","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT. Bioethanol is an alternative energy sourced from environmentally friendly raw materials from wastes that contain a lot of lignocellulosic such as HVS paper. Paper contains about 85% cellulose, 8% hemicellulose, 5% lignin and the rest is in the form of ash compounds. Bioethanol is ethanol produced from the fermentation of glucose (sugar) followed by a distillation process. This study aims to analyze the effect of a combination of fermentation time and concentration of sulfuric acid on bioethanol. The highest yield of beathanol was obtained at a hydrolysis concentration of 6.5% with a 7-day fermentation time of 3.45%. Bioethanol density that was close to standard was 3.5% acid concentration with 3 and 5 days fermentation. Moreover, at 3.5% acid concentration showed the closest bioethanol viscosity to the standard value with all conditions synthesized acidic bioethanol with pH ranged from 6 to 6.5","PeriodicalId":11866,"journal":{"name":"Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75629691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT. Garlic Oil is widely used as a raw material for fragrances with volatile active compounds at room temperature. It is easily affected by environmental changes and this problem can be solved by microencapsulation using coacervation methods to protect active compounds. Garlic Oil was encapsulated using gelatin and sodium alginate as coating materia with glutaraldehyde as the crosslinking agent. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of the composition of polymers and the mass of garlic oil on encapsulation characteristics. The resulting microcapsules were analyzed using a digital microscope, SEM, FTIR, and encapsulation efficiency. The result showed that microcapsules have an irregular shape with a textured surface. The FTIR spectrum showed an indication of garlic oil with allicin content in microcapsules. The encapsulation efficiency is 34.23% with a yield of 29.43%.
{"title":"Microencapsulation of Garlic Oil with Gelatin and Maltodextrin Encapsulant Using the Coacervation Method","authors":"Elisa Fitriyani, Anastasia Devina Damayantia, Listia Aulia Ruwaidaha, Shifa Annisa Nabila, Fadilah Fadilah","doi":"10.20961/equilibrium.v7i1.64248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20961/equilibrium.v7i1.64248","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT. Garlic Oil is widely used as a raw material for fragrances with volatile active compounds at room temperature. It is easily affected by environmental changes and this problem can be solved by microencapsulation using coacervation methods to protect active compounds. Garlic Oil was encapsulated using gelatin and sodium alginate as coating materia with glutaraldehyde as the crosslinking agent. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of the composition of polymers and the mass of garlic oil on encapsulation characteristics. The resulting microcapsules were analyzed using a digital microscope, SEM, FTIR, and encapsulation efficiency. The result showed that microcapsules have an irregular shape with a textured surface. The FTIR spectrum showed an indication of garlic oil with allicin content in microcapsules. The encapsulation efficiency is 34.23% with a yield of 29.43%.","PeriodicalId":11866,"journal":{"name":"Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75862689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-13DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v7i1.71089
Fadilah Fadilah, Divanda Sekar Rahayu Ningtyas, Audrey Vista Candra Dewi, Anita Budi Krisnawati, Reyza Fachrezy Putra
Palm fibers waste as the side-product from palm oil process can potentially be used as raw material for making green (biodegradable) wet wipes. It is proven that palm fiber contains cellulose by 87,3% of the results of cellulose analysis. Palm leaves are considered sufficiently as antibacterical agent due to containing the high-concentration polyphenol. This research aims to comprehend to process making wet wipes from palm fiber, then be combined with palm leaves extract as antibacterical agent. Pulp, made from palm fiber, is separated to two parts, with-bleaching sample and unbleaching sample. bleaching sample needs three times bleaching with 120 mL H2O2 with a constan temperature of 70oC. The results of tissues with bleaching are stronger because the lignin content is reduced so that it is easy to bond with each other. The best bleaching tissue samples were obtained from the 7th experiment with a composition of 60 g palm fiber, 1,5 g tapioca, 1 g of PVA, 3 g chitosan, 10 mL of VCO. The characteristics of this bleaching tissue are bound cellulose, flexible textured paper, smooth texture, stronger when exposed to water, can absorb ethanol. This biodegradables wet wipes pH test obtained 2 results, namely with pH paper and Ph meters of 7 and 7,29, respectively. Biodegradable wet wipes irritation test conducted on 4 volunteers showed no signs of irritation. Keywords:Palm Fiber, Wet Wipes, Biodegradable, Antibacterical, Palm leaves, Ethanol.
{"title":"Biodegradable Wet Wipes from Palm Fiber Combined with Extract from Palm Leaves as Antibacterical Agent","authors":"Fadilah Fadilah, Divanda Sekar Rahayu Ningtyas, Audrey Vista Candra Dewi, Anita Budi Krisnawati, Reyza Fachrezy Putra","doi":"10.20961/equilibrium.v7i1.71089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20961/equilibrium.v7i1.71089","url":null,"abstract":"Palm fibers waste as the side-product from palm oil process can potentially be used as raw material for making green (biodegradable) wet wipes. It is proven that palm fiber contains cellulose by 87,3% of the results of cellulose analysis. Palm leaves are considered sufficiently as antibacterical agent due to containing the high-concentration polyphenol. This research aims to comprehend to process making wet wipes from palm fiber, then be combined with palm leaves extract as antibacterical agent. Pulp, made from palm fiber, is separated to two parts, with-bleaching sample and unbleaching sample. bleaching sample needs three times bleaching with 120 mL H2O2 with a constan temperature of 70oC. The results of tissues with bleaching are stronger because the lignin content is reduced so that it is easy to bond with each other. The best bleaching tissue samples were obtained from the 7th experiment with a composition of 60 g palm fiber, 1,5 g tapioca, 1 g of PVA, 3 g chitosan, 10 mL of VCO. The characteristics of this bleaching tissue are bound cellulose, flexible textured paper, smooth texture, stronger when exposed to water, can absorb ethanol. This biodegradables wet wipes pH test obtained 2 results, namely with pH paper and Ph meters of 7 and 7,29, respectively. Biodegradable wet wipes irritation test conducted on 4 volunteers showed no signs of irritation. Keywords:Palm Fiber, Wet Wipes, Biodegradable, Antibacterical, Palm leaves, Ethanol.","PeriodicalId":11866,"journal":{"name":"Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88934121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-10DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v7i1.70383
Firman Asto Putro, J. Waluyo, Bahaul Fahmi Al Haq, W. Hidayat, S. H. Pranolo
The tar content in producer gas may cause crusting on the engine if it is utilized as a fuel gas, thus it needs to be removed. This study aims to determine the liquid phase mass transfer coefficient in process of removing tar from producer gas in a packed-bed contactor column. This process is carried out continuously using used-cooking oil as absorbent. This was carried out by contacting the producer gas as a product of cacao pod-husk gasification at temperature range of 491-940oC at a certain counter-current flow rate with used-cooking oil in a column with a Raschig ring packing bed. The study used packed-bed materials with specific surface areas of 29.3927 m2/m3, 49.7532 m2/m3, 95.4113 m2/m3, 96.8182 m2/m3, 101.6840 m2/m3, and 105.0128 m2/m3, and with the linear velocity of used-cooking oil ranging from 0.0229 m/s to 0.0827 m/s. A mass transfer coefficient mathematical model has been constructed based on the research results. The model applies to the ranges (As.dt), (DL/dt.vL), and (µL / ρL.vL.dt) from 2.2397 to 8.0020, 2.26.10-10 to 1.72.10-9, and 0.0331 to 0.3102, respectively, with an average error of 9.33%. The average tar removed was 87%
{"title":"Absorption of Tar Content in Producer Gas using Used Cooking Oil in a Packed-bed Column","authors":"Firman Asto Putro, J. Waluyo, Bahaul Fahmi Al Haq, W. Hidayat, S. H. Pranolo","doi":"10.20961/equilibrium.v7i1.70383","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20961/equilibrium.v7i1.70383","url":null,"abstract":"<span lang=\"EN-US\">The tar content in producer gas may cause crusting on the engine if it is utilized as a fuel gas, thus it needs to be removed. This study aims to determine the liquid phase mass transfer coefficient in process of removing tar from producer gas in a packed-bed contactor column. This process is carried out continuously using used-cooking oil as absorbent. This was carried out by contacting the producer gas as a product of cacao pod-husk gasification at temperature range of 491-940<sup>o</sup>C at a certain counter-current flow rate with used-cooking oil in a column with a Raschig ring packing bed. The study used packed-bed materials with specific surface areas of 29.3927 m<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>3</sup>, 49.7532 m<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>3</sup>, 95.4113 m<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>3</sup>, 96.8182 m<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>3</sup>, 101.6840 m<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>3</sup>, and 105.0128 m<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>3</sup>, and with the linear velocity of used-cooking oil ranging from 0.0229 m/s to 0.0827 m/s. A mass transfer coefficient mathematical model has been constructed based on the research results. The model applies to the ranges (As.dt), (D<sub>L</sub>/dt.v<sub>L</sub>), and (µ<sub>L</sub> / ρ<sub>L</sub>.v<sub>L</sub>.dt) from 2.2397 to 8.0020, 2.26.10-10 to 1.72.10-9, and 0.0331 to 0.3102, respectively, with an average error of 9.33%. The average tar removed was 87%</span>","PeriodicalId":11866,"journal":{"name":"Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91062316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-02DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v7i1.64558
Muhammad Aqil Hasani, A. Siswanto
ABSTRACT. Dependence on the use of fossil energy is continuously increasing every year. This is very risky, considering the dwindling availability of fossils in nature. It is necessary to use alternative energy as a substitute for fossil energy, such as bioethanol, one of the biofuels sourced from living things, especially plants. Bioethanol is based on the fermentation of glucose with bacteria that produce ethanol. Some essential ingredients for making bioethanol require a hydrolysis process to produce glucose so it can be fermented into bioethanol. This research focuses on the hydrolysis process to produce liquid glucose from a mixture of corn cobs and bagasse with several different treatments to determine glucose levels, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin levels. On the cellulose content itself, in the delignification process, the cellulose content obtained was 64.8% which was 11.1% higher than not through the delignification process, which was only 53.7%. The level of lignin is the same, the delignification process reduces the lignin content by 10% by not going through the delignification process by 21.3% compared to those undergoing the delignification process by only 10.3%. Hemicellulose is the same, with a 2% difference. Keywords: Corn Cob, Glucose, Hydrolysis, Sugarcane Bagasse
{"title":"Effect of Delignification Process on Cellulose, Hemicellulose, and Lignin Content on Liquid Glucose Production from a Mixture of Corn Cobs (Zea mays) and Sugar Cane Bagasse (Saccharum officinarum)","authors":"Muhammad Aqil Hasani, A. Siswanto","doi":"10.20961/equilibrium.v7i1.64558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20961/equilibrium.v7i1.64558","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT. Dependence on the use of fossil energy is continuously increasing every year. This is very risky, considering the dwindling availability of fossils in nature. It is necessary to use alternative energy as a substitute for fossil energy, such as bioethanol, one of the biofuels sourced from living things, especially plants. Bioethanol is based on the fermentation of glucose with bacteria that produce ethanol. Some essential ingredients for making bioethanol require a hydrolysis process to produce glucose so it can be fermented into bioethanol. This research focuses on the hydrolysis process to produce liquid glucose from a mixture of corn cobs and bagasse with several different treatments to determine glucose levels, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin levels. On the cellulose content itself, in the delignification process, the cellulose content obtained was 64.8% which was 11.1% higher than not through the delignification process, which was only 53.7%. The level of lignin is the same, the delignification process reduces the lignin content by 10% by not going through the delignification process by 21.3% compared to those undergoing the delignification process by only 10.3%. Hemicellulose is the same, with a 2% difference. Keywords: Corn Cob, Glucose, Hydrolysis, Sugarcane Bagasse","PeriodicalId":11866,"journal":{"name":"Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91390967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v7i1.68556
Ella Melyna, Atika Pratiwi Afridana
ABSTRACT. Indonesia is the fourth largest coffee producing country in the world with 762.38 thousand tonnes production in 2020. The coffee bean waste in the form of coffee skins is around 50-60% of the harvest. Coffee skin waste is a type of natural material that has not been widely used. Processing coffee skin waste as a filler in thermoplastic polymers can be a solution to environmental problems. This study using the polypropylene matrix. This study was conducted to determine the effect of adding coffee husk by alkalizing treatment on polypropylene composites on tensile strength, impact strength and flexural strength. The composition of coffee husk used is 20, 30, 40% wt. The coffee husk was first alkalized with 5%, 8%, and 11% KOH to remove lignin. Composite manufactured using manual forming machines. The results of this study indicate that the addition of coffee husk reduces the value of the tensile strength and flexural strength of the polypropylene composite. The addition of 20% wt coffee husk with 5% KOH alkalisastion on the polypropylene composite gave the highest tensile strength value of 5.65 MPa and the highest flexural strength of 28.72 MPa. Alkalisastion treatment with KOH on coffee husk reduces the value of tensile strength and flexural strength in polypropylene composites. The treatment without 0% KOH alkalisastion on coffee husk gave the highest tensile strength value of 13.30 MPa and alkalizing treatment with 5% KOH on coffee husk gave the highest flexural strength value of 28.72 MPa with the addition of 20% wt coffee husk. Alkalisastion treatment with KOH on coffee husk increased the impact strength value on polypropylene composites. Alkalisastion treatment with 11% KOH on coffee husk gave the highest impact strength value of 4.62 kJ/m2 with the addition of 20% wt coffee husk.Keywords: composite, polypropylene, coffee husk, alkalisation
{"title":"The Effect of Coffee Husk Waste Addition with Alkalisation Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene Composites","authors":"Ella Melyna, Atika Pratiwi Afridana","doi":"10.20961/equilibrium.v7i1.68556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20961/equilibrium.v7i1.68556","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT. Indonesia is the fourth largest coffee producing country in the world with 762.38 thousand tonnes production in 2020. The coffee bean waste in the form of coffee skins is around 50-60% of the harvest. Coffee skin waste is a type of natural material that has not been widely used. Processing coffee skin waste as a filler in thermoplastic polymers can be a solution to environmental problems. This study using the polypropylene matrix. This study was conducted to determine the effect of adding coffee husk by alkalizing treatment on polypropylene composites on tensile strength, impact strength and flexural strength. The composition of coffee husk used is 20, 30, 40% wt. The coffee husk was first alkalized with 5%, 8%, and 11% KOH to remove lignin. Composite manufactured using manual forming machines. The results of this study indicate that the addition of coffee husk reduces the value of the tensile strength and flexural strength of the polypropylene composite. The addition of 20% wt coffee husk with 5% KOH alkalisastion on the polypropylene composite gave the highest tensile strength value of 5.65 MPa and the highest flexural strength of 28.72 MPa. Alkalisastion treatment with KOH on coffee husk reduces the value of tensile strength and flexural strength in polypropylene composites. The treatment without 0% KOH alkalisastion on coffee husk gave the highest tensile strength value of 13.30 MPa and alkalizing treatment with 5% KOH on coffee husk gave the highest flexural strength value of 28.72 MPa with the addition of 20% wt coffee husk. Alkalisastion treatment with KOH on coffee husk increased the impact strength value on polypropylene composites. Alkalisastion treatment with 11% KOH on coffee husk gave the highest impact strength value of 4.62 kJ/m2 with the addition of 20% wt coffee husk.Keywords: composite, polypropylene, coffee husk, alkalisation ","PeriodicalId":11866,"journal":{"name":"Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86472877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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