Pub Date : 2022-10-30DOI: 10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967056
Brian Sang, H. Wen, Pranav Gupta, Arash Shokouhmand, Samiha Khan, J. Puma, Amisha Patel, Philip Green, Negar Tavassolian, Farrokh Ayazi
Second heart sound (S2) splitting can potentially be used as an indicator for diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases. One example is S2 paradoxical splitting, which can occur when the pulmonic sound (P2) occurs before the aortic sound (A2). However, current means of capturing S2 sounds are not sensitive enough for quantification of A2 and P2. In this paper, we present that S2 's acoustic signatures can be captured accurately using a wearable hermetically sealed sensitive accelerometer contact microphone (ACM) MEMS device. Smoothed Pseudo Wigner-Ville distribution is used to extract the S2 splitting interval. This methodology has been used to capture S2 splitting from patients with varying BMI and used to identify paradoxical splitting from patients with known heart diseases such as aortic stenosis.
{"title":"Detection of Normal and Paradoxical Splitting in Second Heart Sound (S2) using a Wearable Accelerometer Contact Microphone","authors":"Brian Sang, H. Wen, Pranav Gupta, Arash Shokouhmand, Samiha Khan, J. Puma, Amisha Patel, Philip Green, Negar Tavassolian, Farrokh Ayazi","doi":"10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967056","url":null,"abstract":"Second heart sound (S2) splitting can potentially be used as an indicator for diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases. One example is S2 paradoxical splitting, which can occur when the pulmonic sound (P2) occurs before the aortic sound (A2). However, current means of capturing S2 sounds are not sensitive enough for quantification of A2 and P2. In this paper, we present that S2 's acoustic signatures can be captured accurately using a wearable hermetically sealed sensitive accelerometer contact microphone (ACM) MEMS device. Smoothed Pseudo Wigner-Ville distribution is used to extract the S2 splitting interval. This methodology has been used to capture S2 splitting from patients with varying BMI and used to identify paradoxical splitting from patients with known heart diseases such as aortic stenosis.","PeriodicalId":120357,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Sensors","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132827472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-30DOI: 10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967215
Ananya Srivastava, Yuanji Tian, A. Bittner, A. Dehé
A macroscopic photoacoustic gas sensing (PAS) system, along with the design considerations, are presented in this paper. The system is based on the indirect PAS principle. The system consists of a black body IR emitter, suitable optical windows for radiation transmission and a highly sensitive detector in the form of a microphone. A first prototype and its optimized version, for the CO2 PAS measurements, are subsequently developed and characterized. The prototypes are used for CO2 concentration measurements in the range of 0–5000 ppm. The length of the whole system is 8–15 cm, with the length of the variable measurement volume 5–12 cm. With the 5 cm long measurement volume, 10 ppm resolution is achieved for the second prototype. With the lock-in integration time of 307 seconds, the theoretical limit of detection (LOD) of 37 ppb is achieved.
{"title":"Design and Characterization of Macroscopic Indirect Photoacoustic Gas Sensor","authors":"Ananya Srivastava, Yuanji Tian, A. Bittner, A. Dehé","doi":"10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967215","url":null,"abstract":"A macroscopic photoacoustic gas sensing (PAS) system, along with the design considerations, are presented in this paper. The system is based on the indirect PAS principle. The system consists of a black body IR emitter, suitable optical windows for radiation transmission and a highly sensitive detector in the form of a microphone. A first prototype and its optimized version, for the CO2 PAS measurements, are subsequently developed and characterized. The prototypes are used for CO2 concentration measurements in the range of 0–5000 ppm. The length of the whole system is 8–15 cm, with the length of the variable measurement volume 5–12 cm. With the 5 cm long measurement volume, 10 ppm resolution is achieved for the second prototype. With the lock-in integration time of 307 seconds, the theoretical limit of detection (LOD) of 37 ppb is achieved.","PeriodicalId":120357,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Sensors","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133265981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-30DOI: 10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967119
L. Comella, F. Goldschmidtboeing, Johannes Klueppel, Eiko Hager, P. Woias
Climate change threatens our forest ecosystems. As they provide several social and economic benefits and can mitigate climate change itself, strategies to keep them healthy must be developed. Therefore, in this work, an innovative sensing method is proposed to monitor tree development continuously through two key parameters to model forest growth: Leaf Area Index (LAI) and Photosynthetic Active Radiation (PAR). Outbreaking is the possibility that the newly developed sensor system gives to measure both parameters simultaneously with the same sensor component: the spectral microsensor AS7341. The microsensor, integrated on a compact sensor node, permits automatic measurements over extensive areas, without the need of an operator. It is exclusively powered with solar cells, making it suitable for long-time deployment and over-seasonal measurements. It can be distributed over extensive areas and at different levels of the tree crown. The developed technology permits the continuous acquisition of data opening new possibilities in modeling and monitoring the effect of heat waves and droughts on vegetation in an unprecedented manner.
{"title":"An innovative sensor for the simultaneous measurement of Photosynthetic Active Radiation (PAR) and Leaf Area Index (LAI)","authors":"L. Comella, F. Goldschmidtboeing, Johannes Klueppel, Eiko Hager, P. Woias","doi":"10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967119","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change threatens our forest ecosystems. As they provide several social and economic benefits and can mitigate climate change itself, strategies to keep them healthy must be developed. Therefore, in this work, an innovative sensing method is proposed to monitor tree development continuously through two key parameters to model forest growth: Leaf Area Index (LAI) and Photosynthetic Active Radiation (PAR). Outbreaking is the possibility that the newly developed sensor system gives to measure both parameters simultaneously with the same sensor component: the spectral microsensor AS7341. The microsensor, integrated on a compact sensor node, permits automatic measurements over extensive areas, without the need of an operator. It is exclusively powered with solar cells, making it suitable for long-time deployment and over-seasonal measurements. It can be distributed over extensive areas and at different levels of the tree crown. The developed technology permits the continuous acquisition of data opening new possibilities in modeling and monitoring the effect of heat waves and droughts on vegetation in an unprecedented manner.","PeriodicalId":120357,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Sensors","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132238897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-30DOI: 10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967345
Xuran Zhu, Qi Zhang, M. Matlin, Yizheng Chen, Ying Yang, Tingxuan Li, Wenge Zhu, Yongji Wu, Huijuan Zhao, Rich Pollack, Marek Urban, Hai Xiao
This paper presents a plug & play, battery-free, and wireless sensor technology to enable low-cost indoor temperature and humidity measurements for energy-efficient building controls and operations. The proposed technology is based on the method of all-digital sensing, which powers the sensor to operate without on-node signal processing and battery. By integrating the sensor nodes with the radio frequency identification (RFID) technology, the sensor nodes can be wirelessly interrogated in a “plug & play” fashion. The sensing system was experimentally verified in a BACnet based building management system (BMS).
{"title":"All-digital Plug and Play Passive RFID Sensors for Indoor Temperature and Humidity Monitoring","authors":"Xuran Zhu, Qi Zhang, M. Matlin, Yizheng Chen, Ying Yang, Tingxuan Li, Wenge Zhu, Yongji Wu, Huijuan Zhao, Rich Pollack, Marek Urban, Hai Xiao","doi":"10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967345","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a plug & play, battery-free, and wireless sensor technology to enable low-cost indoor temperature and humidity measurements for energy-efficient building controls and operations. The proposed technology is based on the method of all-digital sensing, which powers the sensor to operate without on-node signal processing and battery. By integrating the sensor nodes with the radio frequency identification (RFID) technology, the sensor nodes can be wirelessly interrogated in a “plug & play” fashion. The sensing system was experimentally verified in a BACnet based building management system (BMS).","PeriodicalId":120357,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Sensors","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133789916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-30DOI: 10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967030
Zhibin Liu, N. Stevens, Miguel Heredia Conde
Visible Light Positioning (VLP) as a class of Optical Wireless Positioning (OWP) has been increasingly studied due to the massive installation of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) in recent years. A passive Time-of-Flight (ToF) camera can work as a receiver in VLP systems because it can demodulate the received modulated optical signals. In this work, we aim to combine VLP technology and ToF cameras to achieve unprece-dented positioning accuracy. To this end, a VLP experimental framework consisting of five LED modules modulated by a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) and a passive ToF camera is constructed. A fusion algorithm is proposed and experimentally validated that combines the Angle Of Arrival (AOA) algorithm leveraging the knowledge of the lens normals of the ToF camera and the Time Difference Of Arrival (TDOA) algorithm based on the hybrid Chan/Taylor series expansion method. In the end, we demonstrate through extensive experiments that the positioning accuracy using the fusion algorithm is higher than that using a single positioning algorithm.
{"title":"Visible Light Positioning Using Arrays of Time-of- Flight Pixels","authors":"Zhibin Liu, N. Stevens, Miguel Heredia Conde","doi":"10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967030","url":null,"abstract":"Visible Light Positioning (VLP) as a class of Optical Wireless Positioning (OWP) has been increasingly studied due to the massive installation of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) in recent years. A passive Time-of-Flight (ToF) camera can work as a receiver in VLP systems because it can demodulate the received modulated optical signals. In this work, we aim to combine VLP technology and ToF cameras to achieve unprece-dented positioning accuracy. To this end, a VLP experimental framework consisting of five LED modules modulated by a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) and a passive ToF camera is constructed. A fusion algorithm is proposed and experimentally validated that combines the Angle Of Arrival (AOA) algorithm leveraging the knowledge of the lens normals of the ToF camera and the Time Difference Of Arrival (TDOA) algorithm based on the hybrid Chan/Taylor series expansion method. In the end, we demonstrate through extensive experiments that the positioning accuracy using the fusion algorithm is higher than that using a single positioning algorithm.","PeriodicalId":120357,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Sensors","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116872279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-30DOI: 10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967249
S. Ahmadi, D. Maddipatla, V. Palaniappan, H. Emani, Sajjad Hajian, Q. Wu, M. Atashbar
Thick electrodes with condensed active materials have been employed to increase volumetric and gravimetric capacity/energy density of lithium ion batteries (LIBs) for electric vehicle (EV) applications. However, thick electrodes suffer from low ionic transportation at high current rates during charging process. Introduction of channels along the thickness of the electrode to make 3-dimensional (3D) architectures leads to better performance under fast charging conditions when compared to baseline electrodes without channels. This can be attributed to the fact that the main factor limiting capacity density at high rates of charging is the diffusion of lithium ions across the cell. 3D channel architectures facilitates a large pathway for ionic transportation that leads to an overall reduction in cell internal impedance, electrode tortuosity and increased active surface area, resulting in better electrochemical and cycling performance. In this paper, a laser patterning process was employed to create channels (in the z-direction) along the thickness of a 74 µm thick electrode made of Philips graphite with 26% porosity. The rate performance test results demonstrated an improvement of 47.6%/49.3% in gravimetric capacity density at extremely fast charging rates of 4C/6C when compared to the baseline electrode. The cycling performance test under 3C showed more than 3 times improvement in capacity retention after 200 cycles for the laser patterned electrode compared to the baseline electrode, indicating the superior performance of the laser-patterned electrodes.
{"title":"3D Architectures of a Thick Graphite Anode Enabled by Laser Patterning Process to Improve Capacity Density and Cycling Performance of LIBs","authors":"S. Ahmadi, D. Maddipatla, V. Palaniappan, H. Emani, Sajjad Hajian, Q. Wu, M. Atashbar","doi":"10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967249","url":null,"abstract":"Thick electrodes with condensed active materials have been employed to increase volumetric and gravimetric capacity/energy density of lithium ion batteries (LIBs) for electric vehicle (EV) applications. However, thick electrodes suffer from low ionic transportation at high current rates during charging process. Introduction of channels along the thickness of the electrode to make 3-dimensional (3D) architectures leads to better performance under fast charging conditions when compared to baseline electrodes without channels. This can be attributed to the fact that the main factor limiting capacity density at high rates of charging is the diffusion of lithium ions across the cell. 3D channel architectures facilitates a large pathway for ionic transportation that leads to an overall reduction in cell internal impedance, electrode tortuosity and increased active surface area, resulting in better electrochemical and cycling performance. In this paper, a laser patterning process was employed to create channels (in the z-direction) along the thickness of a 74 µm thick electrode made of Philips graphite with 26% porosity. The rate performance test results demonstrated an improvement of 47.6%/49.3% in gravimetric capacity density at extremely fast charging rates of 4C/6C when compared to the baseline electrode. The cycling performance test under 3C showed more than 3 times improvement in capacity retention after 200 cycles for the laser patterned electrode compared to the baseline electrode, indicating the superior performance of the laser-patterned electrodes.","PeriodicalId":120357,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Sensors","volume":"162 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116056836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-30DOI: 10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967035
M. Ghahramani, Iman Hosseini, D. Herath
Postural sway in older people can be indicative of risk of falling. Common sway assessment methods are either subjective or require expensive and obtrusive measuring devices. In this study, the performance of a Balance Mat prototype in postural sway assessment is compared against an inertial measurement unit sensor. A total of 20 older participants con-ducted six standing tests while standing on the Balance Mat and equipped with the sensor. Several spatio-temporal and frequency domain sway measures were derived from the Balance Mat and the sensor data and the correlation between the corresponding measures of the two devices were tested. The results show strong to very strong correlation between common sway assessment metrics of sway range, RMS, path, distance, jerk, velocity, and total power. This suggests that this device is effective in postural sway assessment. The Balance Mat can offer unique advantages in postural sway assessment due to its light weight, portability, and ease of use.
{"title":"Performance Analysis of a Postural Balance Assessment Mat Prototype Using Inertial Sensor","authors":"M. Ghahramani, Iman Hosseini, D. Herath","doi":"10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967035","url":null,"abstract":"Postural sway in older people can be indicative of risk of falling. Common sway assessment methods are either subjective or require expensive and obtrusive measuring devices. In this study, the performance of a Balance Mat prototype in postural sway assessment is compared against an inertial measurement unit sensor. A total of 20 older participants con-ducted six standing tests while standing on the Balance Mat and equipped with the sensor. Several spatio-temporal and frequency domain sway measures were derived from the Balance Mat and the sensor data and the correlation between the corresponding measures of the two devices were tested. The results show strong to very strong correlation between common sway assessment metrics of sway range, RMS, path, distance, jerk, velocity, and total power. This suggests that this device is effective in postural sway assessment. The Balance Mat can offer unique advantages in postural sway assessment due to its light weight, portability, and ease of use.","PeriodicalId":120357,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Sensors","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121601305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-30DOI: 10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967070
Ciao-Ming Tsai, Chitsung Hong, W. Kong, Wei-Huai Chiu, Cheng-Hao Ko, W. Fang
Since the coronavirus disease 2019 occurred, the lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) test strip has become a global testing tool for convenience and low cost. However, some studies have shown that LFIA strips perform poorly compared to other professional testing methods. This paper proposes a new method to improve the accuracy of LFIA strips using spectral signals. A spectrochip module is applied to disperse the reflected light from the LFIA strips. The obtained spectral signals will be used for supervised machine learning. After training, the trained model has 93.8% accuracy compared to the standard test. This result indicated that the evaluation method based on the spectrum of LFIA strips could enhance the detection performance.
{"title":"Detection of Antibodies for COVID-19 from Reflectance Spectrum Using Supervised Machine Learning","authors":"Ciao-Ming Tsai, Chitsung Hong, W. Kong, Wei-Huai Chiu, Cheng-Hao Ko, W. Fang","doi":"10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967070","url":null,"abstract":"Since the coronavirus disease 2019 occurred, the lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) test strip has become a global testing tool for convenience and low cost. However, some studies have shown that LFIA strips perform poorly compared to other professional testing methods. This paper proposes a new method to improve the accuracy of LFIA strips using spectral signals. A spectrochip module is applied to disperse the reflected light from the LFIA strips. The obtained spectral signals will be used for supervised machine learning. After training, the trained model has 93.8% accuracy compared to the standard test. This result indicated that the evaluation method based on the spectrum of LFIA strips could enhance the detection performance.","PeriodicalId":120357,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Sensors","volume":"2016 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125646825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-30DOI: 10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967356
Behnoush Rostami, K. Najafi
We present a new fabrication technique that provides a repeatable, uniform, and time-saving method for exposing and metallizing tip electrodes in out-of-plane neural probe arrays. In order to form active electrode sites for neural recording or stimulation, the insulation layers covering the electrodes must be selectively removed. In this process, an electroplated photoresist (EP) is used to conformally coat three-dimensional (3D) insulated silicon needles, followed by exposure and development of the resist. The resist is then used as a mask layer to remove insulation layers only around the tip of the needles. EP has several advantages as a masking layer, including uniform coverage, low deposition temperature, wide thickness range, chemical stability, and easy removal. We have used this method to de-insulate the tips of 0.5-1.5 mm long, $20 mumathrm{m}$-diameter silicon needles in a 3D neural recording array. We have simulated the electroplating process on these arrays using COMSOL to determine the feasibility of the technology.
我们提出了一种新的制造技术，为面外神经探针阵列的尖端电极的暴露和金属化提供了一种可重复、均匀和节省时间的方法。为了形成用于神经记录或刺激的活性电极位点，必须选择性地去除覆盖电极的绝缘层。在这个过程中，电镀光刻胶(EP)被用于三维(3D)绝缘硅针的保形涂层，然后曝光和显影光刻胶。然后将抗蚀剂用作掩膜层，仅去除针尖周围的绝缘层。EP作为掩蔽层具有覆盖均匀、沉积温度低、厚度范围宽、化学稳定性好、易于去除等优点。我们已经使用这种方法在3D神经记录阵列中对0.5-1.5 mm长，$20 mu mathm {m}$直径的硅针的尖端进行了去绝缘处理。我们使用COMSOL模拟了这些阵列的电镀过程，以确定该技术的可行性。
{"title":"Forming Tip Electrodes on 3D Neural Probe Arrays Using Electroplated Photoresist","authors":"Behnoush Rostami, K. Najafi","doi":"10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967356","url":null,"abstract":"We present a new fabrication technique that provides a repeatable, uniform, and time-saving method for exposing and metallizing tip electrodes in out-of-plane neural probe arrays. In order to form active electrode sites for neural recording or stimulation, the insulation layers covering the electrodes must be selectively removed. In this process, an electroplated photoresist (EP) is used to conformally coat three-dimensional (3D) insulated silicon needles, followed by exposure and development of the resist. The resist is then used as a mask layer to remove insulation layers only around the tip of the needles. EP has several advantages as a masking layer, including uniform coverage, low deposition temperature, wide thickness range, chemical stability, and easy removal. We have used this method to de-insulate the tips of 0.5-1.5 mm long, $20 mumathrm{m}$-diameter silicon needles in a 3D neural recording array. We have simulated the electroplating process on these arrays using COMSOL to determine the feasibility of the technology.","PeriodicalId":120357,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Sensors","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129646373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-30DOI: 10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967157
Gianmarco Gabrieli, Michal Muszynski, P. Ruch
A proof-of-concept system comprising a miniaturized sensor array, feature extraction and machine learning pipeline was evaluated for the direct quantification of the concentrations of three major cations, Ca2+, Mg2+, and Na+, in drinking water. Feature importance methods were applied to discover dependencies between the transient potentiometric responses of sensing materials and the cation concentrations. The proposed framework supports design of cross-sensitive sensor arrays to accelerate water testing, providing a complementary approach to traditional chemical analysis for monitoring water quality.
{"title":"Feature importance methods unveiling the cross-sensitive response of an integrated sensor array to quantify major cations in drinking water","authors":"Gianmarco Gabrieli, Michal Muszynski, P. Ruch","doi":"10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967157","url":null,"abstract":"A proof-of-concept system comprising a miniaturized sensor array, feature extraction and machine learning pipeline was evaluated for the direct quantification of the concentrations of three major cations, Ca2+, Mg2+, and Na+, in drinking water. Feature importance methods were applied to discover dependencies between the transient potentiometric responses of sensing materials and the cation concentrations. The proposed framework supports design of cross-sensitive sensor arrays to accelerate water testing, providing a complementary approach to traditional chemical analysis for monitoring water quality.","PeriodicalId":120357,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Sensors","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129219735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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