Pub Date : 2018-07-10DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v2i2.40434
Y. Danarto, R. Rochmadi, Budhijanto Budhijanto
Riboflavin (vitamin B2) plays an important role in the growth and maintenance of human metabolism. Riboflavin is the highly sensitive and unstable to environmental influences such as light, reducing agents and pH. Riboflavin is protected by forming it into microcapsules with sodium alginate as a matrix and coated with chitosan reinforced with glutraldehid crosslinking. This study aims to study the process of microencapsulation of riboflavin with sodium alginate and chitosan and is emphasized to study the effect surfactant span 80 upon the size of the microcapsules formed. Based on microcapsule size and its distribution, it can be concluded that more span 80 added to paraffin oil will reduce the size of microcapsule that is formed
{"title":"Microencapsulation of Riboflavin (Vitamine B2) using Alginate and Chitosan : Effect of Surfactant Span 80 upon Microcapsule Diameter","authors":"Y. Danarto, R. Rochmadi, Budhijanto Budhijanto","doi":"10.20961/equilibrium.v2i2.40434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20961/equilibrium.v2i2.40434","url":null,"abstract":"Riboflavin (vitamin B2) plays an important role in the growth and maintenance of human metabolism. Riboflavin is the highly sensitive and unstable to environmental influences such as light, reducing agents and pH. Riboflavin is protected by forming it into microcapsules with sodium alginate as a matrix and coated with chitosan reinforced with glutraldehid crosslinking. This study aims to study the process of microencapsulation of riboflavin with sodium alginate and chitosan and is emphasized to study the effect surfactant span 80 upon the size of the microcapsules formed. Based on microcapsule size and its distribution, it can be concluded that more span 80 added to paraffin oil will reduce the size of microcapsule that is formed","PeriodicalId":11866,"journal":{"name":"Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80968060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-10DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v2i2.40433
A. Susanti, C. Yudha, Leader Firstandika, P. Paryanto, W. A. Wibowo
Biogas production process is an alternative method to reduce dependency on non-renewable fossil-based energy consumption and also can reduce greenhouse gases production both domestically and industrially. The existing biogas technology is suitable to be adapted in small-micro-medium enterprises and domestics, specifically for those who raise cattle. The case study was performed by observation of biogas production with various wastes as feed, namely cow dung, quail manure, and wastewater of tofu production. The study conducted via direct interviews with stake holders and visitations to the instalations. Based on our observation, biogas production from cow dung exhibits the shortest retention time compared to the others, aside from the value of C/N ratio of the biogas feedstocks. The presence of biogas production installations are significantly reducing the energy supplies among the users. Beside as biogas product, the instalations also produce solid and liquid fertilizers as by-products and have relatively high economic value. Socio – engineering problems based on the application of biodigester are also studied.
{"title":"Application of Biogas Production Technology from Various Feedstocks on Small-Medium-Micro Enterprises: A Case Study","authors":"A. Susanti, C. Yudha, Leader Firstandika, P. Paryanto, W. A. Wibowo","doi":"10.20961/equilibrium.v2i2.40433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20961/equilibrium.v2i2.40433","url":null,"abstract":"Biogas production process is an alternative method to reduce dependency on non-renewable fossil-based energy consumption and also can reduce greenhouse gases production both domestically and industrially. The existing biogas technology is suitable to be adapted in small-micro-medium enterprises and domestics, specifically for those who raise cattle. The case study was performed by observation of biogas production with various wastes as feed, namely cow dung, quail manure, and wastewater of tofu production. The study conducted via direct interviews with stake holders and visitations to the instalations. Based on our observation, biogas production from cow dung exhibits the shortest retention time compared to the others, aside from the value of C/N ratio of the biogas feedstocks. The presence of biogas production installations are significantly reducing the energy supplies among the users. Beside as biogas product, the instalations also produce solid and liquid fertilizers as by-products and have relatively high economic value. Socio – engineering problems based on the application of biodigester are also studied.","PeriodicalId":11866,"journal":{"name":"Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77025785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-07DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v2i2.40432
Meida Dewanti, Fatona Wahyu Pandi Hastuti, T. D. Novita, Rizqi Triananda, A. Jumari
House rat (Rattus rattus) is a rodent that can damage any objects at home and leave manure there by resulting in bad odor and rat also becomes a host of some disease vectors. The use of plant repellent is one alternative control utilizing rat’s olfactory sense. The Soursop (Annona muricata L) is a plant with very stinking aroma and very disliked by rat, thereby can be used as plant repellent. The aim of the research was to extract the soursop leaves and to use its extract as the active material of rat repellent. The methods employed in preparing of rat repellent from soursop leaves were grinding and maceration extraction using two different solvent, water and ethanol 96 wt%. The extract was then examined as an active material of rat repellent. The examination was conducted by adding the soursop extract to the rat food. The resultsshowed that the loss of rat food with repellent made of grinded soursop leaves was 1%, while with repellent made of combined grinded soursop leaves and ethanol was 2.48%. The loss of rat food with repellent made of water solvent soursop exstract leaves was 64.5%, and that using repellent made of ethanolsolvent soursop was 16.67%. So, the utilization of soursop leaves as rat repellent was expected to reduce rat population in the people’s houses.
{"title":"RAT (Rattus rattus diardii L.) REPELLENT MADE OF SOURSOP (Annona muricata L.) LEAVES EXTRACT","authors":"Meida Dewanti, Fatona Wahyu Pandi Hastuti, T. D. Novita, Rizqi Triananda, A. Jumari","doi":"10.20961/equilibrium.v2i2.40432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20961/equilibrium.v2i2.40432","url":null,"abstract":"House rat (Rattus rattus) is a rodent that can damage any objects at home and leave manure there by resulting in bad odor and rat also becomes a host of some disease vectors. The use of plant repellent is one alternative control utilizing rat’s olfactory sense. The Soursop (Annona muricata L) is a plant with very stinking aroma and very disliked by rat, thereby can be used as plant repellent. The aim of the research was to extract the soursop leaves and to use its extract as the active material of rat repellent. The methods employed in preparing of rat repellent from soursop leaves were grinding and maceration extraction using two different solvent, water and ethanol 96 wt%. The extract was then examined as an active material of rat repellent. The examination was conducted by adding the soursop extract to the rat food. The resultsshowed that the loss of rat food with repellent made of grinded soursop leaves was 1%, while with repellent made of combined grinded soursop leaves and ethanol was 2.48%. The loss of rat food with repellent made of water solvent soursop exstract leaves was 64.5%, and that using repellent made of ethanolsolvent soursop was 16.67%. So, the utilization of soursop leaves as rat repellent was expected to reduce rat population in the people’s houses.","PeriodicalId":11866,"journal":{"name":"Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79084216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-01DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v2i2.25718
A. Susanti, S. Saputro, W. A. Wibowo
The quality and quantity of cow’s milk produced were determined by the genetic, food, age, milking processing, and the treatment of cattle. The storability of fresh cow's milk tends to be short. Therefore, it is necessary to find ways to extend the life time of fresh cow's milk, one of which is by processing fresh cow's milk into other products, such as milk soap bar. The purpose of this study was to determine the appropriate method of milk soap bar production in home industries capacity and to formulate composition of vegetable oils and fresh cow's milk. The milk soap bar obtained then was analyzed in several laboratory tests such as acidity test (pH), moisture content, free alkaline content, and foam stability. Based on the research, it is turned out that the appropriate method of milk soap bar production was the cold process. The optimum formula is olive oil (11%), coconut oil (22%), palm oil (22%), fresh cow's milk (33%), and NaOH pellets (12% - equivalent to 9.2 N). The free alkaline content will decrease according the curing time. Simpler economic evaluation obtained that the production cost of milk was Rp.6,711.22/package of 80 grams of milk soap bar. Milk soap bar is sold for Rp. 7,000.00 will provide 87.96% after-tax of ROI, 11.7– month of POT, and 65.31% of BEP.
产奶的质量和数量取决于牛的遗传、食物、年龄、挤奶工艺和处理方式。新鲜牛奶的贮存期往往较短。因此，有必要寻找延长鲜牛奶寿命的方法，其中之一就是将鲜牛奶加工成其他产品，如牛奶皂条。本研究的目的是在国内工业生产能力下确定适宜的牛奶皂条生产方法，并确定植物油和鲜奶的配方。对所制得的牛奶皂进行了酸度(pH)、水分、游离碱含量、泡沫稳定性等实验室测试。在此基础上，提出了冷法生产牛奶皂条的适宜方法。最佳配方为橄榄油(11%)、椰子油(22%)、棕榈油(22%)、鲜牛奶(33%)、氢氧化钠颗粒(12%，相当于9.2 N)，游离碱含量随腌制时间的延长而降低。较简单的经济评价得出，牛奶的生产成本为6711.22卢比/包80克牛奶皂条。牛奶香皂售价为Rp. 7,000.00，税后ROI 87.96%， POT 11.7个月，BEP 65.31%。
{"title":"Optimization of Cow’s Milk Processing into Milk Soap Bar on Small-Medium-Micro Enterprises (UMKM)","authors":"A. Susanti, S. Saputro, W. A. Wibowo","doi":"10.20961/equilibrium.v2i2.25718","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20961/equilibrium.v2i2.25718","url":null,"abstract":"The quality and quantity of cow’s milk produced were determined by the genetic, food, age, milking processing, and the treatment of cattle. The storability of fresh cow's milk tends to be short. Therefore, it is necessary to find ways to extend the life time of fresh cow's milk, one of which is by processing fresh cow's milk into other products, such as milk soap bar. The purpose of this study was to determine the appropriate method of milk soap bar production in home industries capacity and to formulate composition of vegetable oils and fresh cow's milk. The milk soap bar obtained then was analyzed in several laboratory tests such as acidity test (pH), moisture content, free alkaline content, and foam stability. Based on the research, it is turned out that the appropriate method of milk soap bar production was the cold process. The optimum formula is olive oil (11%), coconut oil (22%), palm oil (22%), fresh cow's milk (33%), and NaOH pellets (12% - equivalent to 9.2 N). The free alkaline content will decrease according the curing time. Simpler economic evaluation obtained that the production cost of milk was Rp.6,711.22/package of 80 grams of milk soap bar. Milk soap bar is sold for Rp. 7,000.00 will provide 87.96% after-tax of ROI, 11.7– month of POT, and 65.31% of BEP.","PeriodicalId":11866,"journal":{"name":"Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85297896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-01DOI: 10.20961/EQUILIBRIUM.V2I2.25720
A. Nur, Jundi Rofi’uddien, Muh. Idrus Abdul Basir, N. Nazriati, F. Fajaroh
The metal oxide composite is used to the microelectronic circuit, piezoelectric, fuel cell, sensor, catalyst, coating for preventing corrosion, and solar cell. The ZnO/CuO is one of the metal oxide composites. The combination of ZnO and CuO is the potential composite used to the catalyst and the anti-bacterial agent. The method used in this research was the electrochemical method in the acetate acid solution. The acetate acid solution used in this research is cheaper than the succinite acid used in the previous research. The electrochemical method has advantages due the easy to control and cheap. The composite resulted was analyzed by the XRD and the FTIR. The aims of this analysis are to know the crystallite phase, structure, and the functional groups of the particle resulted. The analysis showed that the ZnO-CuO composite can be resulted by the electrochemical method.
{"title":"Synthesis of ZnO/CuO Composite by The Electrochemical Method in The Acetat Acid Solution","authors":"A. Nur, Jundi Rofi’uddien, Muh. Idrus Abdul Basir, N. Nazriati, F. Fajaroh","doi":"10.20961/EQUILIBRIUM.V2I2.25720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20961/EQUILIBRIUM.V2I2.25720","url":null,"abstract":"The metal oxide composite is used to the microelectronic circuit, piezoelectric, fuel cell, sensor, catalyst, coating for preventing corrosion, and solar cell. The ZnO/CuO is one of the metal oxide composites. The combination of ZnO and CuO is the potential composite used to the catalyst and the anti-bacterial agent. The method used in this research was the electrochemical method in the acetate acid solution. The acetate acid solution used in this research is cheaper than the succinite acid used in the previous research. The electrochemical method has advantages due the easy to control and cheap. The composite resulted was analyzed by the XRD and the FTIR. The aims of this analysis are to know the crystallite phase, structure, and the functional groups of the particle resulted. The analysis showed that the ZnO-CuO composite can be resulted by the electrochemical method.","PeriodicalId":11866,"journal":{"name":"Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90255263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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