The present paper sheds light on the motives of economic migrants―an aspect that has not been discussed at a general level so far. Previous work has only focused on specific fields of interest and used different terminologies, hence impeding comparison and the synthesis of findings across studies. Derived from theoretical, empirical, and analytical research outcomes, the paper concludes that economic migrants’ movements are influenced by the socio-demographic factors of ‘age’ and ‘education’ and are motivated by both the economic motives of ‘expected income’ and ‘employment’ and the economic-related motives of ‘corruption’, ‘amenities’ and ‘happiness’. Furthermore, these motives reveal a typical profile of economic migrants: a typical economic migrant is characterized by being of working age, highly educated and male, and by wishing to migrate to developed countries to achieve a fulfilling life.
{"title":"Motives for economic migration: a review","authors":"Kerstin Mitterbacher","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3947794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3947794","url":null,"abstract":"The present paper sheds light on the motives of economic migrants―an aspect that has not been discussed at a general level so far. Previous work has only focused on specific fields of interest and used different terminologies, hence impeding comparison and the synthesis of findings across studies. Derived from theoretical, empirical, and analytical research outcomes, the paper concludes that economic migrants’ movements are influenced by the socio-demographic factors of ‘age’ and ‘education’ and are motivated by both the economic motives of ‘expected income’ and ‘employment’ and the economic-related motives of ‘corruption’, ‘amenities’ and ‘happiness’. Furthermore, these motives reveal a typical profile of economic migrants: a typical economic migrant is characterized by being of working age, highly educated and male, and by wishing to migrate to developed countries to achieve a fulfilling life.","PeriodicalId":120099,"journal":{"name":"Economic Anthropology eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124795880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents an economic growth model based on the positive externalities generated by the accumulations of physical and human capital. Such externalities imply, at the macroeconomic level, increasing returns to scale. The model helps to better understand the Colombian economic growth process from 2005-2019, and make conditional forecasts. One of the big obstacles in Colombia to have higher growth rates of the per capita product in the long term is everything that is slowing down a higher human capital growth rate and a greater creation of externalities derived from human capital, that is, everything that is hindering improvements in coverage and quality of the educational process.
{"title":"Could the Colombian Economy Grow Faster? How it Would be Possible?","authors":"Carlos Esteban Posada","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3947439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3947439","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an economic growth model based on the positive externalities generated by the accumulations of physical and human capital. Such externalities imply, at the macroeconomic level, increasing returns to scale. The model helps to better understand the Colombian economic growth process from 2005-2019, and make conditional forecasts. One of the big obstacles in Colombia to have higher growth rates of the per capita product in the long term is everything that is slowing down a higher human capital growth rate and a greater creation of externalities derived from human capital, that is, everything that is hindering improvements in coverage and quality of the educational process.","PeriodicalId":120099,"journal":{"name":"Economic Anthropology eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129940492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The association between social trust and long-run economic growth is well-documented. However, which determinants of growth are affected by social trust remains an open question. This paper therefore explores to which extent social trust affects the rate of factor accumulation versus productivity improvements. Previous studies indicate that social trust could affect both the accumulation of physical and human capital and the rate of productivity increases. Existing literature also indicates that part of the growth effects may be due to how trust affects the quality of formal institutions. The effects of trust are estimated in a panel of 64 countries observed in five-year periods between 1977 and 2017, using growth accounting to separate patterns of growth. The results unequivocally show that social trust predominantly affects long-run growth by affecting the growth of productivity and that only a small share of that effect runs through the effects of trust on formal institutions.
{"title":"Social Trust and Patterns of Growth","authors":"C. Bjørnskov","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3895905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3895905","url":null,"abstract":"The association between social trust and long-run economic growth is well-documented. However, which determinants of growth are affected by social trust remains an open question. This paper therefore explores to which extent social trust affects the rate of factor accumulation versus productivity improvements. Previous studies indicate that social trust could affect both the accumulation of physical and human capital and the rate of productivity increases. Existing literature also indicates that part of the growth effects may be due to how trust affects the quality of formal institutions. The effects of trust are estimated in a panel of 64 countries observed in five-year periods between 1977 and 2017, using growth accounting to separate patterns of growth. The results unequivocally show that social trust predominantly affects long-run growth by affecting the growth of productivity and that only a small share of that effect runs through the effects of trust on formal institutions.","PeriodicalId":120099,"journal":{"name":"Economic Anthropology eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132201252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper develops an industrial-organizational framework for understanding how violence shapes wealth and institutions. In the modeled Hobbesian society, parties acquire wealth via violence or the threat of it. Under certain conditions they can Pareto improve their welfare by creating a government for peace-keeping. With deep checks and balances built in, the system neutralizes violence in economic transactions paving the road to a market economy. The work explains the prime origin of power and power foundation of institutions. It predicts institutional diversity and instability and has strong policy implications for pressing domestic and international issues.
{"title":"Violence, Wealth and Institutions: The Nature of and Road to the Market","authors":"Yijiang Wang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3879968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3879968","url":null,"abstract":"This paper develops an industrial-organizational framework for understanding how violence shapes wealth and institutions. In the modeled Hobbesian society, parties acquire wealth via violence or the threat of it. Under certain conditions they can Pareto improve their welfare by creating a government for peace-keeping. With deep checks and balances built in, the system neutralizes violence in economic transactions paving the road to a market economy. The work explains the prime origin of power and power foundation of institutions. It predicts institutional diversity and instability and has strong policy implications for pressing domestic and international issues.","PeriodicalId":120099,"journal":{"name":"Economic Anthropology eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125389769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In Ghana, West Africa, the rise of the COVID-19 pandemic coincided with the national election year. This paper analyses the intersection of pandemic-related fiscal interventions and the electoral calendar, analysing how this temporal confluence shaped the kind of mechanisms of redistribution adopted during the pandemic. The NPP government, known for its right-leaning ‘pro-business’ approach to economic policy-making, designed fiscal interventions that did not effectively address the lower-income sectors of the society, while some of these interventions, including 50% subsidy of water and electricity bills for businesses, appealed to their elite and middle-class voting base. Combining insights from the anthropology of tax and macroeconomics, we raise broader questions about the diversity of tools needed to effectively combat multi-dimensional poverty in Ghana, including the role of direct cash transfers. Ultimately, we argue that Ghana’s pandemic-related fiscal interventions speak to the historical class politics at the heart of state-citizen fiscal relations.
{"title":"Fiscal Relations, Class Politics, and the Election Year in Ghana’s COVID-19 Context","authors":"King Carl Tornam Duho, Anna-Riikka Kauppinen","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3885997","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3885997","url":null,"abstract":"In Ghana, West Africa, the rise of the COVID-19 pandemic coincided with the national election year. This paper analyses the intersection of pandemic-related fiscal interventions and the electoral calendar, analysing how this temporal confluence shaped the kind of mechanisms of redistribution adopted during the pandemic. The NPP government, known for its right-leaning ‘pro-business’ approach to economic policy-making, designed fiscal interventions that did not effectively address the lower-income sectors of the society, while some of these interventions, including 50% subsidy of water and electricity bills for businesses, appealed to their elite and middle-class voting base. Combining insights from the anthropology of tax and macroeconomics, we raise broader questions about the diversity of tools needed to effectively combat multi-dimensional poverty in Ghana, including the role of direct cash transfers. Ultimately, we argue that Ghana’s pandemic-related fiscal interventions speak to the historical class politics at the heart of state-citizen fiscal relations.","PeriodicalId":120099,"journal":{"name":"Economic Anthropology eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123416830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Oskar Lange's contributions to the socialist calculation debate have long permeated the economic sphere. The claim that Lange's new 'revolutionary' model of socialist economics has overcome the need for markets of all kinds is mere myth, and in this paper I expose those myths.
{"title":"A Critique of the Lange Model","authors":"Craig Duddy","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3870418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3870418","url":null,"abstract":"Oskar Lange's contributions to the socialist calculation debate have long permeated the economic sphere. The claim that Lange's new 'revolutionary' model of socialist economics has overcome the need for markets of all kinds is mere myth, and in this paper I expose those myths.","PeriodicalId":120099,"journal":{"name":"Economic Anthropology eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123148057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper discusses the actual relevance and historical origins or ‘competition universalism’. In economics, competition is conceptualized as a nearly ubiquitous element of societies, or, at least, used to study a wide array of social and political relations, including competition between firms for market shares, between individuals for prestige, countries for resources, athletes for victory, or politicians for influence. This trend towards ‘competition universalism’ was facilitated by the increasing dominance of an economic approach that places less weight on descriptive accuracy and a consideration so socio-historical specificities, but instead focuses on the development of general and tractable mathematical models. Thereby, the paper links the trend to competition universalism to developments in the epistemological orientation in economics. It first explicates the historical genesis of competition universalism, then discusses the extent it has reached today, and concludes with critical remarks and the proposition of an alternative, more particularist approach to study competition.
{"title":"Competition Universalism: Its Historical Origins and Timely Alternatives","authors":"Claudius Gräbner, Stephan Puehringer","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3856905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3856905","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the actual relevance and historical origins or ‘competition universalism’. In economics, competition is conceptualized as a nearly ubiquitous element of societies, or, at least, used to study a wide array of social and political relations, including competition between firms for market shares, between individuals for prestige, countries for resources, athletes for victory, or politicians for influence. This trend towards ‘competition universalism’ was facilitated by the increasing dominance of an economic approach that places less weight on descriptive accuracy and a consideration so socio-historical specificities, but instead focuses on the development of general and tractable mathematical models. Thereby, the paper links the trend to competition universalism to developments in the epistemological orientation in economics. It first explicates the historical genesis of competition universalism, then discusses the extent it has reached today, and concludes with critical remarks and the proposition of an alternative, more particularist approach to study competition.","PeriodicalId":120099,"journal":{"name":"Economic Anthropology eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117198249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While there is research on the effect of ideology on organizational hiring, much of that research treats this interaction as a uniform response at the broad organizational level stemming from ideological actions. By treating ideology as a construct that is equally salient across all situations, rather than examining in which situations it is most salient and the role of ideological asymmetries, management scholars miss important organizational insights. One such example of ideological asymmetry is the hiring and retention of a marginal employee in an organization, in which performance criteria are less important than supervisor discretion. This paper demonstrates that teams owned by Republican NBA owners will hire marginal white players over and beyond what performance differences would suggest. This has important implications for organizational scholars, since these hiring differences cannot be resolved through market forces if it is owners themselves that have such an outsized effect.
{"title":"Other Than the Racism, I Liked the City: The Role of Ideology in Organizational Hiring","authors":"W. Robertson, Xabier Barriola","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3842140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3842140","url":null,"abstract":"While there is research on the effect of ideology on organizational hiring, much of that research treats this interaction as a uniform response at the broad organizational level stemming from ideological actions. By treating ideology as a construct that is equally salient across all situations, rather than examining in which situations it is most salient and the role of ideological asymmetries, management scholars miss important organizational insights. One such example of ideological asymmetry is the hiring and retention of a marginal employee in an organization, in which performance criteria are less important than supervisor discretion. This paper demonstrates that teams owned by Republican NBA owners will hire marginal white players over and beyond what performance differences would suggest. This has important implications for organizational scholars, since these hiring differences cannot be resolved through market forces if it is owners themselves that have such an outsized effect.","PeriodicalId":120099,"journal":{"name":"Economic Anthropology eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129882033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As governments push for universal adoption of broadband Internet service, policies must address the fact that many households with access to the service do not to subscribe to it. Lower adoption rates in some minority communities are one cause for concern. A confounding factor with respect to race is that it is often correlated with income, education, and other factors that drive Internet adoption in the home. Do these differences in socio-economic resources fully explain the difference in adoption rates? In this BULLETIN, I decompose the effects of socio-economic factors on broadband adoption distinct from the effects of race. My analysis finds that differences in socio-economic resources like income and education do relatively little to explain the differences in adoption among racial groups. The demand for broadband appears to be influenced by unobserved factors correlated with race. It appears, therefore, that addressing the lack of adoption of the Internet at home may require remedial measures targeting specific minority groups rather than uniform policies that address socio-economic resources like income.
{"title":"Race and Broadband Adoption: A Decomposition Analysis","authors":"George S. Ford","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3855870","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3855870","url":null,"abstract":"As governments push for universal adoption of broadband Internet service, policies must address the fact that many households with access to the service do not to subscribe to it. Lower adoption rates in some minority communities are one cause for concern. A confounding factor with respect to race is that it is often correlated with income, education, and other factors that drive Internet adoption in the home. Do these differences in socio-economic resources fully explain the difference in adoption rates? In this BULLETIN, I decompose the effects of socio-economic factors on broadband adoption distinct from the effects of race. My analysis finds that differences in socio-economic resources like income and education do relatively little to explain the differences in adoption among racial groups. The demand for broadband appears to be influenced by unobserved factors correlated with race. It appears, therefore, that addressing the lack of adoption of the Internet at home may require remedial measures targeting specific minority groups rather than uniform policies that address socio-economic resources like income.","PeriodicalId":120099,"journal":{"name":"Economic Anthropology eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116951402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The report entitled –“A Study on Inflation” elucidates inflation (or less frequently, price inflation) which is a general rise in the price level in an economy over a period of time. When the general price level rises, each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services; consequently, inflation reflects a reduction in the purchasing power per unit of money– a loss of real value in the medium of exchange and unit of account within the economy. The opposite of inflation is deflation, a sustained decrease in the general price level of goods and services. The common measure of inflation is the inflation rate, the annualized percentage change in a general price index, usually the consumer price index, over time.
Economists believe that very high rates of inflation and hyperinflation are harmful, and are caused by an excessive growth of the money supply. Views on which factors determine low to moderate rates of inflation are more varied. Low or moderate inflation may be attributed to fluctuations in real demand for goods and services, or changes in available supplies such as during scarcities. However, the consensus view is that a long sustained period of inflation is caused by money supply growing faster than the rate of economic growth.
Inflation affects economies in various positive and negative ways. The negative effects of inflation include an increase in the opportunity cost of holding money, uncertainty over future inflation which may discourage investment and savings, and if inflation were rapid enough, shortages of goods as consumers begin hoarding out of concern that prices will increase in the future. Positive effects include reducing unemployment due to nominal wage rigidity, allowing the central bank greater freedom in carrying out monetary policy, encouraging loans and investment instead of money hoarding, and avoiding the inefficiencies associated with deflation.
Today, most economists favor a low and steady rate of inflation.Low (as opposed to zero or negative) inflation reduces the severity of economic recessions by enabling the labor market to adjust more quickly in a downturn, and reduces the risk that a liquidity trap prevents monetary policy from stabilizing the economy. The task of keeping the rate of inflation low and stable is usually given to monetary authorities. Generally, these monetary authorities are the central banks that control monetary policy through the setting of interest rates, through open market operations, and through the setting of banking reserve requirements.
{"title":"A Study on Inflation","authors":"Remesh Vp","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3816410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3816410","url":null,"abstract":"The report entitled –“A Study on Inflation” elucidates inflation (or less frequently, price inflation) which is a general rise in the price level in an economy over a period of time.<br> When the general price level rises, each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services; consequently, inflation reflects a reduction in the purchasing power per unit of money– a loss of real value in the medium of exchange and unit of account within the economy. The opposite of inflation is deflation, a sustained decrease in the general price level of goods and services. The common measure of inflation is the inflation rate, the annualized percentage change in a general price index, usually the consumer price index, over time.<br><br>Economists believe that very high rates of inflation and hyperinflation are harmful, and are caused by an excessive growth of the money supply. Views on which factors determine low to moderate rates of inflation are more varied. Low or moderate inflation may be attributed to fluctuations in real demand for goods and services, or changes in available supplies such as during scarcities. However, the consensus view is that a long sustained period of inflation is caused by money supply growing faster than the rate of economic growth.<br><br>Inflation affects economies in various positive and negative ways. The negative effects of inflation include an increase in the opportunity cost of holding money, uncertainty over future inflation which may discourage investment and savings, and if inflation were rapid enough, shortages of goods as consumers begin hoarding out of concern that prices will increase in the future. Positive effects include reducing unemployment due to nominal wage rigidity, allowing the central bank greater freedom in carrying out monetary policy, encouraging loans and investment instead of money hoarding, and avoiding the inefficiencies associated with deflation.<br><br>Today, most economists favor a low and steady rate of inflation.Low (as opposed to zero or negative) inflation reduces the severity of economic recessions by enabling the labor market to adjust more quickly in a downturn, and reduces the risk that a liquidity trap prevents monetary policy from stabilizing the economy. The task of keeping the rate of inflation low and stable is usually given to monetary authorities. Generally, these monetary authorities are the central banks that control monetary policy through the setting of interest rates, through open market operations, and through the setting of banking reserve requirements.","PeriodicalId":120099,"journal":{"name":"Economic Anthropology eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134100878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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