{"title":"INTRODUZIONE","authors":"C. E. Bottani","doi":"10.4081/incontri.0.563","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/incontri.0.563","url":null,"abstract":"Non disponibile.","PeriodicalId":119535,"journal":{"name":"Istituto Lombardo - Accademia di Scienze e Lettere - Incontri di Studio","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131599453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-10DOI: 10.4081/incontri.2019.536
G. M. Prosperi
In this paper I attempt to sketch the path that brought from the Table of the Elements, essentially born in an chemical context, to its explanation in the framework of Atomic Physics.Thist involves the most advanced formalisms of Theoretical Physics, Quantum Mechanics and even Quantum Field Theory. I try to stress that the Table together with Spectroscopy has been among the main problems that have stimulated and even addressed the research in the latter frameworks.
{"title":"MODELLO DELL'ATOMO, TEORIA QUANTISTICA E TAVOLA PERIODICA DEGLI ELEMENTI","authors":"G. M. Prosperi","doi":"10.4081/incontri.2019.536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/incontri.2019.536","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper I attempt to sketch the path that brought from the Table of the Elements, essentially born in an chemical context, to its explanation in the framework of Atomic Physics.Thist involves the most advanced formalisms of Theoretical Physics, Quantum Mechanics and even Quantum Field Theory. I try to stress that the Table together with Spectroscopy has been among the main problems that have stimulated and even addressed the research in the latter frameworks.","PeriodicalId":119535,"journal":{"name":"Istituto Lombardo - Accademia di Scienze e Lettere - Incontri di Studio","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124378719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-10DOI: 10.4081/incontri.2019.552
C. Gatti
Our general and operative notion of chemistry, that enabling us to describe and interpret the structural, bonding and reactivity properties of the various compounds, is essentially rooted in the periodicity of properties of their constituting elements. Periodicity drove the path towards the proposition of the periodic table of elements and its rationalization thanks to the gradually acquired knowledge on the atomic electronic structure. Atomic radii periodicity mirrors the periodicity of the electronic configurations of the atoms’ outermost shell. The changes in atomic radii differentiate the chemical properties, hence the structures and properties of the elemental solids and of their compounds. Yet, under an external pressure, such a fully rationalized scenario may drastically change. When an atom is compressed, its average electron density increases and its outermost electronic shell is the easiest one to compress. At 100 Giga Pascal (GPa), that is at 106 atmospheres, the change of the atomic radius along a period of the Periodic Table becomes much less evident and at 1000 GPa our classical notion of periodicity is completely lost. Under pressure, the energy due to the compression work made on a system adds up to its internal energy. With such an energy gain the system may reach regions of the potential energy surface which would not be otherwise accessible. The chemical bond nature may change, even radically, and new structures and bonding patterns, characterized by totally unexpected properties, become energetically stable and possible. For instance, sodium, which is a silvery-white, highly reactive metal, becomes a fully transparent insulator, while boron is turned into a partially ionic solid elemental phase because charge transfer takes place between differently clustered groups of boron atoms. The incredible chemical inertness of helium finally falls as it forms a stable compound with sodium, Na2He. Under a suitable pressure, compounds with unusual stoichiometry (Na3Cl2, Na2Cl, Na3Cl, NaCl3, NaCl7) may be observed, despite their formula would be immediately rejected if proposed by a student at any high-school or university exam, or new carbon allotropes may appear or the aromatic character of benzene may vanish. This new chemistry is usually predicted through ab-initio quantum mechanical methods and interpreted and rationalized with the most modern chemical bonding approaches. However, compounds anticipated in silico have then be reproduced experimentally in many cases, by using diamond anvil cells to synthesize them and a variety of in situ instrumental techniques to characterize them properly.
{"title":"TAVOLA PERIODICA SOTTO PRESSIONE: UNA PERIODICITA' DIVERSA ED UNA CHIMICA ESOTICA","authors":"C. Gatti","doi":"10.4081/incontri.2019.552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/incontri.2019.552","url":null,"abstract":"Our general and operative notion of chemistry, that enabling us to describe and interpret the structural, bonding and reactivity properties of the various compounds, is essentially rooted in the periodicity of properties of their constituting elements. Periodicity drove the path towards the proposition of the periodic table of elements and its rationalization thanks to the gradually acquired knowledge on the atomic electronic structure. Atomic radii periodicity mirrors the periodicity of the electronic configurations of the atoms’ outermost shell. The changes in atomic radii differentiate the chemical properties, hence the structures and properties of the elemental solids and of their compounds. Yet, under an external pressure, such a fully rationalized scenario may drastically change. When an atom is compressed, its average electron density increases and its outermost electronic shell is the easiest one to compress. At 100 Giga Pascal (GPa), that is at 106 atmospheres, the change of the atomic radius along a period of the Periodic Table becomes much less evident and at 1000 GPa our classical notion of periodicity is completely lost. Under pressure, the energy due to the compression work made on a system adds up to its internal energy. With such an energy gain the system may reach regions of the potential energy surface which would not be otherwise accessible. The chemical bond nature may change, even radically, and new structures and bonding patterns, characterized by totally unexpected properties, become energetically stable and possible. For instance, sodium, which is a silvery-white, highly reactive metal, becomes a fully transparent insulator, while boron is turned into a partially ionic solid elemental phase because charge transfer takes place between differently clustered groups of boron atoms. The incredible chemical inertness of helium finally falls as it forms a stable compound with sodium, Na2He. Under a suitable pressure, compounds with unusual stoichiometry (Na3Cl2, Na2Cl, Na3Cl, NaCl3, NaCl7) may be observed, despite their formula would be immediately rejected if proposed by a student at any high-school or university exam, or new carbon allotropes may appear or the aromatic character of benzene may vanish. This new chemistry is usually predicted through ab-initio quantum mechanical methods and interpreted and rationalized with the most modern chemical bonding approaches. However, compounds anticipated in silico have then be reproduced experimentally in many cases, by using diamond anvil cells to synthesize them and a variety of in situ instrumental techniques to characterize them properly.","PeriodicalId":119535,"journal":{"name":"Istituto Lombardo - Accademia di Scienze e Lettere - Incontri di Studio","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116134867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-10DOI: 10.4081/incontri.2019.538
C. Sini
The human knowledge and the order of nature: the problem of their relationship is the core of paper. The solution concerns the co-operation between the instrumental and technological knowledge and the sociale work of language.
{"title":"ORDINE DELLA NATURA E FIGURE DELLA VERITÀ","authors":"C. Sini","doi":"10.4081/incontri.2019.538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/incontri.2019.538","url":null,"abstract":"The human knowledge and the order of nature: the problem of their relationship is the core of paper. The solution concerns the co-operation between the instrumental and technological knowledge and the sociale work of language.","PeriodicalId":119535,"journal":{"name":"Istituto Lombardo - Accademia di Scienze e Lettere - Incontri di Studio","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124761720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-10DOI: 10.4081/incontri.2019.535
P. Cerea
In the year 1869, 150 years ago, Dmitrij Ivanovič Mendeleev published the classification of the known chemical elements in the form of a periodic table. This scientific goal was achieved thanks to the genius both of Mendeleev, that had recognized the periodicity in the properties of the elements, and of those who had identified all the elements already known at Mendeleev’s time. This discovery process frequently occurred at the edge between chemistry and mineralogy, as a result both of the scientist’s curiosity and of the need to identify the minerals useful to the metals smelting. A brief description of the path that has lead to the discovery of all the elements of the periodic table is not possible; for that reason this work is going to deepen the analysis on the elements whose discovery has involved a mineral and was particularly peculiar. This discovery path had begun already in the ancient time. It is possible to say that the mankind started to isolate and handle the elements during the neolithic age, becoming, over time, more skillfull in recognizing new elements. The path has begun by using the metals already present in nature as native ores, as copper, silver and gold, all already known during the chalcolithic age. From this first step to the invention of the first extraction techniques and smelting, able to yield the metal starting from its minerals, it was a short step. In the ancient time at least nine elements were already known and used. We are talking about “elements”, giving to this word the meaning used in the modern chemistry. This last consideration could lead to another scenario that, however, is out of this speech: the evolution of the concept of “element”. The new elements discovery path, still before the modern definition of “element”, received a huge help by the alchemy: the isolation of four elements was achieved in that period. During the XVIII century the discovery of new elements has seen an acceleration, thanks to the historical context of the Age of Enlightenment. In that period two very similar stories involved the discovery of cobalt and nickel. Both these elements are named from creatures belonging to the miners’ mithology: the miners used to find frequently minerals that, based on their experience, should have contained metals. Those minerals, however, did not yield any known metal and, for this, the miners blamed fantasy creatures: the Kobolds, sprites stemming from Germanic mythology, and Nickel, a mischievous sprite also belonging to German miners mythology. These puzzles were solved by two scientist: George Brandt, that discovered the cobalt, and Axel Frederik Cronstedt, that discovered the nickel. A very peculiar case is represented by fluorine: between the demonstration, occurred in the 1771, that the fluorite contains a new element, and the isolation of elemental fluorine, successfully performed only in the 1886, more than one hundred years have passed. Sometimes the identification of new elements was the p
{"title":"TAVOLA PERIODICA, ELEMENTI E MINERALI: UNA STORIA AFFASCINANTE","authors":"P. Cerea","doi":"10.4081/incontri.2019.535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/incontri.2019.535","url":null,"abstract":"In the year 1869, 150 years ago, Dmitrij Ivanovič Mendeleev published the classification of the known chemical elements in the form of a periodic table. This scientific goal was achieved thanks to the genius both of Mendeleev, that had recognized the periodicity in the properties of the elements, and of those who had identified all the elements already known at Mendeleev’s time. This discovery process frequently occurred at the edge between chemistry and mineralogy, as a result both of the scientist’s curiosity and of the need to identify the minerals useful to the metals smelting. A brief description of the path that has lead to the discovery of all the elements of the periodic table is not possible; for that reason this work is going to deepen the analysis on the elements whose discovery has involved a mineral and was particularly peculiar. This discovery path had begun already in the ancient time. It is possible to say that the mankind started to isolate and handle the elements during the neolithic age, becoming, over time, more skillfull in recognizing new elements. The path has begun by using the metals already present in nature as native ores, as copper, silver and gold, all already known during the chalcolithic age. From this first step to the invention of the first extraction techniques and smelting, able to yield the metal starting from its minerals, it was a short step. In the ancient time at least nine elements were already known and used. We are talking about “elements”, giving to this word the meaning used in the modern chemistry. This last consideration could lead to another scenario that, however, is out of this speech: the evolution of the concept of “element”. The new elements discovery path, still before the modern definition of “element”, received a huge help by the alchemy: the isolation of four elements was achieved in that period. During the XVIII century the discovery of new elements has seen an acceleration, thanks to the historical context of the Age of Enlightenment. In that period two very similar stories involved the discovery of cobalt and nickel. Both these elements are named from creatures belonging to the miners’ mithology: the miners used to find frequently minerals that, based on their experience, should have contained metals. Those minerals, however, did not yield any known metal and, for this, the miners blamed fantasy creatures: the Kobolds, sprites stemming from Germanic mythology, and Nickel, a mischievous sprite also belonging to German miners mythology. These puzzles were solved by two scientist: George Brandt, that discovered the cobalt, and Axel Frederik Cronstedt, that discovered the nickel. A very peculiar case is represented by fluorine: between the demonstration, occurred in the 1771, that the fluorite contains a new element, and the isolation of elemental fluorine, successfully performed only in the 1886, more than one hundred years have passed. Sometimes the identification of new elements was the p","PeriodicalId":119535,"journal":{"name":"Istituto Lombardo - Accademia di Scienze e Lettere - Incontri di Studio","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128682011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-10DOI: 10.4081/incontri.2019.537
R. Psaro
The succession of various ages, from those of copper to that of bronze, then iron and so on, is dictated by the chemical properties of the various metals and, ultimately, by the periodic table of the elements. The capacity expressed by the homo faber to extract and work the different metals, have marked technological developments so radical as to be chosen by historians to designate real civilizations. Gold was the first metal used by man, although it could not be used either as a tool or as a weapon. More than any other ancient element, gold has always been associated with a timeless charm. None of the chemical elements discovered by modern science has been able to overcome its supremacy. Since the time of its discovery, gold has been used for ornamental purposes and only with technological development has it been used also for technical and scientific purposes. For titanium, however, the reverse path was verified, from its essentially technological use it then moved on to the artistic one. Starting in the 1960s, when titanium became available even for non-military uses, its applications have done nothing but grow and diversify. His artistic fame is unquestionably linked to the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao designed by the architect Frank Gehry in 1997, while in Pedeferri’s titanochromies we have the combination of art and technology.
{"title":"HOMO FABER: COME I METALLI HANNO SEGNATO E SEGNANO ANCHE OGGI LA CIVILTÀ DELL’UOMO","authors":"R. Psaro","doi":"10.4081/incontri.2019.537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/incontri.2019.537","url":null,"abstract":"The succession of various ages, from those of copper to that of bronze, then iron and so on, is dictated by the chemical properties of the various metals and, ultimately, by the periodic table of the elements. The capacity expressed by the homo faber to extract and work the different metals, have marked technological developments so radical as to be chosen by historians to designate real civilizations. Gold was the first metal used by man, although it could not be used either as a tool or as a weapon. More than any other ancient element, gold has always been associated with a timeless charm. None of the chemical elements discovered by modern science has been able to overcome its supremacy. Since the time of its discovery, gold has been used for ornamental purposes and only with technological development has it been used also for technical and scientific purposes. For titanium, however, the reverse path was verified, from its essentially technological use it then moved on to the artistic one. Starting in the 1960s, when titanium became available even for non-military uses, its applications have done nothing but grow and diversify. His artistic fame is unquestionably linked to the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao designed by the architect Frank Gehry in 1997, while in Pedeferri’s titanochromies we have the combination of art and technology.","PeriodicalId":119535,"journal":{"name":"Istituto Lombardo - Accademia di Scienze e Lettere - Incontri di Studio","volume":"122 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128597606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-17DOI: 10.4081/INCONTRI.2019.494
L. Colombo
During the 19th Century, many French literary works exhibit the fascination and appeal of Italy and contain numerous insertions written in Italian. On the other hand, during their stay in Italy, French writers and intellectuals often contributed to local periodicals or were welcomed into Italian Academies. Among these authors, Giovanni Salvatore De Coureil and Aimé Guillon, who are the object of this study, are famous mainly for their controversies with Monti and Foscolo. However, they also published interesting works the different linguistic and aesthetical, (both Italian and French), codes, examined with reference to the various political events relating to both Countries, from the First French Empire to Bourbon Restauration. A brief analysis of these writings illustrates their thematic variety that deals with literary and dramatic criticism as well as translation issues, in which heteroglossia phenomena intertwine with interculturalism.
在19世纪，许多法国文学作品展示了意大利的魅力和吸引力，并包含了许多用意大利语写的插入。另一方面，在意大利逗留期间，法国作家和知识分子经常为当地期刊撰稿，或被意大利学院欢迎。在这些作者中，本研究的对象Giovanni Salvatore De Coureil和aim Guillon主要因与Monti和Foscolo的争议而闻名。然而，他们也出版了有趣的作品，不同的语言和美学(意大利语和法语)代码，参考与两国有关的各种政治事件，从法兰西第一帝国到波旁王朝。对这些作品的简要分析表明，它们的主题多样性涉及文学和戏剧批评以及翻译问题，其中异语现象与跨文化主义交织在一起。
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Pub Date : 2019-05-17DOI: 10.4081/INCONTRI.2019.495
Giovanni Gentile G. Marchetti
Arriving in Italy following the expulsion of the Jesuits from all the territories of the Spanish crown, the Mexican Francisco Javier Clavijero did not delay much to conceive the work that earned him the fame of initiator of the modern Latin American historiography. Eager to correct the erroneous and, in many ways, teratological image that the philosophes had offered of America, he composed, in the Spanish language, his, still fundamental today, Historia antigua de México, which, however, for various reasons, had to remain manuscript for a long time. Instead, he published it in Italian (Storia antica del Messico, 4 vols., Cesena, Biasini, 1780-81), two years after finishing it, in March 1778. The considerable extension of the work certainly makes Clavijero credible when he claims to have imposed himself a “new and difficult task by translating [his books] into the Tuscan”. The solutions that he adopts for some translation problems in the field of the subject dealt with are preferibiles to those of most contemporary translators of similar works.
墨西哥人弗朗西斯科·哈维尔·克拉维耶罗(Francisco Javier Clavijero)是在耶稣会士被驱逐出西班牙王室的所有领土之后抵达意大利的，他没有耽搁太多时间就构思出了这部为他赢得了现代拉丁美洲史学创始人美誉的作品。他急于纠正哲学家们对美国错误的、从很多方面来说都是畸形的印象，于是用西班牙语撰写了他的《墨西哥安提瓜史》(Historia antigua de mxico)，这本书在今天仍然具有重要意义。然而，由于种种原因，这本书不得不在很长一段时间内保留为手稿。相反，他用意大利语出版了《墨西哥史》，共4卷。(切塞纳，比亚西尼，1780-81)，完成后两年，于1778年3月。当克拉维杰罗声称自己“将自己的书翻译成托斯卡纳语”时，这部作品的相当大的延伸无疑使他的可信度更高。他对所涉题材领域的一些翻译问题所采取的解决办法，优于同时代大多数同类作品的译者。
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Pub Date : 2019-05-03DOI: 10.4081/INCONTRI.2019.472
F. Brugnolo
One aspect of the literary heteroglossia in Italian language, which was dealt with only cursorily in my book “La lingua di cui si vanta Amore. Scrittori stranieri in lingua italiana dal Medioevo al Novecento” (2009), is that of the poetic translation and especially of self-translation. While the former is evidenced almost only in the XVII and XVIII centuries (Bachet and Régnier-Desmarais have translated in Italian classical poets, Jagemann and Mathias modern texts), the latter reveal significant examples during the XIX century: Shelley, Platen, Dante Gabriel and Christina Rossetti, etc. All these authors are featured in the present article.
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