The aim of the present study was to determine the degree of microbial contamination of aqueous extracts of green and roasted coffee originating in India. The samples used in this analysis were obtained by two extraction methods: hot extraction and cold extraction. If a microbial load of samples was found, the same extracts were filtered using sterile 0.22 μm pore size filters from PES (Polyester) for decontamination. The working methodology was based on the Standard SR EN ISO 21149/2017 which provides general guidelines for counting and detecting mesophilic aerobic bacteria using as a medium for isolation, cultivation and counting of microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) the non-differential environment. The experimental results obtained showed microbial contamination of all samples. The level of microbial contamination is different for the extracts taken under study, depending on the type of coffee used, green or roasted, but also on other conditions, such as wet or dry processing. Roasted coffee is much less contaminated compared to green coffee, due to a thermal (incomplete) sterilization by the roasting procedure. The working conditions used, the temperature of the distilled water used to prepare the extracts, their non-sterile handling, but also the type of coffee used, are the factors that determined the microbial contamination.
本研究的目的是确定原产于印度的生咖啡和烘培咖啡的水萃取物的微生物污染程度。本分析所用样品采用两种提取方法:热提取和冷提取。如果发现样品的微生物负荷，则使用PES(聚酯)的无菌0.22 μm孔径过滤器过滤相同的提取物进行去污。工作方法基于标准SR EN ISO 21149/2017，该标准提供了计数和检测嗜温好氧细菌的一般指南，该细菌用作培养基，用于分离、培养和计数微生物(细菌和真菌)的非差分环境。实验结果表明，所有样品均存在微生物污染。研究中提取的咖啡提取物的微生物污染程度是不同的，这取决于所使用的咖啡类型，是生咖啡还是烘焙咖啡，但也取决于其他条件，如湿加工还是干加工。由于烘焙过程中的热(不完全)灭菌，与生咖啡相比，烘焙咖啡受到的污染要少得多。所使用的工作条件，用于制备提取物的蒸馏水的温度，其非无菌处理，以及所使用的咖啡类型，都是决定微生物污染的因素。
{"title":"Microbiological Comparative Studies of Crude Aqueous Extracts from Arabica and Robusta Coffee","authors":"Luiza Caracostea, R. Sîrbu, A. Lepădatu","doi":"10.26417/742zxx99o","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26417/742zxx99o","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the present study was to determine the degree of microbial contamination of aqueous extracts of green and roasted coffee originating in India. The samples used in this analysis were obtained by two extraction methods: hot extraction and cold extraction. If a microbial load of samples was found, the same extracts were filtered using sterile 0.22 μm pore size filters from PES (Polyester) for decontamination. The working methodology was based on the Standard SR EN ISO 21149/2017 which provides general guidelines for counting and detecting mesophilic aerobic bacteria using as a medium for isolation, cultivation and counting of microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) the non-differential environment. The experimental results obtained showed microbial contamination of all samples. The level of microbial contamination is different for the extracts taken under study, depending on the type of coffee used, green or roasted, but also on other conditions, such as wet or dry processing. Roasted coffee is much less contaminated compared to green coffee, due to a thermal (incomplete) sterilization by the roasting procedure. The working conditions used, the temperature of the distilled water used to prepare the extracts, their non-sterile handling, but also the type of coffee used, are the factors that determined the microbial contamination.","PeriodicalId":11935,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Medicine and Natural Sciences","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77845866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Research in healthcare involves the use of natural resources in the manufacture of pharmaceutical products. Chito-oligosaccharides (CHOS) are described as homo- or heterooligomers of N-acetylglucosamine and D-glucosamine. As a starting material for CHOS production chitin or chitosan can be used. When it comes to the medical field, there are indications that CHOS may be developed and used as drugs against asthma, antibacterial agents, ingredients in wound-dressings and vectors in gene-therapy. The methods of production can rely on enzymatic conversions, chemical methods or combinations of these methods. There is ample literature concerning the biological effects of chitosans, but relatively little is known about the effects of CHOS, and the mechanisms behind observed bioactivities are generally poorly understood. This review is focused on the characterization of chitin and chitosan by presenting the biological properties, and on the enzymatic production of CHOS, and on further separation and purification methods for producing well-defined mixtures and also provides an overview of some of the most promising applications of CHOS.
{"title":"Studies on Chitosan, Chitin and Chitooligosaccharides and Their Biomedical Properties","authors":"Alef Ibram","doi":"10.26417/805xka61j","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26417/805xka61j","url":null,"abstract":"Research in healthcare involves the use of natural resources in the manufacture of pharmaceutical products. Chito-oligosaccharides (CHOS) are described as homo- or heterooligomers of N-acetylglucosamine and D-glucosamine. As a starting material for CHOS production chitin or chitosan can be used. When it comes to the medical field, there are indications that CHOS may be developed and used as drugs against asthma, antibacterial agents, ingredients in wound-dressings and vectors in gene-therapy. The methods of production can rely on enzymatic conversions, chemical methods or combinations of these methods. There is ample literature concerning the biological effects of chitosans, but relatively little is known about the effects of CHOS, and the mechanisms behind observed bioactivities are generally poorly understood. This review is focused on the characterization of chitin and chitosan by presenting the biological properties, and on the enzymatic production of CHOS, and on further separation and purification methods for producing well-defined mixtures and also provides an overview of some of the most promising applications of CHOS.","PeriodicalId":11935,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Medicine and Natural Sciences","volume":"86 2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83589315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ana-Maria Dumitrescu(Neculai), G. Stanciu, R. Sîrbu
The most medically representative plant in the Apocynaceae family is Vinca minor. Vinca minor is a perennial, herbaceous plant, commonly known as Saschiu. In the present research we aimed to isolate the indole compounds from Vinca minor L. and to carry out some physico-chemical studies on these compounds: UV-VIS spectroscopy and the determination of the polyphenols content using Folin-Ciocâlteu method. The spectrophotometric study of the alcoholic plant extracts obtained from the leaf and stem of Vinca minor was performed using the UV-VIS spectrophotometric method and a VWR UV-630PC double beam spectrophotometer. Both samples of plant alcoholic extracts obtained from the leaf and from the stem of Vinca minor L. had the specific absorption maxima detected in the range 225-350 nm and the absorbance maximum in both cases was 3.5 (u.a- absorbency units). The total content of polyphenols was determined by the Folin-Ciocâlteu method from alcoholic extracts of different concentrations: 40 percent, 70 percent, 96 percent (T40, T70, T96, F40, F70, F96) obtained from the leaf and stem of Vinca minor plant using the spectrophotometer model JASCO- 550 UV VIS. Regarding the alcoholic extracts obtained from the leaf of Vinca minor L., the concentrations of polyphenols were between 812.50 mg / 100g pv and 1737.50 mg / 100g pv and and in the case of alcoholic extracts obtained from the strain, the results were between 1525.00-3962.50 mg GAE / 100 g pv, results that were in accordance with the literature.
{"title":"Spectrophotometric Studies of Indolic Compounds from Vinca Minor L.","authors":"Ana-Maria Dumitrescu(Neculai), G. Stanciu, R. Sîrbu","doi":"10.26417/200exd50h","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26417/200exd50h","url":null,"abstract":"The most medically representative plant in the Apocynaceae family is Vinca minor. Vinca minor is a perennial, herbaceous plant, commonly known as Saschiu. In the present research we aimed to isolate the indole compounds from Vinca minor L. and to carry out some physico-chemical studies on these compounds: UV-VIS spectroscopy and the determination of the polyphenols content using Folin-Ciocâlteu method. The spectrophotometric study of the alcoholic plant extracts obtained from the leaf and stem of Vinca minor was performed using the UV-VIS spectrophotometric method and a VWR UV-630PC double beam spectrophotometer. Both samples of plant alcoholic extracts obtained from the leaf and from the stem of Vinca minor L. had the specific absorption maxima detected in the range 225-350 nm and the absorbance maximum in both cases was 3.5 (u.a- absorbency units). The total content of polyphenols was determined by the Folin-Ciocâlteu method from alcoholic extracts of different concentrations: 40 percent, 70 percent, 96 percent (T40, T70, T96, F40, F70, F96) obtained from the leaf and stem of Vinca minor plant using the spectrophotometer model JASCO- 550 UV VIS. Regarding the alcoholic extracts obtained from the leaf of Vinca minor L., the concentrations of polyphenols were between 812.50 mg / 100g pv and 1737.50 mg / 100g pv and and in the case of alcoholic extracts obtained from the strain, the results were between 1525.00-3962.50 mg GAE / 100 g pv, results that were in accordance with the literature.","PeriodicalId":11935,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Medicine and Natural Sciences","volume":"197 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74829962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Background: The opioid epidemic in the United States is a national public health crisis. Driven by an increase in availability of pharmaceutical opioids and by an increase in their consumption, specifically, for pain treatment, more so in the past twenty years, it has led to an economic cost of prescription opioid abuse, overdose, and dependence in the United States estimated to be 78.5 billion USD. Methods: A thorough evaluation of the relevant extracted literature has been used to answer the question of the most effective ways to regulate health markets to decrease the opioid crisis in the United States, using keywords and phrases such as opioid epidemic in the US, prescription drug abuse, prescription medication abuse in US, medication misuse, cost-effective ways to health market regulation, drug monitoring programs, prescriber continuing education, provider continuing education, and pain management optimization. Results: Overcoming this epidemic nationwide requires improvement in patient utilization of and access to safe and effective treatment options for opioid abuse and overdose, addressing the stigma correlated with opioid use, considering appropriate use of abuse deterrent formulations (ADF) along with patient education, and improving prescribing practices via utilization of drug monitoring programs, CDC opioid prescribing guidelines and provider continuing education. Conclusion: Utilizing and implementing the aforementioned steps has shown to be a challenge. Further and repeated attempts are needed, while at the same time considering possible new steps that could help reinforce their utilization further.
{"title":"Public health strategies to combat opioid crisis in the United States","authors":"F. Balidemaj","doi":"10.26417/568wsf34o","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26417/568wsf34o","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background: The opioid epidemic in the United States is a national public health crisis. Driven by an increase in availability of pharmaceutical opioids and by an increase in their consumption, specifically, for pain treatment, more so in the past twenty years, it has led to an economic cost of prescription opioid abuse, overdose, and dependence in the United States estimated to be 78.5 billion USD. Methods: A thorough evaluation of the relevant extracted literature has been used to answer the question of the most effective ways to regulate health markets to decrease the opioid crisis in the United States, using keywords and phrases such as opioid epidemic in the US, prescription drug abuse, prescription medication abuse in US, medication misuse, cost-effective ways to health market regulation, drug monitoring programs, prescriber continuing education, provider continuing education, and pain management optimization. Results: Overcoming this epidemic nationwide requires improvement in patient utilization of and access to safe and effective treatment options for opioid abuse and overdose, addressing the stigma correlated with opioid use, considering appropriate use of abuse deterrent formulations (ADF) along with patient education, and improving prescribing practices via utilization of drug monitoring programs, CDC opioid prescribing guidelines and provider continuing education. Conclusion: Utilizing and implementing the aforementioned steps has shown to be a challenge. Further and repeated attempts are needed, while at the same time considering possible new steps that could help reinforce their utilization further.","PeriodicalId":11935,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Medicine and Natural Sciences","volume":"431 1","pages":"7 - 15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77812474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper addresses the role that communities of practice (CoP) can have within the healthcare environment when facing uncertainty and highly emotionally impactful situations, such as the current COVID-19 pandemic. The starting point is the recognition that CoPs can contribute to build resilience among their members, and particularly moral resilience. Among others, this is due to the fact that they share a reflective space from which shared knowledge is generated, which can be a source of strength and trust within the healthcare team. Specifically, in extreme situations, the CoPs can contribute to coping with moral distress, which will be crucially important not only to facing crisis situations, but to prevent the long-term adverse consequences of working in conditions of great uncertainty. The purpose of this paper is to analyze how CoP can support healthcare professionals when building moral resilience. To support that goal, we will first define CoP and describe the main characteristics of communities of practice in healthcare. Subsequently, we will clarify the concept of moral resilience, and establish the relationship between CoP and moral resilience in light of the current COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, we analyze different group experiences that we can consider as CoP which emerged in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic to navigate moral problems that arose.
{"title":"The Value of Communities of Practice as a Learning Process to Increase Resilience in Healthcare Teams","authors":"Janet Delgado, S. Siow, J. Groot","doi":"10.26417/763xzb78s","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26417/763xzb78s","url":null,"abstract":"This paper addresses the role that communities of practice (CoP) can have within the healthcare environment when facing uncertainty and highly emotionally impactful situations, such as the current COVID-19 pandemic. The starting point is the recognition that CoPs can contribute to build resilience among their members, and particularly moral resilience. Among others, this is due to the fact that they share a reflective space from which shared knowledge is generated, which can be a source of strength and trust within the healthcare team. Specifically, in extreme situations, the CoPs can contribute to coping with moral distress, which will be crucially important not only to facing crisis situations, but to prevent the long-term adverse consequences of working in conditions of great uncertainty. The purpose of this paper is to analyze how CoP can support healthcare professionals when building moral resilience. To support that goal, we will first define CoP and describe the main characteristics of communities of practice in healthcare. Subsequently, we will clarify the concept of moral resilience, and establish the relationship between CoP and moral resilience in light of the current COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, we analyze different group experiences that we can consider as CoP which emerged in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic to navigate moral problems that arose.","PeriodicalId":11935,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Medicine and Natural Sciences","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89757044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Willofleaf cotoneaster (Cotoneaster salicifolius Franch.) is a low, prostrate shrub, grown in Romania as an ornamental plant. Its fruits are small, ovoid pomes. Fruit tissues were analyzed for total carotenoid content (through acetone extraction and spectrophotometry), flavonoid content (methanol extraction and spectrophotometry) and total concentration of phenolic and polyphenolic compounds (methanol extraction and spectrophotometric Folin-Ciocâlteu method). C. salicifolius fruits analyzed contained an average of 311.50 mg/kg DW carotenoids (heat-dried fruits – only 100.25 mg/kg). Average flavonoid concentration was 9,777.62 mg/kg in fresh frozen fruits and 4,574 mg/kg in dried ones. 25,056.09 mg/kg GAE was the average concentration of total phenolics in fresh fruits, while dry fruit powder contained 5,271 mg/kg GAE. These concentrations of bioactive compounds are comparable, or even have a higher than in pomes belonging to related species, including domestic cultivars of rowanberry (Sorbus sp.), wild Sorbus species, firethorns (Pyracantha sp.), or other studied cotoneasters. This shows a significant potential for these pomes, requiring further investigation. However, heat-drying was found to be an unsuitable processing method for these fruits, since it led to a 53.22-78.94 percent decrease in bioactive compounds concentrations.
{"title":"Total Carotenoid, Flavonoid and Phenolic Compounds Concentration in Willowleaf Cotoneaster (Cotoneaster Salicifolius Franch.) Fruits","authors":"D. Popoviciu, T. Negreanu-Pîrjol, R. Bercu","doi":"10.26417/257pkg75z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26417/257pkg75z","url":null,"abstract":"Willofleaf cotoneaster (Cotoneaster salicifolius Franch.) is a low, prostrate shrub, grown in Romania as an ornamental plant. Its fruits are small, ovoid pomes. Fruit tissues were analyzed for total carotenoid content (through acetone extraction and spectrophotometry), flavonoid content (methanol extraction and spectrophotometry) and total concentration of phenolic and polyphenolic compounds (methanol extraction and spectrophotometric Folin-Ciocâlteu method). C. salicifolius fruits analyzed contained an average of 311.50 mg/kg DW carotenoids (heat-dried fruits – only 100.25 mg/kg). Average flavonoid concentration was 9,777.62 mg/kg in fresh frozen fruits and 4,574 mg/kg in dried ones. 25,056.09 mg/kg GAE was the average concentration of total phenolics in fresh fruits, while dry fruit powder contained 5,271 mg/kg GAE. These concentrations of bioactive compounds are comparable, or even have a higher than in pomes belonging to related species, including domestic cultivars of rowanberry (Sorbus sp.), wild Sorbus species, firethorns (Pyracantha sp.), or other studied cotoneasters. This shows a significant potential for these pomes, requiring further investigation. However, heat-drying was found to be an unsuitable processing method for these fruits, since it led to a 53.22-78.94 percent decrease in bioactive compounds concentrations.","PeriodicalId":11935,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Medicine and Natural Sciences","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82227337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ariola Harizi, B. Trebicka, A. Tartaraj, H. Moskowitz
Abstract The study presents a new approach to understand the mind of the persons in order to drive desired action in crisis situation, specifically the COVID-19 pandemic. Understand the mind of the shopper in a pandemic situation, with massive uncertainty, should provide direction for governments and the retail trade to adopt practices and communications which will reassure their customers. This study investigates the nature of what people will do to reassure themselves in the pandemic, and has been executed during the period of the pandemic, making the study relevant to the actual events taking place. The focus of the study is on the likelihood of buying ordinary food, given certain descriptions. The study revealed three mind-sets, clusters of individuals who respond to the pandemic in one of three ways. These are: Mind-Set 1: Focus on sanitation & supply; Mind-Set 2: Focus on budget for lifestyle; Mind-Set 3: Focus on shopping, personal needs, consumption. These mind-sets are distributed through the population, and are not limited to specific age or gender. The paper closes with the PVI, personal viewpoint identifier, to assign a new person to one of the three mind-sets.
{"title":"A Mind Genomics Cartography of Shopping Behavior for Food Products during the Covid -19 Pandemic","authors":"Ariola Harizi, B. Trebicka, A. Tartaraj, H. Moskowitz","doi":"10.26417/334zce51h","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26417/334zce51h","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The study presents a new approach to understand the mind of the persons in order to drive desired action in crisis situation, specifically the COVID-19 pandemic. Understand the mind of the shopper in a pandemic situation, with massive uncertainty, should provide direction for governments and the retail trade to adopt practices and communications which will reassure their customers. This study investigates the nature of what people will do to reassure themselves in the pandemic, and has been executed during the period of the pandemic, making the study relevant to the actual events taking place. The focus of the study is on the likelihood of buying ordinary food, given certain descriptions. The study revealed three mind-sets, clusters of individuals who respond to the pandemic in one of three ways. These are: Mind-Set 1: Focus on sanitation & supply; Mind-Set 2: Focus on budget for lifestyle; Mind-Set 3: Focus on shopping, personal needs, consumption. These mind-sets are distributed through the population, and are not limited to specific age or gender. The paper closes with the PVI, personal viewpoint identifier, to assign a new person to one of the three mind-sets.","PeriodicalId":11935,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Medicine and Natural Sciences","volume":"8 1","pages":"25 - 34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76979501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Following the WHO declaration for COVID-19 as a pandemic, this disease has caused an international crisis with a severe impact on economic and health care systems. After the first cases reported in China, the disease has progressively widespread worldwide where all affected countries has adapted specific safety protocols and tried to find new therapies in order to face this new disease. The final objective is to evaluate the overall impact of stringency measures taken from Albanian and Italian governmental authorities in relation to daily cases of COVID-19 in each country. This is a descriptive paper where the data collected in Albania and Italy according to authority-based stringency measures were compared with their output; temporary trend of daily cases. Officially Albania reported the first COVID-19 case in 8th of March in an Albanian citizen just arrived from Italy, meanwhile in Italy the first cases dated January 31st were a Chinese couple in Rome who had travel from Wuhan City. Both governments took action by applying different closer measures; thereby Blavatnik School of Government has introduced the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker (OxCGRT) in order to quantifying numerically these actions. According to OxCGRT, Albania and Italy present similar level of stringency indicator, but epidemiological curve of daily cases is totally different in shape. Italian curve corresponds to a typical outbreak, while Albania curve seem like any endemic disease in the population. In front of this pandemic, the Albanian curve might be cut off as a result a small number of tests carried out by Albania authorities, 6906 tests/million population, which is far lower than tests performed by Italian authorities, which is 11 times fold (79908 test/million population). Toward end of May the number of COVID-19 were dropped so both governments planned to relief closure measures by opening most of public and economic activities. In front of the fear that COVID-19 could rise up again, as a result of virus transmission amongst people that was observed in Albania, while in Italy continued with the low and decreasing trend of disease cases. Data and their comparison though different indicators or index, shows that stringency measures could contribute on a temporary diminution of new cases of COVD-19, but if not are accompanied with individual protection measures, and/or special vulnerable groups it might be a missing opportunity because the general population might lose what was achieved during national quarantine. On the other hand, taking in consideration low public spending per capita in Albania (307 USD, 2014), moving from “hummer” toward “dance” phase, managing and supporting health system is critical. Public health services should be mainly the entitled authorities to monitor data and come up with specific and efficient measures in order to prevent an increase of cases on the overall population.Keywords: Albania, Italy, stringency index, epidemic, COVID-1
{"title":"Correlation of Society Stringency/Openness Measures with Timely Trend of COVID-19 Cases - Case Study – Albania Versus Italy","authors":"G. Koduzi, F. Cenko","doi":"10.26417/164rms38v","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26417/164rms38v","url":null,"abstract":"Following the WHO declaration for COVID-19 as a pandemic, this disease has caused an international crisis with a severe impact on economic and health care systems. After the first cases reported in China, the disease has progressively widespread worldwide where all affected countries has adapted specific safety protocols and tried to find new therapies in order to face this new disease. The final objective is to evaluate the overall impact of stringency measures taken from Albanian and Italian governmental authorities in relation to daily cases of COVID-19 in each country. This is a descriptive paper where the data collected in Albania and Italy according to authority-based stringency measures were compared with their output; temporary trend of daily cases. Officially Albania reported the first COVID-19 case in 8th of March in an Albanian citizen just arrived from Italy, meanwhile in Italy the first cases dated January 31st were a Chinese couple in Rome who had travel from Wuhan City. Both governments took action by applying different closer measures; thereby Blavatnik School of Government has introduced the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker (OxCGRT) in order to quantifying numerically these actions. According to OxCGRT, Albania and Italy present similar level of stringency indicator, but epidemiological curve of daily cases is totally different in shape. Italian curve corresponds to a typical outbreak, while Albania curve seem like any endemic disease in the population. In front of this pandemic, the Albanian curve might be cut off as a result a small number of tests carried out by Albania authorities, 6906 tests/million population, which is far lower than tests performed by Italian authorities, which is 11 times fold (79908 test/million population). Toward end of May the number of COVID-19 were dropped so both governments planned to relief closure measures by opening most of public and economic activities. In front of the fear that COVID-19 could rise up again, as a result of virus transmission amongst people that was observed in Albania, while in Italy continued with the low and decreasing trend of disease cases. Data and their comparison though different indicators or index, shows that stringency measures could contribute on a temporary diminution of new cases of COVD-19, but if not are accompanied with individual protection measures, and/or special vulnerable groups it might be a missing opportunity because the general population might lose what was achieved during national quarantine. On the other hand, taking in consideration low public spending per capita in Albania (307 USD, 2014), moving from “hummer” toward “dance” phase, managing and supporting health system is critical. Public health services should be mainly the entitled authorities to monitor data and come up with specific and efficient measures in order to prevent an increase of cases on the overall population.Keywords: Albania, Italy, stringency index, epidemic, COVID-1","PeriodicalId":11935,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Medicine and Natural Sciences","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76557136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The coffee tree belongs to the Rubiaceae family, genus Coffea. Although more than 80 species of coffee have been identified worldwide, only two are economically important. Coffea Arabica, also known as Arabica coffee, is responsible for about 70 percent of the world coffee market, and Coffea Canephora or Robusta coffee represents the rest. Due to the strong physiological effects of caffeine on human physiology, the caffeine content is a very important quality parameter of processed coffee. Routine analysis of caffeine in the food industry can be facilitated using fast and reliable tests. In this article, we quantitatively determined the caffeine content using the chloroform isolation method and we also performed the qualitative determination of caffeine in green coffee of Indian origin by the UV-VIS spectrophotometric method. Following the analysis of caffeine isolate with chloroform, we obtained a caffeine content of 182 mg / 100 g for the Robusta green coffee sample and 154 mg / 100 g for the Arabica green coffee sample. Thus we can confirm the presence of a higher caffeine content in the Robusta India green coffee sample than in the Arabica India green coffee sample. In the spectrophotometric analysis we used 4 coffee samples obtained by extraction with hot distilled water and by extraction with cold distilled water. The spectral analysis confirms the presence of caffeine in both studied coffee species and agrees with the data in the literature.
{"title":"Determination of Caffeine Content in Arabica and Robusta Green Coffee of Indian Origin","authors":"Luiza Caracostea, R. Sîrbu, F. Busuricu","doi":"10.26417/425qba31z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26417/425qba31z","url":null,"abstract":"The coffee tree belongs to the Rubiaceae family, genus Coffea. Although more than 80 species of coffee have been identified worldwide, only two are economically important. Coffea Arabica, also known as Arabica coffee, is responsible for about 70 percent of the world coffee market, and Coffea Canephora or Robusta coffee represents the rest. Due to the strong physiological effects of caffeine on human physiology, the caffeine content is a very important quality parameter of processed coffee. Routine analysis of caffeine in the food industry can be facilitated using fast and reliable tests. In this article, we quantitatively determined the caffeine content using the chloroform isolation method and we also performed the qualitative determination of caffeine in green coffee of Indian origin by the UV-VIS spectrophotometric method. Following the analysis of caffeine isolate with chloroform, we obtained a caffeine content of 182 mg / 100 g for the Robusta green coffee sample and 154 mg / 100 g for the Arabica green coffee sample. Thus we can confirm the presence of a higher caffeine content in the Robusta India green coffee sample than in the Arabica India green coffee sample. In the spectrophotometric analysis we used 4 coffee samples obtained by extraction with hot distilled water and by extraction with cold distilled water. The spectral analysis confirms the presence of caffeine in both studied coffee species and agrees with the data in the literature.","PeriodicalId":11935,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Medicine and Natural Sciences","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83161171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Health institutions as an integral part of the healthcare system operate in a dynamic and complex environment in which they are constantly faced with numerous shocks from the economic, technical, technological, political, socio-cultural and demographic changes of the uncontrolled external environment that are expected to be much more challenging in the next decade. The purpose of this paper is to identify how the top management of health care institutions assess the current state of the health system and how they prepare for the future of this system. This research is conducted through an anonymous annual survey of responsible persons of the decision-making hierarchy in the public health institutions. Directors of health institutions predict that in the future the new model of value-based healthcare will reformulate and change the future of healthcare. The technological advancement is the one that will significantly improve future healthcare by making the services more accessible, information more transparent as well as prepare the doctors and other medical staff to be able to provide a better healthcare. It can be concluded that healthcare managers feel great uncertainty about the dynamic and complex environment they are operating in, the overall economic situation and the possibility of increasing income. They are focused mainly on the implementation of contemporary technology for creating new values in new forms, developing new and dynamic partnerships and reducing the spending.
{"title":"The Views of Directors of Health Institutions Relating to the Current Situation of the Healthcare System in the Republic of Macedonia and Their Expectations for the Future","authors":"Valdrina Fetai","doi":"10.26417/928sxk63o","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26417/928sxk63o","url":null,"abstract":"Health institutions as an integral part of the healthcare system operate in a dynamic and complex environment in which they are constantly faced with numerous shocks from the economic, technical, technological, political, socio-cultural and demographic changes of the uncontrolled external environment that are expected to be much more challenging in the next decade. The purpose of this paper is to identify how the top management of health care institutions assess the current state of the health system and how they prepare for the future of this system. This research is conducted through an anonymous annual survey of responsible persons of the decision-making hierarchy in the public health institutions. Directors of health institutions predict that in the future the new model of value-based healthcare will reformulate and change the future of healthcare. The technological advancement is the one that will significantly improve future healthcare by making the services more accessible, information more transparent as well as prepare the doctors and other medical staff to be able to provide a better healthcare. It can be concluded that healthcare managers feel great uncertainty about the dynamic and complex environment they are operating in, the overall economic situation and the possibility of increasing income. They are focused mainly on the implementation of contemporary technology for creating new values in new forms, developing new and dynamic partnerships and reducing the spending.","PeriodicalId":11935,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Medicine and Natural Sciences","volume":"433 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82879037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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