Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/EPE.2016.7695349
E. Lemmen, G. Tibola, J. Duarte
The extended commutation cell is a four-port, four-switch cell that allows for bidirectional energy transport in two orthogonal directions throughout the cell. The voltage across each cell capacitor can be adjusted independently of the load, resulting in high flexibility in output levels. By placing the capacitors in (anti-) series while adjusting their voltage level a continuous waveform can be constructed. The analysis is given for a single and two-cell converter including load current correction and feed-forward of the variable capacitor voltages. Experimental verification is performed on a two-cell converter prototype of 3.7 kW using a trapezoidal reference waveform.
{"title":"Waveform synthesis using variable capacitor voltage in extended commutation cells based converter","authors":"E. Lemmen, G. Tibola, J. Duarte","doi":"10.1109/EPE.2016.7695349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EPE.2016.7695349","url":null,"abstract":"The extended commutation cell is a four-port, four-switch cell that allows for bidirectional energy transport in two orthogonal directions throughout the cell. The voltage across each cell capacitor can be adjusted independently of the load, resulting in high flexibility in output levels. By placing the capacitors in (anti-) series while adjusting their voltage level a continuous waveform can be constructed. The analysis is given for a single and two-cell converter including load current correction and feed-forward of the variable capacitor voltages. Experimental verification is performed on a two-cell converter prototype of 3.7 kW using a trapezoidal reference waveform.","PeriodicalId":119358,"journal":{"name":"2016 18th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'16 ECCE Europe)","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115776320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/EPE.2016.7695572
Torben Jonsky, H. Borcherding, P. Szymanski, Jan Wettlaufer, Matthias Theseling
Three different control methods for a five-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor are presented and compared to each other. The control schemes include rotor-fixed approaches known as Field Orientated Control and stator-fix approaches like Direct Torque Control and Indirect Self Control. Simulations are carried out and are compared to measurement results.
{"title":"Comparison of control methods for H-bridge fed five-phase permanent magnet synchronous motors","authors":"Torben Jonsky, H. Borcherding, P. Szymanski, Jan Wettlaufer, Matthias Theseling","doi":"10.1109/EPE.2016.7695572","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EPE.2016.7695572","url":null,"abstract":"Three different control methods for a five-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor are presented and compared to each other. The control schemes include rotor-fixed approaches known as Field Orientated Control and stator-fix approaches like Direct Torque Control and Indirect Self Control. Simulations are carried out and are compared to measurement results.","PeriodicalId":119358,"journal":{"name":"2016 18th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'16 ECCE Europe)","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131431483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/EPE.2016.7695265
Gerrit Henke, M. Bakran
In the currently predominant AC-Grid, energy reserves are provided by the inertia of rotating synchronous generators. In a potential DC-Grid, there is no such inherent energy reserve and thus additional energy storage (ES) is required to ensure grid stability. The Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) is an emerging technology for HVDC-Grid applications and offers a convenient way of connecting ES to the grid. Short strings of batteries or supercapacitors can be integrated directly into the MMC submodules, creating an ES enabled MMC, which reduces the susceptibility of the system to an individual ES cell failure. Since connecting ES to the submodule cells requires additional electrical devices (switches and/or inductors), reducing the number of submodules with integrated ES can significantly reduce the additional cost for ES integration. In most research conducted on this topic so far, the existence of ES in all MMC modules is assumed. However, the amount of ES in an ES enabled MMC can be reduced by utilizing circular currents to achieve energy balance between submodules with and without integrated ES. By inducing circular currents, energy can be transferred between any phase arms, and phase arms with ES can supply those without. The focus of this examination is the additional semiconductor load caused by the circular currents. It is shown that there is only a very small increase in the semiconductor load, when only a few arms supply the whole output power.
{"title":"Balancing of modular multilevel converters with unbalanced integration of energy storage devices","authors":"Gerrit Henke, M. Bakran","doi":"10.1109/EPE.2016.7695265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EPE.2016.7695265","url":null,"abstract":"In the currently predominant AC-Grid, energy reserves are provided by the inertia of rotating synchronous generators. In a potential DC-Grid, there is no such inherent energy reserve and thus additional energy storage (ES) is required to ensure grid stability. The Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) is an emerging technology for HVDC-Grid applications and offers a convenient way of connecting ES to the grid. Short strings of batteries or supercapacitors can be integrated directly into the MMC submodules, creating an ES enabled MMC, which reduces the susceptibility of the system to an individual ES cell failure. Since connecting ES to the submodule cells requires additional electrical devices (switches and/or inductors), reducing the number of submodules with integrated ES can significantly reduce the additional cost for ES integration. In most research conducted on this topic so far, the existence of ES in all MMC modules is assumed. However, the amount of ES in an ES enabled MMC can be reduced by utilizing circular currents to achieve energy balance between submodules with and without integrated ES. By inducing circular currents, energy can be transferred between any phase arms, and phase arms with ES can supply those without. The focus of this examination is the additional semiconductor load caused by the circular currents. It is shown that there is only a very small increase in the semiconductor load, when only a few arms supply the whole output power.","PeriodicalId":119358,"journal":{"name":"2016 18th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'16 ECCE Europe)","volume":"224 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130031345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/EPE.2016.7695610
D. Kaczorowski, Marvin Mittelstedt, A. Mertens
For AC converters in electric vehicles, the opportunity to change space vector modulation to discontinuous PWM during operation is investigated and added to an active thermal control, which already varies the switching frequency and the current limit to achieve lower junction temperature swings and improve the reliability. Simulated start-up processes of the vehicle show the potential of this approach. The online power loss model and the thermal temporal behaviour is validated by measurements.
{"title":"Investigation of discontinuous PWM as additional optimization parameter in an active thermal control","authors":"D. Kaczorowski, Marvin Mittelstedt, A. Mertens","doi":"10.1109/EPE.2016.7695610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EPE.2016.7695610","url":null,"abstract":"For AC converters in electric vehicles, the opportunity to change space vector modulation to discontinuous PWM during operation is investigated and added to an active thermal control, which already varies the switching frequency and the current limit to achieve lower junction temperature swings and improve the reliability. Simulated start-up processes of the vehicle show the potential of this approach. The online power loss model and the thermal temporal behaviour is validated by measurements.","PeriodicalId":119358,"journal":{"name":"2016 18th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'16 ECCE Europe)","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134369383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/EPE.2016.7695585
D. Siemaszko, E. T. Louokdom, H. Parisod, Jonathan P. Braun, S. Gavin, L. Eggenschwiler, P. Favre-Perrod, M. Carpita
In this paper the realization of a Multi Terminal DC pilot is presented. For the interaction with the medium voltage AC grid, a Modular Multilevel Converter has been designed for its features in low harmonic content, scalability, and flexibility. The Energy buffering of the converter will allow the converter to sustain either AC or DC grids. The operation of the converter is simulated together with the first experimental results of the implementation.
{"title":"Implementation and experimental set-up of a Modular Multilevel Converter in a Multi Terminal DC/AC transmission network","authors":"D. Siemaszko, E. T. Louokdom, H. Parisod, Jonathan P. Braun, S. Gavin, L. Eggenschwiler, P. Favre-Perrod, M. Carpita","doi":"10.1109/EPE.2016.7695585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EPE.2016.7695585","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper the realization of a Multi Terminal DC pilot is presented. For the interaction with the medium voltage AC grid, a Modular Multilevel Converter has been designed for its features in low harmonic content, scalability, and flexibility. The Energy buffering of the converter will allow the converter to sustain either AC or DC grids. The operation of the converter is simulated together with the first experimental results of the implementation.","PeriodicalId":119358,"journal":{"name":"2016 18th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'16 ECCE Europe)","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132846141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/EPE.2016.7695359
M. Zehelein, S. Moench, M. Costa, A. Barner, J. Roth-Stielow
This paper presents a control strategy for a single-phase photovoltaic inverter, using a parallel active buffer circuit. The aim is to reduce the volume demand of the necessary capacitance for filtering the twice line frequency pulsating power. The pulsating power is stored in an additional buffer capacitor, which is decoupled from the input voltage by an active buffer circuit. Therefore a high voltage swing is possible. The control concept allows an independent operation of the parallel buffer circuit from the inverter circuit.
{"title":"Control strategy for a parallel active buffer circuit in a single-phase-inverter","authors":"M. Zehelein, S. Moench, M. Costa, A. Barner, J. Roth-Stielow","doi":"10.1109/EPE.2016.7695359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EPE.2016.7695359","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a control strategy for a single-phase photovoltaic inverter, using a parallel active buffer circuit. The aim is to reduce the volume demand of the necessary capacitance for filtering the twice line frequency pulsating power. The pulsating power is stored in an additional buffer capacitor, which is decoupled from the input voltage by an active buffer circuit. Therefore a high voltage swing is possible. The control concept allows an independent operation of the parallel buffer circuit from the inverter circuit.","PeriodicalId":119358,"journal":{"name":"2016 18th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'16 ECCE Europe)","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132972538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/EPE.2016.7695422
Michael Ebli, M. Wattenberg, M. Pfost
The loss contribution of a 2.3 kW synchronous GaN-HEMT boost converter for an input voltage of 250 V and an output voltage of 500 V was analyzed. A simulation model which consists of two parts is introduced. First, a physics-based model is used to determine the switching losses. Then, a system simulation is applied to calculate the losses of the specific elements. This approach allows a fast and accurate system evaluation as required for further system optimization. In this work, a hard- and a zero-voltage turn-on switching converter are compared. Measurements were performed to verify the simulation model, showing a good agreement. A peak efficiency of 99 % was achieved for an output power of 1.4 kW. Even with an output power above 400 W, it was possible to obtain a system efficiency exceeding 98 %.
{"title":"Performance of a GaN-HEMT synchronous boost converter in ZVS and hard switching mode","authors":"Michael Ebli, M. Wattenberg, M. Pfost","doi":"10.1109/EPE.2016.7695422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EPE.2016.7695422","url":null,"abstract":"The loss contribution of a 2.3 kW synchronous GaN-HEMT boost converter for an input voltage of 250 V and an output voltage of 500 V was analyzed. A simulation model which consists of two parts is introduced. First, a physics-based model is used to determine the switching losses. Then, a system simulation is applied to calculate the losses of the specific elements. This approach allows a fast and accurate system evaluation as required for further system optimization. In this work, a hard- and a zero-voltage turn-on switching converter are compared. Measurements were performed to verify the simulation model, showing a good agreement. A peak efficiency of 99 % was achieved for an output power of 1.4 kW. Even with an output power above 400 W, it was possible to obtain a system efficiency exceeding 98 %.","PeriodicalId":119358,"journal":{"name":"2016 18th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'16 ECCE Europe)","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132605537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/EPE.2016.7695401
Javier Martínez, K. Krischan, A. Muetze
This paper presents the design of an inner rotor Permanent Magnet (PM) motor using a two-step approach. The first step consists of retrieving the basic geometric and electric constants using a combination of both an analytic and a multi-objective Genetic Algorithm (GA). This technique allows the most efficient and cheapest motor for a certain type of home appliances application to be found when harmonics are neglected during the optimization design. This assumption implies that iron losses are only relevant in the stator domains. The peculiarity of the optimization of the motor is the fact that the most efficient operating point is located at one tenth of the maximum load of the electric motor. The second step consists of comparing the resulting optimized motor using Finite Element Analysis. This step is crucial to accurately compare the efficiency of the resulting drive with the analytic results. The advantage of using this tool is that we can also include the effect of the different space harmonics in the efficiency computation. These harmonics rotate at a different speed than the rotor and can produce additional losses in the rotor's iron parts. The agreement between the results of the two-step analysis infers that the effect of the space harmonics is not relevant for this drive. The decay of efficiency due to these space harmonics is in the order of 0.05%.
{"title":"A two-step analytic design and optimization of small variable speed PMSMs for home appliances","authors":"Javier Martínez, K. Krischan, A. Muetze","doi":"10.1109/EPE.2016.7695401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EPE.2016.7695401","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the design of an inner rotor Permanent Magnet (PM) motor using a two-step approach. The first step consists of retrieving the basic geometric and electric constants using a combination of both an analytic and a multi-objective Genetic Algorithm (GA). This technique allows the most efficient and cheapest motor for a certain type of home appliances application to be found when harmonics are neglected during the optimization design. This assumption implies that iron losses are only relevant in the stator domains. The peculiarity of the optimization of the motor is the fact that the most efficient operating point is located at one tenth of the maximum load of the electric motor. The second step consists of comparing the resulting optimized motor using Finite Element Analysis. This step is crucial to accurately compare the efficiency of the resulting drive with the analytic results. The advantage of using this tool is that we can also include the effect of the different space harmonics in the efficiency computation. These harmonics rotate at a different speed than the rotor and can produce additional losses in the rotor's iron parts. The agreement between the results of the two-step analysis infers that the effect of the space harmonics is not relevant for this drive. The decay of efficiency due to these space harmonics is in the order of 0.05%.","PeriodicalId":119358,"journal":{"name":"2016 18th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'16 ECCE Europe)","volume":"149 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125195900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/EPE.2016.7695543
Fengqi Chang, M. Lienkamp
This paper proposed a modular multilevel topology using power electronics transformers for the modular drivetrain of electric vehicles (EV). Because of its high modularity, the topology can be easily applied to a wide range of EVs, from personal vehicles to passenger cars. Compared with two conventional modular multilevel converters, fewer submodules are needed and its control is thus simpler. The topology can also balance voltage of batteries without an equalization circuit and has low harmonics distortion. Moreover, according to the simulation results, the topology has higher overall efficiency than the conventional 6-switch 2-level inverter structure in synthesized driving cycles.
{"title":"A modular multilevel topology using power electronic transformers for the modular drivetrains of electric vehicles","authors":"Fengqi Chang, M. Lienkamp","doi":"10.1109/EPE.2016.7695543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EPE.2016.7695543","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposed a modular multilevel topology using power electronics transformers for the modular drivetrain of electric vehicles (EV). Because of its high modularity, the topology can be easily applied to a wide range of EVs, from personal vehicles to passenger cars. Compared with two conventional modular multilevel converters, fewer submodules are needed and its control is thus simpler. The topology can also balance voltage of batteries without an equalization circuit and has low harmonics distortion. Moreover, according to the simulation results, the topology has higher overall efficiency than the conventional 6-switch 2-level inverter structure in synthesized driving cycles.","PeriodicalId":119358,"journal":{"name":"2016 18th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'16 ECCE Europe)","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133150217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/EPE.2016.7695428
A. Ayad, P. Karamanakos, R. Kennel
This paper presents a direct model predictive control (MPC) strategy for the quasi-Z-source inverter connected to a linear/nonlinear load via an intermediate LC filter. The proposed scheme simultaneously controls the ac-side output voltage and the dc-side capacitor voltage and inductor current. The discrete-time model of the converter is derived which can be used for both modes of operations, namely the buck and boost mode. Evaluation results are presented to highlight the performance of the proposed strategy.
{"title":"Direct model predictive voltage control of quasi-Z-source inverters with LC filters","authors":"A. Ayad, P. Karamanakos, R. Kennel","doi":"10.1109/EPE.2016.7695428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EPE.2016.7695428","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a direct model predictive control (MPC) strategy for the quasi-Z-source inverter connected to a linear/nonlinear load via an intermediate LC filter. The proposed scheme simultaneously controls the ac-side output voltage and the dc-side capacitor voltage and inductor current. The discrete-time model of the converter is derived which can be used for both modes of operations, namely the buck and boost mode. Evaluation results are presented to highlight the performance of the proposed strategy.","PeriodicalId":119358,"journal":{"name":"2016 18th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'16 ECCE Europe)","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133251263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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