Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Tannins Compound In Soga Tingi Bark (Ceriops Tagal) As Natural Dyes","authors":"P. Paryanto, S. H. Pranolo, A. Susanti, Bintang Timur Putrikatama, I. R. Qatrunada, Angga Dwi Wibowo","doi":"10.20961/equilibrium.v5i1.48505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20961/equilibrium.v5i1.48505","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In general, natural dyes for textile materials are obtained from extracts part of the plants such as roots, wood, leaves, seeds, and flower. Textile industry especially batik craftsman, have known many plants that can dye textile materials, such as indigo (<em>indigofera</em><em>)</em>, soga tingi bark (<em>Ceriops tagal</em><em>)</em>, tegeran wood (<em>Cudraina javanensis</em><em>)</em>, turmeric (<em>Curcuma</em>), tea (<em>The</em>), noni root (<em>Morinda citrifelia</em>), soga jambal bark <em>(Pelthophorum ferruginum</em>), kesumba (<em>Bixa orelana</em>), and guava leaf (<em>Psidiumguajava</em>). Soga tingi bark chosen because it can produce tannins which can be used as natural dyes. The purpose of this research was to obtained tannin content in soga tingi bark as qualitatively and quantitatively. The analysis carried out is FTIR and HPLC method. FTIR analysis carried out to determine of the compounds contained in the soga tingi bark extraction. Based on FTIR analysis it can be seen that there are O-H and N-H group in the wavenumber 3375,13 cm^-1. C=O bond at wavenumber 1739,16 cm^-1. C=C bond at wavenumber 1624,31 cm^-1. C-H bond at wavenumbers 2970,72 cm^-1, 1456,39 cm^-1, and 1365,74 cm^-1. NO₂ bond at wavenumber 1365,74 cm^-1. C-N bond at wavenumbers 1228,69 cm^-1 and 1217,34 cm^-1. And C-O bond at wavenumbers 1228,69 cm^-1, 1217,34 cm^-1, and 1052,3 cm^-1. While HPLC analysis carried out to determine contains tannin level in the soga tingi bark extraction. HPLC conditions used are Flowrate: 1 mL/min, Mobile phase: MeOH : H₂O (50:50), λ: 271 nm and Column: C18, 250 mm. Based on HPLC analysis it is known that the contains tannin level in the soga tingi bark extraction is 22,44 ppm.</p>","PeriodicalId":11866,"journal":{"name":"Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85951788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Konduktivitas Listrik Poly(Lactic Acid) dengan Variasi Bahan Isian Karbon: Review","authors":"Gabrella Efendy, Indah Dwi Handayani, N. Husni, Siti Habibah, Mujtahid Kaavessina","doi":"10.20961/equilibrium.v5i1.54195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20961/equilibrium.v5i1.54195","url":null,"abstract":"<p><em>Conductive Polymer Nanocomposites</em> (CPC) merupakan material yang banyak digunakan sebagai sensor, sel fotovoltaik, kapasitor, dioda, dan perangkat energi yang sangat mudah meregang. CPC memiliki beberapa sifat unggul, diantaranya konduktivitas elektrik yang tinggi, ringan, tahan korosi, dan memiliki karakteristik mekanis yang bagus. Konduktivitas elektrik pada polimer diperoleh dan diatur dengan menambahkan bahan isian berbasis karbon seperti: <em>Carbon Black</em> (CB), <em>Carbon Nano Tube</em> (CNT), <em>Graphite</em> maupun <em>Graphene</em>. Metode panambahan bahan isian dapat dilakukan dengan<em> </em><em>Melt </em><em>b</em><em>lending</em><em> </em>dan <em>Solvent blending.</em> Metode <em>melt</em> <em>blending</em><em> </em>memiliki beberapa keunggulan, diantaranya mudah, praktis, murah, serta dapat diaplikasikan pada berbagai bahan. Selain itu, metode <em>melt blending</em> termasuk  ramah lingkungan karena tidak ada pelarut organik. Sedangkan kelebihan metode <em>Solvent Blending </em>adalah campuran yang lebih kuat dikarenakan <em>disperse</em> yang terjadi merata dan lebih baik. Pada<em> revie</em><em>w,</em> penulis mengulas tentang sifat elektrik dari CPC berbasis poli asam laktat dan berbagai bahan isian  karbon, yaitu CNT, <em>graphene</em>, dan CB. Hasil studi literatur menunjukkan bahwa konduktivitas elektrik CPC meningkat seiring bertambahnya komposisi bahan isian<em>.</em> Pada metode <em>solvent blending </em>faktor yang berpengaruh adalah komposisi PLA dan <em>filler</em>, suhu operasi, kecepatan pengadukan, waktu pengadukan, dan <em>solvent</em> yang digunakan. Sedangkan metode <em>melt blending</em> faktor yang berpengaruh adalah komposisi PLA dan <em>filler</em>, suhu operasi, kecepatan, dan waktu.</p><p> </p><p>Kata kunci: Poli Asam Laktat, CNT, CB, <em>Graphene</em>, CPC</p>","PeriodicalId":11866,"journal":{"name":"Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73664445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pengaruh Perendaman Asam Nitrat pada Pemrosesan Nasi Instan untuk Menurunkan Indeks Glikemik","authors":"J. Waluyo, Y. Prasetyaningsih, Fenny Tri Ariyani, Ida Maya Meika Sari","doi":"10.20961/EQUILIBRIUM.V4I1.43225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20961/EQUILIBRIUM.V4I1.43225","url":null,"abstract":"Abstrak. Nasi merupakan makanan utama bagi kebanyakan orang di Indonesia. Memasak nasi membutuhkan waktu sekitar 40-50 menit. Nasi instan merupakan solusi untuk menanak nasi dalam waktu yang relatif singkat melalui proses precooking dan pengeringan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membuat nasi instan dengan indeks glikemik rendah agar dapat dikonsumsi oleh penderita diabetes melitus. Cara pembuatan nasi instan ini adalah dengan cara merendam - memasak - membekukan - mengeringkannya. Beras direndam menggunakan larutan Na-sitrat 2 - 7% pada suhu 50°C, selama 2 jam. Perbandingan beras dengan larutan perendaman adalah 1: 2. Nasi yang sudah dimasak dibekukan di dalam freezer pada suhu -4°C selama 24 jam. Beras yang telah dicairkan dengan proses thawing menggunakan air hangat pada suhu 60°C. Beras kemudian dipanaskan pada suhu 70°C selama 4-5 jam. Nasi instan siap diseduh (dihidrasi kembali) menggunakan air mendidih. Waktu rehidrasi beras instan mencapai 5,49 menit. Hasil pengujian indeks glikemik menunjukkan nilai indeks glikemik instan sebesar 51,69 dengan kandungan nutrisi yang tidak berubah secara signifikan seperti beras asli. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pembuatan nasi instan dengan perendaman-masak beku-kering dapat menurunkan indeks glikemik. Abstract. Rice is the main food for most people in Indonesia. Cooking rice takes about 40-50 minutes. Instant rice is a solution for cooking rice in a relatively short time through a process of precooking and drying. The purpose of this study is to make instant rice with a low glycemic index so that it can be consumed by people with diabetes mellitus. The method used in making this instant rice is soak - cook - freeze - dry it. The rice is soaked using 2 - 7% Na-citrate solution at 50°C, for 2 hours. The ratio of rice with a soaking solution is 1: 2. Rice is needed up to pH 7 then accepted using ricecookerz. Cooked rice is frozen in the freezer at -4°C for 24 hours. Rice which has been liquefied by thawing process uses warm water at 60°C. Rice is then heated at 70°C for 4-5 hours. Instant rice is ready to be brewed (rehydrated) using boiling water. Instant rice rehydration time reaches 5.49 minutes. The glycemic index test results showed an instant glycemic index value of 51.69 with a nutrient content that did not change significantly like the original rice. The results show that making instant rice vy soaking-cookingfreezing -drying can reduce the glycemic index. Keywords: quick cooking rice, rehydration time, glycemic index","PeriodicalId":11866,"journal":{"name":"Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89838462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review : Metode Sintesis Katoda LiFePO4 Baterai Lithium-Ion","authors":"Moch Khabibul Adi Rachmanto, Liliana Triatmajaning Wibowo, T. Paramitha","doi":"10.20961/EQUILIBRIUM.V3I2.42833","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20961/EQUILIBRIUM.V3I2.42833","url":null,"abstract":"Abstrak. Material katoda merupakan salah satu komponen penting pada baterai berbasis lithium-ion. Material katoda yang digunakan dalam baterai lithium-ion diantaranya LNCA (LiNi0,8Co0,15Al0,05O2), LiCoO2, LiMn2O4, LiFePO4, dan LNCM (LiNi0,3Co0,3Mn0,3O2). Katoda LiFePO4 yang memiliki keunggulan beda tegangan operasi yang tinggi (3,45 V phosphoolivines), kapasitas spesifik tinggi (170 mAh/g), biaya bahan baku murah, ramah lingkungan, kestabilan terhadap panas tinggi, dan dapat diaplikasikan sebagai penyimpanan daya tinggi. Namun, LiFePO4 juga memiliki beberapa kelemahan yaitu memiliki konduktivitas rendah, laju difusi ion Li+ yang lambat, dan kerapatan energi yang rendah. Untuk mengoptimalkan kekurangan tersebut, telah dilakukan sintesis katoda dengan berbagai metode. Artikel ilmiah ini membahas mengenai sintesis katoda LiFePO4 dengan beberapa metode, yaitu presipitasi, solid state, dan sol gel. Selain itu, artikel ini memuat tinjauan (review) mengenai hasil analisa struktur, morfologi, dan performa elektrokimia baterai dengan katoda LiFePO4. Abstract. Cathode material is one of important component in lithium ion batteries. Cathode materials used in lithium ion batteries including LNCA (LiNi0,8Co0,15Al0,05O2), LiCoO2, LiMn2O4, LiFePO4, and LNCM (LiNi0,3Co0,3Mn0,3O2). The advantage of LiFePO4 cathode are high operating voltage (3.45 V phosphoolivines), high specific capacity (170 mAh/g), low cost raw material, environmentally friendly, high heat stability, and can be applied as high power storage. However, LiFePO4 also has disadvantages, such as low conductivity, slow diffusion rate of Li+ ions, and low energy density. To optimize these deficiencies, cathode synthesis has been carried out with various methods. This scientific article discusses the synthesis of the LiFePO4 cathode with several methods, namely precipitation, solid state, and sol gel. In addition, this article discuss about review of the structural analysis, morphology, and electrochemical performance of LiFePO4 cathode batteries. Keywords: LiFePO4, cathode, synthesis, lithium ion batteries","PeriodicalId":11866,"journal":{"name":"Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79452676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spons dari Tepung Glukomanan dengan Penambahan Charcoal","authors":"N. Novita, Nur Rahtiwi Anjarni, Fadilah Fadilah","doi":"10.20961/EQUILIBRIUM.V3I2.43106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20961/EQUILIBRIUM.V3I2.43106","url":null,"abstract":"Abstrak. Telah dilakukan pembuatan spons dengan bahan dasar tepung glukomanan dengan penambahan charcoal. Pada percobaan ini dipelajari pengaruh dua jenis larutan alkali yaitu larutan Na2CO3 dan larutan NaOH terhadap karakteristik spons yang dihasilkan. Spons dibuat dengan cara melarutkan tepung glukomanan dalam air yang dilanjutkan dengan membusakan larutan dengan penambahan Sodium Laureth Sulfate (SLS) bersama-sama dengan penambahan charcoal. Larutan basa ditambahkan untuk membentuk gel basah. Spon kering diperoleh setelah proses thawing dan pengeringan dengan sinar matahari.Karakterisasi spons dilakukan dengan melihat rongga menggunakan mikroskop kamera serta menganalisis daya serap air, daya ekspansi spon basah serta nilai iod teradsorpsi. Spons yang dihasilkan mempunyai rongga dengan ukuran antara 0,1 mm sampai 0,25 mm. Spons dengan daya serap air dan daya ekspansi tinggi diperoleh pada penambahan larutan NaOH, massa charcoal yang ditambahkan sebesar 1gram serta ukuran charcoal +50-60 mesh. Sedangkan spons yang dihasilkan apabila menggunakan alkali berupa Na2CO3 dengan massa charcoal yang ditambahkan sebesar 0,5gram serta ukuran charcoal +60-70 mesh diperoleh diameter rata-rata rongga spons dan nilai iod teradsorpsi yang tinggi. Abstract. A sponge was made with a basic ingredient of glucomannan with the addition of charcoal. In this experiment, the effect of two types of alkaline solution i.e., Na2CO3 and NaOH, either the size and the amount of charcoal, were studied on the sponge's characteristics. The sponge was made by dissolving glucomannan flour in water. This step was followed by mixing the solution with Sodium Laureth Sulfate (SLS) and charcoal. The alkaline solution was added to form a wet gel. The dry sponge was obtained after thawing and sun drying. The sponge's characterization was done by observing the foam cavity using a camera microscope and analyzing water absorption, sponge expansion, and iodine adsorption. The sponge has cavities with a size between 0.1 mm to 0.25 mm. Sponges with water absorption and high expansion were obtained by adding NaOH solution, one gram of charcoal and the size of charcoal -50+60 mesh. Sponge produced using Na2CO3 with 0.5 gram charcoal with size - 60+70 mesh has a high diameter cavity and a high adsorbed iodine value. Keywords: glucomannan sponge, alkaline solution, charcoal","PeriodicalId":11866,"journal":{"name":"Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84384775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pirolisis Sampah Plastik HDPE sebagai Alternatif Pengganti Kerosin dengan Menggunakan Katalis Zeolit Alam","authors":"J. Waluyo","doi":"10.20961/EQUILIBRIUM.V3I1.43101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20961/EQUILIBRIUM.V3I1.43101","url":null,"abstract":"Abstrak. Untuk mengurangi jumlah sampah plastik di Indonesia dapat dilakukan dengan berbagai metode salah satunya adalah dengan pirolisis. Metode pirolisis digunakan untuk mengubah sampah plastik menjadi fuel oil. Maka dari itu dilakukan uji coba penelitian pembuatan fuel oil dengan metode pirolisis dari plastik HDPE yang merupakan jenis plastik yang sering digunakan oleh masyarakat Indonesia Penelitian ini juga menggunakan batu zeolite alam sebagai katalis. Batu zeolite alam sebelumnya dipanaskan pada suhu 400oC selama 4 jam untuk menghilangkan uap air dan kotoran yang ada. Dari percobaan didapatkan 4 sampel dengan kondisi berbeda-beda yaitu sampel A menggunakan katalis dengan suhu pemanasn maksimal 400oC serta besarnya heating rate 2,5oC/menit, sampel B menggunakan katali dengan suhu pemanasan maksimal 350oC serta besarnya heating rate 3,9oC/menit, sampel C tidak menggunakan katalis dengan suhu pemanasannya maksimal 400oC serta besarnya heating rate 3,3oC/menit, sampel D tidak menggunakan katalis dengan suhu pemanasan maksimal 350oC serta besarnya heating rate 3,3oC/menit. Besarnya yield minyak yang dihasilkam adalah 41,25 %, 32,29%, 40,9%, dan 13,9 %. Untuk densitas adalah 0,762 gram/ml, 0,747 gram/ml, 0,769 gram/ml, dan 0,766 gram/ml dan untuk viskositas adalah 0,0071 poise, 0,0084 poise, 0,0104 poise, dan 0,0096 poise. Abstract. Pyrolysis is a method to reduce plastic waste and convert it into liquid fuel. The aim of this research is to study the effect of zeolite catalyst on the pyrolysis of HDPE plastics. Previously, natural zeolite was heated at 400°C for 4 hours to remove moisture and impurities. From the experiment, 4 samples were obtained with different conditions, namely Sample A was the result of pyrolysis with a catalyst at 400°C and a heating rate of 2.5°C/minute, Sample B was the result of pyrolysis with a catalyst at 350°C and a heating rate of 3.9°C/minute. Sample C was the result of pyrolysis without a catalyst at 400°C and the heating rate was 3.3°C/minute, Sample D was the result of pyrolysis without a catalyst at 350°C and the heating rate was 3.3C/minute. The resulting oil yields from sample A to D were 41.25%, 32.29%, 40.9%, and 13.9%, respectively. The density was 0.762 gram/ml, 0.747 gram/ml, 0.769 gram/ml, and 0.766 gram/ml and for viscosity was 0.0071 poise, 0.0084 poise, 0.0104 poise, and 0.0096 poise, respectively. The analysis results show that pyrolysis at 350°C with zeolite catalyst will produce gasoline, whereas without catalyst it will produce kerosene oil. Keywords: pyrolysis, fuel oil, HDPE, zeolite, catalyst","PeriodicalId":11866,"journal":{"name":"Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84529146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pengaruh Laju Alir Umpan dan Arus Recycle Terhadap Proses Fermentasi Bioetanol Menggunakan Integrated Aerobic-Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (IAABR)","authors":"M. Margono, Muhammad Azis Rigit Manfaat, Afianto Suryo Hutomo, Aida Nur Ramadhani","doi":"10.20961/EQUILIBRIUM.V3I1.42909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20961/EQUILIBRIUM.V3I1.42909","url":null,"abstract":"Abstrak. Bahan bakar berbasis minyak bumi merupakan sumber energi utama yang digunakan di dunia. Namun, ada masalah di masa depan dengan cadangan minyak bumi yang menurun. Oleh karena itu beralih ke sumber energi alternatif adalah suatu keharusan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh laju alir umpan dan laju alir daur ulang terhadap proses fermentasi bioetanol menggunakan baffled reactor aerob-anaerobik terintegrasi, khususnya terhadap produksi bioetanol dan konsumsi gula. Proses start up dijalankan dengan volume kerja medium 25 L selama 54 jam inkubasi. Aliran daur ulang bervariasi menjadi 5 L/jam dan 10 L/jam ketika feed rate 12,6 L/jam. Dalam percobaan lain, laju aliran umpan dijalankan pada 5 dan 12,6 L/jam ketika laju aliran daur ulang adalah 10 L/jam. Sampel kaldu diambil secara berkala untuk pengukuran konsentrasi bioetanol, populasi ragi dan sisa gula konsumsi. Percobaan menghasilkan konsentrasi bioetanol tertinggi sebesar 14% v/v pada limbah reaktor. Ini lebih tinggi dari proses tanpa daur ulang media proses. Namun demikian, tidak ada perbedaan pengaruh laju alir daur ulang 5 L/jam dan 10 L/jam terhadap produksi bioetanol. Abstract. Petroleum based fuel is the main energy source used in the world. However, there is a future problem with the declined petroleum reserves. Therefore changing to alternative energy resource is a must. This reserach was to investigate the effects of feed flowrate and recycle flow rate on bioethanol fermentation process using integrated aerobic-anaerobic baffled reactor, especially on bioethanol production and sugar consumption. Start up process was run with working volume of 25 L medium for 54 hours incubation. The recycle flow varried into 5 L/h and 10 L/h when the feed rate was 12.6 L/h. In other experiments, the feed flow rate  was run at 5 and 12.6 L/h when the recycle flow rate was 10 L/h. The broth samples were taken out periodically for measurements of bioethanol concentration, yeast population and residual sugar of consumptions. The experiments results in the highest bioethanol concentration of 14% v/v at the effluent of reactor. It is higher from the process without recyle of process medium. Nevertherless, no difference effect of the recycle flow rate of 5 L/h and 10 L/h on the bioethanol production. Keywords: Bioethanol, Baffled Reactor, Feed, Recycle","PeriodicalId":11866,"journal":{"name":"Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80056135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EFEKTIVITAS EKSTRAK DAUN SIRIH SEBAGAI BAHAN AKTIF ANTIBAKTERI DALAM GEL HAND SANITIZER NON-ALKOHOL","authors":"Dhika Satriawan Fathoni, Ilham Fadhillah, Mujtahid Kaavessina","doi":"10.20961/EQUILIBRIUM.V3I1.43215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20961/EQUILIBRIUM.V3I1.43215","url":null,"abstract":"Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari efektivitas ekstrak daun sirih sebagai pengganti bahan aktif antibakteri pada hand sanitizer. Ekstrak daun sirih diperoleh dengan cara maserasi daun sirih selama 3x24 jam dalam larutan alkohol 70%. Kadar alkohol pada ekstrak daun sirih hasil maserasi diuapkan dalam vacuum evaporator (T = 60oC) hingga volume ekstrak yang tersisa sekitar 15%. Ekstrak ini digunakan sebagai bahan antibakteri aktif dalam pembuatan gel pembersih tangan. Bahan kimia dasar pembuatan gel seperti karbomer (zat pembentuk gel), propilen glikol (penstabil), gliserin, nipagin dan trietanolamina / TEA (zat alkali) dicampur dan diaduk dalam air suling (sekitar 85 ml) dengan komposisi 0,3 g, 4 ml, 3 ml, 0,02 g dan 0,2 ml, masing-masing. Volume ekstrak yang ditambahkan ke dalam gel divariasikan 8, 10, dan 12 ml. Terakhir, volume hand sanitizer ditambahkan aquades untuk mengatur volumenya 100 ml. Efektivitas dan kualitas hand sanitizer ini dianalisis senyawa aktifnya, keasaman gel (pH), organoleptik, daya hambat pertumbuhan bakteri, dan dispersi gel. Staphylococcus aureus dipilih sebagai bakteri yang diuji karena ditemukan di tangan. Kehadiran saponin, tanin, dan flavonoid terdeteksi secara kualitatif di dalam produk. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan ekstrak daun sirih 12 ml (sampel III) memiliki kinerja terbaik pada kisaran konsentrasi ekstrak yang diteliti (8-12 ml). Sampel III memiliki keasaman (pH) dan zona hambat masing-masing sekitar 5 dan 9,78 mm2. Area hambat ini lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan hand sanitizer komersial yang memiliki luas 2,98 mm2. Namun, daya sebar hand sanitizer ini sedikit lebih rendah dibandingkan hand sanitizer komersial (sekitar 167% dan 180%). Uji organoleptik menggambarkan bahwa produk ini dapat diterima di masyarakat karena tidak mengiritasi dalam pemakaian. Produk ini lebih aman sebagai hand sanitizer dibandingkan produk sejenis yang menggunakan alkohol sebagai bahan aktifnya. Abstract. This research aims to study the effectiveness of betel leaf extract as a substitute for antibacterial active ingredients in hand sanitizer. Betel leaf extract is obtained by maceration of betel leaves for 3x24 hours in 70% alcohol solution. The alcohol content in the betel leaf extract from maceration was evaporated in the vacuum evaporator (T = 60oC) until the remaining extract volume was around 15%. This extract is used as an active antibacterial ingredient in making hand sanitizer gel. The basic chemicals of making gels such as carbomer (gelling agent), propylene glycol (stabilizer), glycerin, nipagin and triethanolamine / TEA (alkalizing agent) are mixed and stirred in distilled water (about 85 ml) with compositions of 0.3 g, 4 ml, 3 ml, 0.02 g and 0,2 ml, respectively. The volume of extract added in the gel was varied 8, 10, and 12 ml. Finally, the volume of hand sanitizer was added distilled water to adjust its volume 100 ml. The effectiveness and quality of this hand sanitizer were analyzed its","PeriodicalId":11866,"journal":{"name":"Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85841505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glucomannan sponges: Effect of different amount of SLS and Sodium Hydroxide.","authors":"Fadilah Fadilah, Shidiq Trianto, Tribowo Prakoso","doi":"10.20961/equilibrium.v3i1.42757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20961/equilibrium.v3i1.42757","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract.  An attempt to increase the economic value of porang flour was made by utilizing it for making of sponge. The sponge was made by direct foaming of glucomannan solution with the addition of SLS and NaOH. Dried sponge were obtained through freezing-thawing process followed by drying. The effect of amount of SLS and NaOH were investigated. It was found that increasing amount of SLS and NaOH made the cell size of the sponge smaller. While there was no tendency for swelling degree accordance to the various amount of SLS, the increasing amount of NaOH caused in increasing the swelling degree. Keywords: sponge, glucomannan, sodium laureth sulphate (SLS), sponge cell size, swelling degree.","PeriodicalId":11866,"journal":{"name":"Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90469080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pretreatment Ethanol From Cellulosic","authors":"E. Dyartanti, Margono Margono, I. P. Lestari, M. I. Putra, Ulfa Pratiwi","doi":"10.20961/EQUILIBRIUM.V3I1.43883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20961/EQUILIBRIUM.V3I1.43883","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Pre-treatment is an important tool for practical cellulose conversion processes and can be carried out in different ways such as mechanical pre-treatment, steam explosion, ammonia fiber explosion, supercritical CO2 treatment, alkali or acid pretreatment, ozone pre-treatment, physicochemical pretreatment, dilute-acid pretreatment and biological pre-treatment. Biomass pretreatment with hot water (HW) is the most investigated physicochemical method use the differences in the thermal stabilities of the major components of lignocellulosic materials. Acid pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass aims at increasing the sugar substrate digestibility, defined as the concentration of reducing sugars after the hydrolysis, by microorganisms. Acid hydrolysis is an attractive pretreatment method as the hemicellulose degradation runs with the efficiency of approximately 20-90%, depending on the process conditions. Dilute acid (DA) processes with continued research and development, no significant breakthroughs have been made to raise the glucose yields much higher than 65-70%. Acid pretreatment is much more effective than water and alkaline pretreatment in terms of cellulose accessibility increase compared with DA and HW pretreatment. Keywords: ethanol, cellulosic, pre-treatment","PeriodicalId":11866,"journal":{"name":"Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73504262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}