We develop a sociologically and politically grounded multi-scale mensuration framework for residential segregation in urban India. Our rich dataset that we use to illustrate our framework contains independent India’s first census-scale enumeration (n ≈ 60million) and coding of elementary caste categories (≈ 700 jatis). Using household-level data, we delineate the first large-n portrait (≈ 45, 000 neighborhood units) of how ghettos and enclaves in India are the warp and weft of a common spatially ordered fabric. We find systematic evidence for persistent spatial marginalization of Muslims and Dalits (the formerly “untouchable” caste groups).
{"title":"A Relative Entropy Framework for Residential Segregation in Urban India","authors":"N. Bharathi, D. Malghan, Andaleeb Rahman","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3661263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3661263","url":null,"abstract":"We develop a sociologically and politically grounded multi-scale mensuration framework for \u0000residential segregation in urban India. Our rich dataset that we use to illustrate our framework contains independent India’s first census-scale enumeration (n ≈ 60million) and coding \u0000of elementary caste categories (≈ 700 jatis). Using household-level data, we delineate the \u0000first large-n portrait (≈ 45, 000 neighborhood units) of how ghettos and enclaves in India \u0000are the warp and weft of a common spatially ordered fabric. We find systematic evidence for \u0000persistent spatial marginalization of Muslims and Dalits (the formerly “untouchable” caste \u0000groups).","PeriodicalId":120099,"journal":{"name":"Economic Anthropology eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120979258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Obesity is a problem that affects not only developing countries, but also middle-income countries. Using anthropometric and socioeconomic information, I analyzed the relationship between obesity and employment and wages in Peru, a country that has shown rapid economic growth in the last decade. The results show that an increase in the body mass index (BMI) has a negative relationship with the probability of women working (-0.3 percentage points, on average), particularly among married women and those living in urban areas. In the case of men, no statistically significant relationship is observed. Regarding monthly wages, an increase in BMI is associated with a 0.8% reduction in women's wages (US$ 2.3, on average). This effect is seen in the upper part of the wages distribution and among those who are in the BMI obesity range. In the case of men, the effect is positive and significant (additional US$ 4.5, on average) in most of the subgroups analyzed. These results are similar to those observed in the international literature.
{"title":"Obesity and Labor Market in Peru","authors":"Roy Nuñez","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3668482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3668482","url":null,"abstract":"Obesity is a problem that affects not only developing countries, but also middle-income countries. Using anthropometric and socioeconomic information, I analyzed the relationship between obesity and employment and wages in Peru, a country that has shown rapid economic growth in the last decade. The results show that an increase in the body mass index (BMI) has a negative relationship with the probability of women working (-0.3 percentage points, on average), particularly among married women and those living in urban areas. In the case of men, no statistically significant relationship is observed. Regarding monthly wages, an increase in BMI is associated with a 0.8% reduction in women's wages (US$ 2.3, on average). This effect is seen in the upper part of the wages distribution and among those who are in the BMI obesity range. In the case of men, the effect is positive and significant (additional US$ 4.5, on average) in most of the subgroups analyzed. These results are similar to those observed in the international literature.","PeriodicalId":120099,"journal":{"name":"Economic Anthropology eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132626740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Using a sample of stocks experiencing large price changes in 40 countries over 20 years, we investigate the association between investors’ traits that vary by national culture – overconfidence, conservatism, and risk tolerance – and proposed theoretical explanations for short-term equity returns following large price shocks. We find that, consistent with the uncertain information hypothesis, investors in cultures with lower levels of risk tolerance overreact more to negative and less to positive price shocks than investors in more risk-tolerant cultures. We fail to find evidence of overreaction in more individualistic (overconfident) cultures; or underreaction in less trusting (more conservative) cultures. Differences in formal institutions across countries, such as short-selling restrictions and insider trading laws, also help explain variation in returns after price shocks. We use an instrumental variable approach to demonstrate causation. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of both informal and formal institutions to understand investors’ reaction to unanticipated information.
{"title":"Equity Returns After Large Price Shocks: Global Evidence","authors":"K. Brady, Luis García‐Feijóo, P. Monteiro","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3459152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3459152","url":null,"abstract":"Using a sample of stocks experiencing large price changes in 40 countries over 20 years, we investigate the association between investors’ traits that vary by national culture – overconfidence, conservatism, and risk tolerance – and proposed theoretical explanations for short-term equity returns following large price shocks. We find that, consistent with the uncertain information hypothesis, investors in cultures with lower levels of risk tolerance overreact more to negative and less to positive price shocks than investors in more risk-tolerant cultures. We fail to find evidence of overreaction in more individualistic (overconfident) cultures; or underreaction in less trusting (more conservative) cultures. Differences in formal institutions across countries, such as short-selling restrictions and insider trading laws, also help explain variation in returns after price shocks. We use an instrumental variable approach to demonstrate causation. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of both informal and formal institutions to understand investors’ reaction to unanticipated information.","PeriodicalId":120099,"journal":{"name":"Economic Anthropology eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128603580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One of the most popular and widely used frameworks in strategic management is SWOT analysis (or SWOT hereafter), which represents the analysis of “strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.” SWOT helps identify the positive and negative factors in the external and internal environment of an organization. The primary goal of SWOT is to conduct a situation analysis in order to identify the key issues, problems, or challenges facing the organization and to develop insights into the strategic direction of the organization. SWOT has become widely accepted not only in the business and private sector but also in the public and non-profit sectors, such as the government, schools, hospitals, NGOs, and international organizations. The framework provides a synthesis and logical structure that is clear, objective, comprehensive, and relatively easy to implement. However, the simplicity of SWOT can be a double-edged sword. While praising the convenience of SWOT thanks to its simplicity, SWOT users have also criticized the oversimplified results and processes included in SWOT analyses. In today’s dynamic and rapidly changing environment, the strengths of an organization can become weaknesses, while a threat can become an opportunity.
{"title":"Balanced SWOT: Revisiting SWOT Analysis through Failure Management and Success Management","authors":"Junesoo Lee, Seung-Joo Lee, Kwon Jung","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3612519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3612519","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most popular and widely used frameworks in strategic management is SWOT analysis (or SWOT hereafter), which represents the analysis of “strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.” SWOT helps identify the positive and negative factors in the external and internal environment of an organization. The primary goal of SWOT is to conduct a situation analysis in order to identify the key issues, problems, or challenges facing the organization and to develop insights into the strategic direction of the organization. SWOT has become widely accepted not only in the business and private sector but also in the public and non-profit sectors, such as the government, schools, hospitals, NGOs, and international organizations. The framework provides a synthesis and logical structure that is clear, objective, comprehensive, and relatively easy to implement. However, the simplicity of SWOT can be a double-edged sword. While praising the convenience of SWOT thanks to its simplicity, SWOT users have also criticized the oversimplified results and processes included in SWOT analyses. In today’s dynamic and rapidly changing environment, the strengths of an organization can become weaknesses, while a threat can become an opportunity.","PeriodicalId":120099,"journal":{"name":"Economic Anthropology eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122503463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I investigate how the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) monitors firms by analyzing internet downloads of regulatory filings by SEC employees. I find that SEC employees respond to negative financial reporting events, such as restatements and spikes in negative media coverage, by monitoring the peers of focal firms (“Regulatory Spillover”). This is consistent with the SEC using peer information to identify potential violators. However, there is less spillover when peer firms are assigned to different regional or industry offices, even when those offices are located within the same building, suggesting that SEC employees are poor at sharing information across organizational boundaries. Further, firms with names later in the alphabet are less likely to be monitored, indicating that SEC employees use simple heuristics when prioritizing targets. These findings contribute to the literature by exploring the monitoring activities through which the SEC identifies noncompliance and by identifying frictions that impair efficient monitoring.
{"title":"Regulatory Spillover and Monitoring Frictions at the SEC","authors":"Lorien Stice-Lawrence","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3485468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3485468","url":null,"abstract":"I investigate how the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) monitors firms by analyzing internet downloads of regulatory filings by SEC employees. I find that SEC employees respond to negative financial reporting events, such as restatements and spikes in negative media coverage, by monitoring the peers of focal firms (“Regulatory Spillover”). This is consistent with the SEC using peer information to identify potential violators. However, there is less spillover when peer firms are assigned to different regional or industry offices, even when those offices are located within the same building, suggesting that SEC employees are poor at sharing information across organizational boundaries. Further, firms with names later in the alphabet are less likely to be monitored, indicating that SEC employees use simple heuristics when prioritizing targets. These findings contribute to the literature by exploring the monitoring activities through which the SEC identifies noncompliance and by identifying frictions that impair efficient monitoring.","PeriodicalId":120099,"journal":{"name":"Economic Anthropology eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121693544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Events in Singapore have shone a spotlight on the rarely discussed issue of corporate governance in a members’ voluntary winding up and the related question of corporate governance in insolvent liquidation. First, a series of related litigation concerning the liquidator’s conduct and the right of minority shareholder/creditor led to the question of whether the statutory derivative action is available in a winding up. The Singapore Court of Appeal concluded that it is not. Second, the recently passed Insolvency, Restructuring and Dissolution Act 2018 continued with the old policy of excluding members’ voluntary winding up from the requirement that the liquidator must be a licensed insolvency professional. This article discusses the two questions within the broader context of corporate governance in winding up. Through analysing the governance structures in winding up and comparing that with governance structures in going concerns, this article supports the Court of Appeal’s decision beyond the specific reasons given in the judgment, and argues that sound governance in members’ voluntary winding up is seriously undermined by allowing non-professionals to act as liquidators.
{"title":"Corporate Governance in Winding Up — Statutory Derivative Actions and Professional Liquidators","authors":"Meng Seng Wee, Yan Yu Kiu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3586127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3586127","url":null,"abstract":"Events in Singapore have shone a spotlight on the rarely discussed issue of corporate governance in a members’ voluntary winding up and the related question of corporate governance in insolvent liquidation. First, a series of related litigation concerning the liquidator’s conduct and the right of minority shareholder/creditor led to the question of whether the statutory derivative action is available in a winding up. The Singapore Court of Appeal concluded that it is not. Second, the recently passed Insolvency, Restructuring and Dissolution Act 2018 continued with the old policy of excluding members’ voluntary winding up from the requirement that the liquidator must be a licensed insolvency professional. This article discusses the two questions within the broader context of corporate governance in winding up. Through analysing the governance structures in winding up and comparing that with governance structures in going concerns, this article supports the Court of Appeal’s decision beyond the specific reasons given in the judgment, and argues that sound governance in members’ voluntary winding up is seriously undermined by allowing non-professionals to act as liquidators.","PeriodicalId":120099,"journal":{"name":"Economic Anthropology eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126681386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines the effect of the early adoption of technology on the evolution of human capital and on industrialization, in the context of Britain’s Industrial Revolution. It shows that wrights, a group of highly skilled mechanical craftsmen, who specialized in water-powered machinery in 1710-50, was quite persistent over time and evolved in the early middle ages, in response to the adoption of water-power technology, first widely recorded in 1086 in the Domesday Book survey. Furthermore, our results suggest that in turn, the availability of physical infrastructure and of highly skilled wrights in locations that adopted watermills in the Middle Ages, jointly were a major factor in determining the location of English industry since the end of the thirteenth century, all the way to the eve of the Industrial Revolution.
{"title":"The Wheels of Change: Technology Adoption, Millwrights, and Persistence in Britain’s Industrialization","authors":"Joel Mokyr, A. Sarid, Karine van der Beek","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3488587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3488587","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the effect of the early adoption of technology on the evolution of human capital and on industrialization, in the context of Britain’s Industrial Revolution. It shows that wrights, a group of highly skilled mechanical craftsmen, who specialized in water-powered machinery in 1710-50, was quite persistent over time and evolved in the early middle ages, in response to the adoption of water-power technology, first widely recorded in 1086 in the Domesday Book survey. Furthermore, our results suggest that in turn, the availability of physical infrastructure and of highly skilled wrights in locations that adopted watermills in the Middle Ages, jointly were a major factor in determining the location of English industry since the end of the thirteenth century, all the way to the eve of the Industrial Revolution.","PeriodicalId":120099,"journal":{"name":"Economic Anthropology eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116039732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper analyses the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights regarding conflicts generated by the confrontation between the employee’s right to privacy and the employer’s powers. Also, it provides definitions and limitations on the right to privacy, as well as general rules, principles, and guidelines for the resolution of this type of conflict. The research aims to identify specific general criteria that may provide useful references at a comparable level, to be used in settlement of possible violations of the employees’ right to privacy that occur on a real level through the exercise of corporate powers. The study of the jurisprudence shows a shared reality at a comparable level due to the emergence of conflicts between the employee’s non-specific labour rights and corporate powers. At the same time, specific guidelines are drawn up for the resolution of these cases, which may well be applicable in various legal systems.
{"title":"The Employee’s Right to Privacy and the Employer’s Powers: Recent Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights","authors":"F. Rosenbaum","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3586825","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3586825","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyses the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights regarding conflicts generated by the confrontation between the employee’s right to privacy and the employer’s powers. Also, it provides definitions and limitations on the right to privacy, as well as general rules, principles, and guidelines for the resolution of this type of conflict. \u0000 \u0000The research aims to identify specific general criteria that may provide useful references at a comparable level, to be used in settlement of possible violations of the employees’ right to privacy that occur on a real level through the exercise of corporate powers. \u0000 \u0000The study of the jurisprudence shows a shared reality at a comparable level due to the emergence of conflicts between the employee’s non-specific labour rights and corporate powers. At the same time, specific guidelines are drawn up for the resolution of these cases, which may well be applicable in various legal systems.","PeriodicalId":120099,"journal":{"name":"Economic Anthropology eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126822475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study identifies the causal effect of pension generosity on women’s fertility behavior. It capitalizes on Brazil’s expansion of the pension system to rural workers, whose pension wealth subsequently more than tripled. Difference-in-difference, instrumental variable, and event study methods show that the pension reform reduces the propensity of childbearing of women of fertile age by 8 percent in the short run. Completed fertility declines by 1.3 children within 20 years after the reform, reducing the contribution base of the pay-as-you-go long run. The fertility response is strongest at higher birth parities, among older women, and among mothers with sons. (JEL H55, I38, J13, J16, O15)
{"title":"Pensions and Fertility: Micro-Economic Evidence","authors":"A. Danzer, Lennard Zyska","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3551490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3551490","url":null,"abstract":"This study identifies the causal effect of pension generosity on women’s fertility behavior. It capitalizes on Brazil’s expansion of the pension system to rural workers, whose pension wealth subsequently more than tripled. Difference-in-difference, instrumental variable, and event study methods show that the pension reform reduces the propensity of childbearing of women of fertile age by 8 percent in the short run. Completed fertility declines by 1.3 children within 20 years after the reform, reducing the contribution base of the pay-as-you-go long run. The fertility response is strongest at higher birth parities, among older women, and among mothers with sons. (JEL H55, I38, J13, J16, O15)","PeriodicalId":120099,"journal":{"name":"Economic Anthropology eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117124447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The concept of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) being adopted by Government is a positive move towards economic development. SEZs are areas granted special privileges in a country specifically for economic development through foreign business persons to invest into that country. The privileges include special investment policies such as tax easing, financial support and issuance of work permits and special support in infrastructure. Major businesses which usually fall under SEZs are manufacturing, agriculture, commerce, tourism. If implemented accordingly, they assist in employment creation and economic development. There is need to ensure that laws and regulations which address issues of gender, working conditions, human rights and security are well expounded and put into place to avoid their failure. It should be noted that creation of SEZs should not be viewed as a substitute for the country’s large trade and investments reforms as these may lead to total failure of trade policy.
{"title":"Special Economic Zones in Developing Countries: Challenges and Opportunities for Zimbabwe.","authors":"Levious Chiukira","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3545662","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3545662","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) being adopted by Government is a positive move towards economic development. SEZs are areas granted special privileges in a country specifically for economic development through foreign business persons to invest into that country. The privileges include special investment policies such as tax easing, financial support and issuance of work permits and special support in infrastructure. Major businesses which usually fall under SEZs are manufacturing, agriculture, commerce, tourism. If implemented accordingly, they assist in employment creation and economic development. There is need to ensure that laws and regulations which address issues of gender, working conditions, human rights and security are well expounded and put into place to avoid their failure. It should be noted that creation of SEZs should not be viewed as a substitute for the country’s large trade and investments reforms as these may lead to total failure of trade policy.<br>","PeriodicalId":120099,"journal":{"name":"Economic Anthropology eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131932159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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