Tracy Alloway’s recent article in Bloomberg has suggested that Trump’s trade war may finally provide relief to American holders of defaulted, pre-1950s Chinese bonds. Here, we examine the hurdles set before these bondholders, namely establishing jurisdiction over the People’s Republic of China as sovereign and the long-lapsed statute of limitations. We also evaluate the Chinese government’s possible recourse. The key takeaways from our investigation: To establish jurisdiction in the U.S., the bond must be denominated in U.S. Dollars or state a place of performance within the country. To overcome the long-expired statute of limitations, and win an equitable remedy, it must be shown that the PRC not only violated an absolute priority or pari passu clause, but also that they are a “uniquely recalcitrant” debtor. Finally, despite China’s commitment to the odious debt doctrine, the doctrine is unlikely to provide meaningful legal protection in the event of an otherwise successful suit. Overall, it is a difficult suit to bring, but through our investigations we have discovered one issue in particular which holds the greatest danger — or perhaps the greatest promise: the 1919 Gold Bond.
{"title":"The Emperor's Old Bonds","authors":"M. Chen, Charlie Fendrych, Andres Paciuc","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.3544241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.3544241","url":null,"abstract":"Tracy Alloway’s recent article in Bloomberg has suggested that Trump’s trade war may finally provide relief to American holders of defaulted, pre-1950s Chinese bonds. Here, we examine the hurdles set before these bondholders, namely establishing jurisdiction over the People’s Republic of China as sovereign and the long-lapsed statute of limitations. We also evaluate the Chinese government’s possible recourse. \u0000 \u0000The key takeaways from our investigation: To establish jurisdiction in the U.S., the bond must be denominated in U.S. Dollars or state a place of performance within the country. To overcome the long-expired statute of limitations, and win an equitable remedy, it must be shown that the PRC not only violated an absolute priority or pari passu clause, but also that they are a “uniquely recalcitrant” debtor. Finally, despite China’s commitment to the odious debt doctrine, the doctrine is unlikely to provide meaningful legal protection in the event of an otherwise successful suit. \u0000 \u0000Overall, it is a difficult suit to bring, but through our investigations we have discovered one issue in particular which holds the greatest danger — or perhaps the greatest promise: the 1919 Gold Bond.","PeriodicalId":120099,"journal":{"name":"Economic Anthropology eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132133287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We investigate the consequences of Ramadan on the incidence of work accidents. Using daily observations from 2003 to 2016, we exploit the solar rotation of Ramadan days (11 days backward each year) to assess the impact of Ramadan on accidents involving Muslim workers in Spain, estimating a decrease in injuries for these workers with no spillover effects on non Muslim workers (mainly South Americans and Romanians). We explain our results as mainly driven by adjustments at both the extensive and intensive margin in the labor market. We show that the effect is stronger where Ramadan is harsher (longer duration of the fasting day based on latitude), and in provinces where there is a higher concentration of naturalized Muslims. Based on our results, policies supporting religious diversity and reconciling religious practices with the working schedule might decrease health costs related to occupational injuries.
{"title":"The Ramadan Effect in the Workplace","authors":"P. Bertoli, V. Grembi, Judit Vall Castelló","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3587363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3587363","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate the consequences of Ramadan on the incidence of work accidents. Using daily observations from 2003 to 2016, we exploit the solar rotation of Ramadan days (11 days backward each year) to assess the impact of Ramadan on accidents involving Muslim workers in Spain, estimating a decrease in injuries for these workers with no spillover effects on non Muslim workers (mainly South Americans and Romanians). We explain our results as mainly driven by adjustments at both the extensive and intensive margin in the labor market. We show that the effect is stronger where Ramadan is harsher (longer duration of the fasting day based on latitude), and in provinces where there is a higher concentration of naturalized Muslims. Based on our results, policies supporting religious diversity and reconciling religious practices with the working schedule might decrease health costs related to occupational injuries.","PeriodicalId":120099,"journal":{"name":"Economic Anthropology eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130650037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Luis Enrique Ibarra-Morales, Laura Elena Woolfolk-Gallego, Bethania Irelia Meza-López, Edith Teresita Gelain-Rodríguez
La evaluacion de la calidad en el servicio se ha convertido en una herramienta muy poderosa para que las organizaciones logren, entre otros propositos, fidelizar a los clientes y ser mas competitivas. En un contexto particular; este articulo ofrece un estudio de caracter cuantitativo sobre la percepcion de los clientes en torno a la calidad en el servicio brindado por una cadena de cafe localizada en Hermosillo, Sonora. El objetivo general es hacer esta evaluacion a traves de la metodologia Servperf, en los establecimientos de cafe de una marca reconocida. Con este objetivo, fue necesario aplicar una encuesta a 750 clientes a fin de determinar que las pruebas de validez y consistencia interna de la escala fueron satisfactorias, con un alfa de Cronbach a nivel de 0.977. Para indagar sobre la estructura subyacente de los 25 items que integraron la encuesta, se empleo el analisis de componentes principales con rotacion Varimax, que revelo la existencia de dos variables que explican el 70.999 % de la varianza. Como parte de los resultados principales, se concluye que la encuesta adaptada a partir de la metodologia Servperf permitio evaluar de forma exitosa la calidad en el servicio otorgado por la cadena de cafe y el nivel de satisfaccion global del cliente; asi lo determino el coeficiente de correlacion Rho de Spearman, con un alto porcentaje de correlacion (74.3?%) entre ambas variables. Por ultimo, la dimension que centro la confianza y la capacidad de respuesta fue la que obtuvo una mayor correlacion (0.578), con respecto a la dimension de empatia y tangibles (0.410). ****** Service quality evaluation has become a very powerful tool for organizations to achieve, among other purposes, customer loyalty and competitiveness. In a particular context, this article offers a quantitative study of customer perception of the service quality provided by a coffeehouse chain located in Hermosillo, Sonora. The general objective is to evaluate the quality of the service, through the Servperf methodology, in the coffee houses of a recognized brand. Consequently, a survey of 750 clients was required to determine that the validity and internal consistency tests of the scale were satisfactory, with a Cronbach's alpha at the level of 0.977. To investigate the underlying structure of the 25 items that made up the survey, a Varimax rotation in Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used, revealing the existence of two variables that explain 70.999 % of the variance. As part of the main results, it can be concluded that the adapted survey, based on the Servperf methodology, allowed for a successful evaluation of the quality of service provided by the coffeehouse chain and the level of overall customer satisfaction, as determined by Spearman's Rho correlation coefficient, with a high percentage of correlation (74.3%) between both variables. Finally, the confidence and responsiveness dimension had a higher correlation (0.578) than the empathy and tangible dimension (0.41
服务质量评估已经成为组织实现客户忠诚度和更具竞争力的一个非常强大的工具。在特定的背景下;在这一过程中，我们发现了一种新的方法，通过这种方法，顾客对服务质量的感知与他们对服务质量的感知相匹配。总体目标是通过Servperf方法对知名品牌的咖啡馆进行评估。为此，有必要对750名客户进行调查，以确定量表的效度和内部一致性测试令人满意，Cronbach alpha水平为0.977。在本研究中，我们分析了25个项目的基本结构，采用方差旋转的主成分分析，揭示了两个变量的存在，解释了70.999%的方差。作为主要结果的一部分，我们得出结论，采用Servperf方法的调查成功地评估了咖啡连锁店提供的服务质量和整体客户满意度水平;这是由Spearman的Rho相关系数决定的，这两个变量之间的相关百分比很高(74.3%)。最后，以信任和反应为中心的维度与同理心和有形维度(0.410)的相关性最高(0.578)。******服务质量评估已成为组织实现客户忠诚度和竞争力等目标的非常有力的工具。在一个特定的背景下，本文对位于索诺拉埃莫西略的连锁咖啡店提供的服务质量的顾客感知进行了定量研究。总体目标是通过Servperf方法评估知名品牌咖啡店的服务质量。因此，需要对750名客户进行调查，以确定该量表的有效性和内部一致性测试令人满意，Cronbach的alpha值为0.977。为了调查构成调查的25个项目的基本结构，采用了主成分分析(PCA)中的方差旋转，揭示了存在两个变量，可以解释70.999%的方差。As part of the main结果,it can be concluded that the adapted测绘,based on the Servperf方法,为成功evaluation of the quality of service提供coffeehouse chain and the level of全面customer满意,As果决by Spearman ' sρcorrelation coefficient, correlation with a high百分比(74.3%)between both变数。最后,the confidence and responsiveness dimension,到高等correlation有形的(0.578)than the empathy and dimension(0.410)。
{"title":"Evaluation of the Service Quality: A Practical Experience in a Coffeehouse Chain (Evaluación De La Calidad En El Servicio: Una Aplicación Práctica En Un Establecimiento De Café)","authors":"Luis Enrique Ibarra-Morales, Laura Elena Woolfolk-Gallego, Bethania Irelia Meza-López, Edith Teresita Gelain-Rodríguez","doi":"10.22430/24223182.1430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22430/24223182.1430","url":null,"abstract":"La evaluacion de la calidad en el servicio se ha convertido en una herramienta muy poderosa para que las organizaciones logren, entre otros propositos, fidelizar a los clientes y ser mas competitivas. En un contexto particular; este articulo ofrece un estudio de caracter cuantitativo sobre la percepcion de los clientes en torno a la calidad en el servicio brindado por una cadena de cafe localizada en Hermosillo, Sonora. El objetivo general es hacer esta evaluacion a traves de la metodologia Servperf, en los establecimientos de cafe de una marca reconocida. Con este objetivo, fue necesario aplicar una encuesta a 750 clientes a fin de determinar que las pruebas de validez y consistencia interna de la escala fueron satisfactorias, con un alfa de Cronbach a nivel de 0.977. Para indagar sobre la estructura subyacente de los 25 items que integraron la encuesta, se empleo el analisis de componentes principales con rotacion Varimax, que revelo la existencia de dos variables que explican el 70.999 % de la varianza. Como parte de los resultados principales, se concluye que la encuesta adaptada a partir de la metodologia Servperf permitio evaluar de forma exitosa la calidad en el servicio otorgado por la cadena de cafe y el nivel de satisfaccion global del cliente; asi lo determino el coeficiente de correlacion Rho de Spearman, con un alto porcentaje de correlacion (74.3?%) entre ambas variables. Por ultimo, la dimension que centro la confianza y la capacidad de respuesta fue la que obtuvo una mayor correlacion (0.578), con respecto a la dimension de empatia y tangibles (0.410). ****** Service quality evaluation has become a very powerful tool for organizations to achieve, among other purposes, customer loyalty and competitiveness. In a particular context, this article offers a quantitative study of customer perception of the service quality provided by a coffeehouse chain located in Hermosillo, Sonora. The general objective is to evaluate the quality of the service, through the Servperf methodology, in the coffee houses of a recognized brand. Consequently, a survey of 750 clients was required to determine that the validity and internal consistency tests of the scale were satisfactory, with a Cronbach's alpha at the level of 0.977. To investigate the underlying structure of the 25 items that made up the survey, a Varimax rotation in Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used, revealing the existence of two variables that explain 70.999 % of the variance. As part of the main results, it can be concluded that the adapted survey, based on the Servperf methodology, allowed for a successful evaluation of the quality of service provided by the coffeehouse chain and the level of overall customer satisfaction, as determined by Spearman's Rho correlation coefficient, with a high percentage of correlation (74.3%) between both variables. Finally, the confidence and responsiveness dimension had a higher correlation (0.578) than the empathy and tangible dimension (0.41","PeriodicalId":120099,"journal":{"name":"Economic Anthropology eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133254858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-30DOI: 10.34218/ijm.11.1.2020.005
Makna Ani Marlia, Rahmi Fahmy, H. Lukito, Ratni Prima Lita
This paper aims to explore the role of a visionary leader in rebuilding the city's civilization dubbed the ghost town as a result of being abandoned by its inhabitants because of the cessation of mining activity in Sawahlunto City. This mayor-level visionary leader's role is considered successful as an example of a successful visionary leader for achievement in reviving the dying city and making the city a growing economy. The methodology used in this study is a literature review and a comprehensive library review and case study approach. The collecting data were conducted by interviewing some local communities and women entrepreneurs in Sawahlunto to strengthen this study. The interview was recorded in video recording.The success of the visionary leader begins with the success of the leader on the city's vision. The regulatory legitimacy becomes a reference and common goal in building the city. The success is associated with the vision implementation sustainability through real action by the next leadership’s successor encompasses the key success factor. The success is indicated by the achievement gained in 2019 as one of the world Heritage Sites by UNESCO. However, some questions are proposed related to the city’s vision sustainability on age and destination, the forming of cadres of leadership, and the next leader’s vision commitment
{"title":"Visionary Leadership Role: Building a Ghost Town Civilization","authors":"Makna Ani Marlia, Rahmi Fahmy, H. Lukito, Ratni Prima Lita","doi":"10.34218/ijm.11.1.2020.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34218/ijm.11.1.2020.005","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to explore the role of a visionary leader in rebuilding the city's civilization dubbed the ghost town as a result of being abandoned by its inhabitants because of the cessation of mining activity in Sawahlunto City. This mayor-level visionary leader's role is considered successful as an example of a successful visionary leader for achievement in reviving the dying city and making the city a growing economy. The methodology used in this study is a literature review and a comprehensive library review and case study approach. The collecting data were conducted by interviewing some local communities and women entrepreneurs in Sawahlunto to strengthen this study. The interview was recorded in video recording.The success of the visionary leader begins with the success of the leader on the city's vision. The regulatory legitimacy becomes a reference and common goal in building the city. The success is associated with the vision implementation sustainability through real action by the next leadership’s successor encompasses the key success factor. The success is indicated by the achievement gained in 2019 as one of the world Heritage Sites by UNESCO. However, some questions are proposed related to the city’s vision sustainability on age and destination, the forming of cadres of leadership, and the next leader’s vision commitment","PeriodicalId":120099,"journal":{"name":"Economic Anthropology eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126070738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines several dimensions of the financing behavior of subsidiary of diversified firms and of their comparable single-segment firms. To investigate this, we use two balanced panels of 636-euro area firms each, over the 2004-2017 period. Our empirical analysis document that subsidiary firms are, on average, 6.07 percent more leveraged and exhibit a 2.80 percent lower cost of capital than their comparable stand-alone peers. Both types of firms have preferred target capital structures proxied by the medians of their industry leverage ratios. Results also document that stand-alone firms adjust their capital structures to their preferred leverage ratios at an 8.71 percent higher speed than ICM members. The paper contributes to the literature providing evidence on the role of incentives and informational asymmetries on firms financing behavior.
{"title":"Does Internal Capital Market Membership Matter for Financing Behavior? Evidence from the Euro Area","authors":"Jorge H. F. Mota, Mário Coutinho dos Santos","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3532122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3532122","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines several dimensions of the financing behavior of subsidiary of diversified firms and of their comparable single-segment firms. To investigate this, we use two balanced panels of 636-euro area firms each, over the 2004-2017 period. Our empirical analysis document that subsidiary firms are, on average, 6.07 percent more leveraged and exhibit a 2.80 percent lower cost of capital than their comparable stand-alone peers. Both types of firms have preferred target capital structures proxied by the medians of their industry leverage ratios. Results also document that stand-alone firms adjust their capital structures to their preferred leverage ratios at an 8.71 percent higher speed than ICM members. The paper contributes to the literature providing evidence on the role of incentives and informational asymmetries on firms financing behavior.","PeriodicalId":120099,"journal":{"name":"Economic Anthropology eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126844809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Kadiyala, E. Aurino, C. Cirillo, C. Srinivasan, G. Zanello
Adolescence and early adulthood are periods of major biological, economic and social transitions for rural youth. They provide a critical window of opportunity for addressing chronic nutritional deficits from childhood, for “catch-up�? growth, for providing a solid foundation for a healthy productive and reproductive life, and for arresting the intergenerational transmission of malnutrition. In this study we show that rural transformation processes are associated with improvements in rural youth nutrition – malnutrition and underweight – in nearly all regions, although the pace of change varies considerably across countries. Most low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are faced with the double burden of malnutrition and overweight/obesity, and in some countries this double burden is increasing, with the prevalence of underweight and overweight/obesity rising concurrently. The effect of rural transformation processes on rural youth nutrition is mediated by its effects on the external and personal domains of the “food environment�?. Transformation of agri-food systems are bringing about large changes in the diets of rural youth in LMICs, and particularly of the younger age groups, who appear to be witnessing rapid dietary transitions. The Young Lives dataset suggest that certain near-universal changes in patterns of dietary and nutrient intake patterns can be discerned in LMICs, although the pace of change varies. Dietary transitions are also driven by “globalisation influences�? – especially dissemination of information through digital/social media and food industry advertising and marketing strategies – even in countries with low/slow rural transformation. Our results show that rural transformation processes can have both positive and negative effects on rural youth nutrition in LMICs. Despite the globalisation influences of international trade and agri-food systems, dietary changes in individual LMICs are still influenced by national policies and production patterns. Understanding the pathways to impact of rural transformation on rural youth nutrition is crucial for designing “nutrition-sensitive�? rural transformation policies.
{"title":"IFAD RESEARCH SERIES 50 Rural Transformation and the Double Burden of Malnutrition Among Rural Youth in Developing Countries","authors":"S. Kadiyala, E. Aurino, C. Cirillo, C. Srinivasan, G. Zanello","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3523118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3523118","url":null,"abstract":"Adolescence and early adulthood are periods of major biological, economic and social transitions for rural youth. They provide a critical window of opportunity for addressing chronic nutritional deficits from childhood, for “catch-up�? growth, for providing a solid foundation for a healthy productive and reproductive life, and for arresting the intergenerational transmission of malnutrition. In this study we show that rural transformation processes are associated with improvements in rural youth nutrition – malnutrition and underweight – in nearly all regions, although the pace of change varies considerably across countries. Most low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are faced with the double burden of malnutrition and overweight/obesity, and in some countries this double burden is increasing, with the prevalence of underweight and overweight/obesity rising concurrently. The effect of rural transformation processes on rural youth nutrition is mediated by its effects on the external and personal domains of the “food environment�?. Transformation of agri-food systems are bringing about large changes in the diets of rural youth in LMICs, and particularly of the younger age groups, who appear to be witnessing rapid dietary transitions. The Young Lives dataset suggest that certain near-universal changes in patterns of dietary and nutrient intake patterns can be discerned in LMICs, although the pace of change varies. Dietary transitions are also driven by “globalisation influences�? – especially dissemination of information through digital/social media and food industry advertising and marketing strategies – even in countries with low/slow rural transformation. Our results show that rural transformation processes can have both positive and negative effects on rural youth nutrition in LMICs. Despite the globalisation influences of international trade and agri-food systems, dietary changes in individual LMICs are still influenced by national policies and production patterns. Understanding the pathways to impact of rural transformation on rural youth nutrition is crucial for designing “nutrition-sensitive�? rural transformation policies.","PeriodicalId":120099,"journal":{"name":"Economic Anthropology eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125676491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Entrepreneurship is an opportunity for aspiring creative individual to stand on one’s own legs independently so as to secure one’s livelihood and generate wealth with self esteem. Entrepreneurial avenues are either established models on the market or otherwise innovative new ideas to start-ups. This study is an attempt to explore traditional and modern entrepreneurial options and opportunities for the Library and Information Science (LIS) professionals so as to predict and forecast the commercial and professional self employments in the emerging digital era. The conventional self employment of library and information science field includes book indexing, publishing and selling, binding, lending libraries, bibliotherapy, content writing and reviewing, subject bibliographies based on demand and anticipating needs of the users and others. The convergence of science and technology directed libraries has brought about a shift from paper library to digital library which subsume typical online jobs like electronic publishing, webometric services, library oriented software developments, citation analysis, big data analytics, information brokerage, etc. Competent LIS Professionals can choose any of the above said library related freelance assignments and sustain successfully in their business endeavours.
{"title":"Analysing Entrepreneurial Avenues for Library and Information Science Professionals: Indian and International Perspective","authors":"Perumal Alagiri, M. Visalatchi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3519116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3519116","url":null,"abstract":"Entrepreneurship is an opportunity for aspiring creative individual to stand on one’s own legs independently so as to secure one’s livelihood and generate wealth with self esteem. Entrepreneurial avenues are either established models on the market or otherwise innovative new ideas to start-ups. This study is an attempt to explore traditional and modern entrepreneurial options and opportunities for the Library and Information Science (LIS) professionals so as to predict and forecast the commercial and professional self employments in the emerging digital era. The conventional self employment of library and information science field includes book indexing, publishing and selling, binding, lending libraries, bibliotherapy, content writing and reviewing, subject bibliographies based on demand and anticipating needs of the users and others. The convergence of science and technology directed libraries has brought about a shift from paper library to digital library which subsume typical online jobs like electronic publishing, webometric services, library oriented software developments, citation analysis, big data analytics, information brokerage, etc. Competent LIS Professionals can choose any of the above said library related freelance assignments and sustain successfully in their business endeavours.","PeriodicalId":120099,"journal":{"name":"Economic Anthropology eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115730427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Juan Carlos Jurado Jurado, Rodrigo de J. García Estrada
Based on the most important historiography, this article reviews the economic history of the region of Antioquia during the period 1760-1810, showing the most significant changes in the structures and, particularly, in the dynamic relations between different economic sectors. Bearing in mind the differentiation and specialization of the different Neogranadine regions, the particularities of the Antioquia case are evident, characterized by the sustained growth of the population, an accelerated process of miscegenation, the decomposition of slavery, and the predominance of a free and multiethnic population. It was precisely this economic agent which allowed to understand the development of gold mining in the hands of the so-called “mazamorreros”, whose consumption capacity explains the proliferation of people engaged in trade and, in turn, the creation of an internal market.
{"title":"La economía antioqueña antes de la Independencia, 1760-1821 (Economy in Antioquia before Independence, 1760-1821)","authors":"Juan Carlos Jurado Jurado, Rodrigo de J. García Estrada","doi":"10.21789/24222704.1561","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21789/24222704.1561","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the most important historiography, this article reviews the economic history of the region of Antioquia during the period 1760-1810, showing the most significant changes in the structures and, particularly, in the dynamic relations between different economic sectors. Bearing in mind the differentiation and specialization of the different Neogranadine regions, the particularities of the Antioquia case are evident, characterized by the sustained growth of the population, an accelerated process of miscegenation, the decomposition of slavery, and the predominance of a free and multiethnic population. It was precisely this economic agent which allowed to understand the development of gold mining in the hands of the so-called “mazamorreros”, whose consumption capacity explains the proliferation of people engaged in trade and, in turn, the creation of an internal market.","PeriodicalId":120099,"journal":{"name":"Economic Anthropology eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126151118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Population ageing requires a better-educated workforce capable of producing more of the goods and services consumed by a fast-rising number of old dependent individuals. At the same time, an ageing society badly needs its educated youth to rapidly become economically productive. In other words, the opportunity cost of educating young adults, particularly on a full-time basis, is on the rise. This paper argues that, in an ageing society, the challenge of policy-making is to find ways to foster education while limiting the time young adults spend in full-time tertiary education. In many countries, this probably implies compressing the theoretical duration of degrees (BA in 2 years instead of 3, MA in 4 years instead of 5) and introducing age-based financial incentives to reduce the time to graduation. For instance, the State subsidy (a grant) could be turned into an interest-charging loan beyond the age of 22. In all countries, the challenge is also to rediscover the virtues of massive continuing/part-time/evening education : a formula that enables people who work to acquire/update skills at a very low opportunity cost. The financing of the direct costs of massive continuing education could take the form of State/employer-subsidised educational stipends granted to adults every 5 years beyond the age of 22.
{"title":"Ageing Calls for Shorter Full-Time Tertiary Education and Increased Continuing Education","authors":"V. Vandenberghe","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3520778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3520778","url":null,"abstract":"Population ageing requires a better-educated workforce capable of producing more of the goods and services consumed by a fast-rising number of old dependent individuals. At the same time, an ageing society badly needs its educated youth to rapidly become economically productive. In other words, the opportunity cost of educating young adults, particularly on a full-time basis, is on the rise. This paper argues that, in an ageing society, the challenge of policy-making is to find ways to foster education while limiting the time young adults spend in full-time tertiary education. In many countries, this probably implies compressing the theoretical duration of degrees (BA in 2 years instead of 3, MA in 4 years instead of 5) and introducing age-based financial incentives to reduce the time to graduation. For instance, the State subsidy (a grant) could be turned into an interest-charging loan beyond the age of 22. In all countries, the challenge is also to rediscover the virtues of massive continuing/part-time/evening education : a formula that enables people who work to acquire/update skills at a very low opportunity cost. The financing of the direct costs of massive continuing education could take the form of State/employer-subsidised educational stipends granted to adults every 5 years beyond the age of 22.","PeriodicalId":120099,"journal":{"name":"Economic Anthropology eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124103105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The big ten banks in Ghana are too profitable (in terms of what is socially optimal) and they earn much higher profits compared to other industries. Their excess profits are being made at the expense of the public and that they should contribute toward the public finances. We propose a bank tax that not only taxes the profits of banks but also aims to tax short term borrowing of banks, while assessing the individual and systemic bank risks in Ghana. We also investigate why the National Fiscal Stabilisation Levy (NFSL) should remain in place for banks in Ghana and gauge its impact on bank returns and profits. Specifically, we propose a bank tax of 1% of total liabilities net of equity and insured deposits or 5% of profit before tax, whichever is higher. It is estimated to raise revenue of about GHc 220 million per year, more than the amount of aid that Ghana receives every year. Our research has policy implications not only for Ghana but for all the developing countries that have a banking sector earning hefty profits.
{"title":"Profits and Risks of Banks in a Developing Country: A Case for Bank Taxation in Ghana","authors":"S. Chaudhry","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3510697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3510697","url":null,"abstract":"The big ten banks in Ghana are too profitable (in terms of what is socially optimal) and they earn much higher profits compared to other industries. Their excess profits are being made at the expense of the public and that they should contribute toward the public finances. We propose a bank tax that not only taxes the profits of banks but also aims to tax short term borrowing of banks, while assessing the individual and systemic bank risks in Ghana. We also investigate why the National Fiscal Stabilisation Levy (NFSL) should remain in place for banks in Ghana and gauge its impact on bank returns and profits. Specifically, we propose a bank tax of 1% of total liabilities net of equity and insured deposits or 5% of profit before tax, whichever is higher. It is estimated to raise revenue of about GHc 220 million per year, more than the amount of aid that Ghana receives every year. Our research has policy implications not only for Ghana but for all the developing countries that have a banking sector earning hefty profits.","PeriodicalId":120099,"journal":{"name":"Economic Anthropology eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134241337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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