: International cargo transportation is largely dominated by shipping, and it is a crucial aspect. To minimize the negative impact on the environment, ships are expected to abide by strict regulations concerning greenhouse gas emissions. Many shipping companies are turning to Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) as a primary alternative fuel to reduce these emissions. This is because LNG has been found to have cleaner emissions than traditional fossil fuels. There have been several studies conducted to explore ways to implement LNG as a ship fuel effectively, but there is a lack of research on the specific reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from using LNG. This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the current state of LNG-powered ship development, including current applications, initiatives by the International Maritime Organization, existing challenges
{"title":"Critical Overview and Challenge of Representative LNG-Fuelled Ships on Potential GHG Emission Reduction","authors":"None Dian Purnama Sari, Tuswan Tuswan, Teguh Muttaqie, Meitha Soetardjo, None Totok Tri Putrastyo Murwatono, Ridwan Utina, Yuniati Yuniati, None Aditya Rio Prabowo, Saefulloh Misbahudin","doi":"10.5109/7151729","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5109/7151729","url":null,"abstract":": International cargo transportation is largely dominated by shipping, and it is a crucial aspect. To minimize the negative impact on the environment, ships are expected to abide by strict regulations concerning greenhouse gas emissions. Many shipping companies are turning to Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) as a primary alternative fuel to reduce these emissions. This is because LNG has been found to have cleaner emissions than traditional fossil fuels. There have been several studies conducted to explore ways to implement LNG as a ship fuel effectively, but there is a lack of research on the specific reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from using LNG. This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the current state of LNG-powered ship development, including current applications, initiatives by the International Maritime Organization, existing challenges","PeriodicalId":12085,"journal":{"name":"Evergreen","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135691581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
None Wardoyo, None D A Wulandari, Rahmat Firdaus, None Eko Arif Syaefudin
: This study aims to investigate the use of octane booster on pertalite (gasoline with an octane number of 90), analyze the effect of mixed storage time, and compare it with Pertamax (gasoline with an octane number of 92). The selected storage times are 0 weeks, two weeks, and four weeks. This research was started by adding an octane booster to pertalite, and a portion of the pertalite and octane booster mixture was stored for two weeks and four weeks. Samples were characterized by octane number, density, viscosity, torque, and engine power. The results showed that the performance of boosted pertalite increased, then decreased with increasing fuel storage time. The original Pertalite has an octane number of 89.9 and strengthened pertalite at 90.8. Then, after two weeks, it dropped to 90.5, then 90.4 in the fourth week. Pertalite viscosity was 0.630 cP, pertalite boost 0.589 cP, 0.593 cP in the second week, and 0.612 cP in the fourth week. Pure Pertalite 7.54 HP, boosted pertalite increased by 7.80 HP, in the second week 7.69 HP and 7.66 HP in the fourth week.
{"title":"Effect of Storage Time of Boosted Pertalite Fuel on Its Physical Properties to Improve Performance on a Single Cylinder 108.2 cc Petrol Engine","authors":"None Wardoyo, None D A Wulandari, Rahmat Firdaus, None Eko Arif Syaefudin","doi":"10.5109/7151763","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5109/7151763","url":null,"abstract":": This study aims to investigate the use of octane booster on pertalite (gasoline with an octane number of 90), analyze the effect of mixed storage time, and compare it with Pertamax (gasoline with an octane number of 92). The selected storage times are 0 weeks, two weeks, and four weeks. This research was started by adding an octane booster to pertalite, and a portion of the pertalite and octane booster mixture was stored for two weeks and four weeks. Samples were characterized by octane number, density, viscosity, torque, and engine power. The results showed that the performance of boosted pertalite increased, then decreased with increasing fuel storage time. The original Pertalite has an octane number of 89.9 and strengthened pertalite at 90.8. Then, after two weeks, it dropped to 90.5, then 90.4 in the fourth week. Pertalite viscosity was 0.630 cP, pertalite boost 0.589 cP, 0.593 cP in the second week, and 0.612 cP in the fourth week. Pure Pertalite 7.54 HP, boosted pertalite increased by 7.80 HP, in the second week 7.69 HP and 7.66 HP in the fourth week.","PeriodicalId":12085,"journal":{"name":"Evergreen","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135691584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: A manual calibration system for the solid-state DC voltage standard has been established at the National Measurement Standard (SNSU-BSN). The manual calibration was time-consuming, fatiguing, and difficult to collect data. To improve this measurement process, SNSU-BSN has developed an automatic calibration system for solid-state DC voltage standards using programmable software for data acquisition and a low thermal scanner for switching during the measurement. A differential measurement method is performed for automatic calibration system in 1.018 V and 10 V. This automatic calibration system has been validated with manual calibration mode for measurement repeatability in same environmental condition. The result shows that the standard uncertainties of repeatability for automatic and manual calibration at a nominal voltage of 1.018 V are 0.0035 μV and 0.0071 μV, and for a nominal voltage of 10 V are 0.090 μV and 0.038 μV, respectively. The normalized error (En number) values of nominal voltage 1.018 V and 10 V are less than 1, stating that the results of automatic and manual measurements are in good agreement. Therefore, the automatic measurement system can be applied to replace the manual process of measurement at SNSU-BSN since this method is faster and has better uncertainty values.
{"title":"Development of Automatic Calibration System for Solid-State DC Voltage Standards and Its Validation","authors":"Miftahul Munir, Muhammad Azzumar, Mohamad Syahadi, Hadi Sardjono, Asep Hapiddin, Lukluk Khairiyati, Hayati Amalia, None Nibras Fitrah Yayienda, None Ashri Khusnul Chotimah Alwahid Setiawan, Agah Faisal","doi":"10.5109/7151768","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5109/7151768","url":null,"abstract":": A manual calibration system for the solid-state DC voltage standard has been established at the National Measurement Standard (SNSU-BSN). The manual calibration was time-consuming, fatiguing, and difficult to collect data. To improve this measurement process, SNSU-BSN has developed an automatic calibration system for solid-state DC voltage standards using programmable software for data acquisition and a low thermal scanner for switching during the measurement. A differential measurement method is performed for automatic calibration system in 1.018 V and 10 V. This automatic calibration system has been validated with manual calibration mode for measurement repeatability in same environmental condition. The result shows that the standard uncertainties of repeatability for automatic and manual calibration at a nominal voltage of 1.018 V are 0.0035 μV and 0.0071 μV, and for a nominal voltage of 10 V are 0.090 μV and 0.038 μV, respectively. The normalized error (En number) values of nominal voltage 1.018 V and 10 V are less than 1, stating that the results of automatic and manual measurements are in good agreement. Therefore, the automatic measurement system can be applied to replace the manual process of measurement at SNSU-BSN since this method is faster and has better uncertainty values.","PeriodicalId":12085,"journal":{"name":"Evergreen","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135691591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
None Arief Heru Kuncoro, None Pramudya, None La Ode M. A. Wahid, Joko Santosa, Agus Nurrohim, None Aminuddin, None Nurry Widya Hesty, None Silvy Rahmah Fitri
{"title":"Fuel Demand Analysis on the Optimization of Sustainable Electricity System Expansion Planning 2021-2050 in West Kalimantan","authors":"None Arief Heru Kuncoro, None Pramudya, None La Ode M. A. Wahid, Joko Santosa, Agus Nurrohim, None Aminuddin, None Nurry Widya Hesty, None Silvy Rahmah Fitri","doi":"10.5109/7151717","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5109/7151717","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12085,"journal":{"name":"Evergreen","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135691593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: The Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) power generation system is a unique approach to heat recovery which substitutes an organic fluid with a low boiling point for water. To improve its lower thermal efficiency and maximum power generation, an Internal Heat Exchanger (IHE) is proposed after the expansion scroll expander. Using a small-scale scroll expander ORC testing facility as the simulation model, this study analyzes the net thermal efficiency and energy consumption of the ORC system with and without the IHE under conditions of equivalent power output. While the working fluid's outlet temperature in the evaporator was adjusted from 70 to 130 degrees Celsius, the outlet condenser temperature was kept constant at 55, 60, and 65 degrees Celsius. In the numerical simulation of the small-scale ORC, five distinct working fluids, including R245fa, R123, R1233zd, n-Pentane, and R141b were assessed. The results indicated that R245fa had the largest recuperation effect on the working fluid, followed by n-Pentane, R1233zd, R123, and R141b, with a total thermal energy reduction of 3.34 kW, 2.63 kW, 2.06 kW, 1.9 kW, and 0.92 kW, respectively. In conclusion, the installation of IHE in ORC units leads to improved thermal
{"title":"Small-Scale Organic Rankine Cycle Performance Using an Additional Heat Exchanger","authors":"Dwika Budianto, Budi Ismoyo, None Cahyadi, Euis Djubaedah, Arnas Lubis, None M. Idrus Alhamid","doi":"10.5109/7151720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5109/7151720","url":null,"abstract":": The Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) power generation system is a unique approach to heat recovery which substitutes an organic fluid with a low boiling point for water. To improve its lower thermal efficiency and maximum power generation, an Internal Heat Exchanger (IHE) is proposed after the expansion scroll expander. Using a small-scale scroll expander ORC testing facility as the simulation model, this study analyzes the net thermal efficiency and energy consumption of the ORC system with and without the IHE under conditions of equivalent power output. While the working fluid's outlet temperature in the evaporator was adjusted from 70 to 130 degrees Celsius, the outlet condenser temperature was kept constant at 55, 60, and 65 degrees Celsius. In the numerical simulation of the small-scale ORC, five distinct working fluids, including R245fa, R123, R1233zd, n-Pentane, and R141b were assessed. The results indicated that R245fa had the largest recuperation effect on the working fluid, followed by n-Pentane, R1233zd, R123, and R141b, with a total thermal energy reduction of 3.34 kW, 2.63 kW, 2.06 kW, 1.9 kW, and 0.92 kW, respectively. In conclusion, the installation of IHE in ORC units leads to improved thermal","PeriodicalId":12085,"journal":{"name":"Evergreen","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135691594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: The proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) has a higher power density, so it is suitable to be utilized for powering electric vehicles (EVs) and supporting the grid’s power balance and voltage stability. As its load will vary during operation, the PEMFC system have to manage the fuel feed following load variations. In this study, a dead-end anode-type PEMFC system with a rated power of 1 kW is used to investigate its performance under current loading rates of 0–28 A in steady-state conditions. From the test results, the empirical models were derived and simulated in MATLAB. The test is conducted by measuring the PEMFC stack’s current, voltage, hydrogen flow rate, and purging behavior. The experimental results show a nonlinear correlation between stack current and voltage as well as its efficiency of hydrogen consumption to the electricity generated. The hydrogen flow rate exhibits a linear relationship to the generated power output in normal operation, neglecting the purging flow rate. Meanwhile, the total consumed hydrogen, including purging process, performs an exponential result which indicates more hydrogen was consumed for purging. Moreover, the observed purging behavior shows that the load current affects the purging interval time in an exponential decay manner. Some possible control methods are then discussed to control the hydrogen flow that dynamically follow the load variation and enable a not-complete purge; thus, the hydrogen consumption could be optimized and the excess hydrogen during the purging could be minimized.
{"title":"Performance Test of 1 kW PEM Fuel Cell System to Determine Its Empirical Model","authors":"Khotimatul Fauziah, None Kurniawan, Asih Kurniasari, Yuli Astriani, Bayu Samodra, Didik Rostyono, None Eniya Listiani Dewi","doi":"10.5109/7151761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5109/7151761","url":null,"abstract":": The proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) has a higher power density, so it is suitable to be utilized for powering electric vehicles (EVs) and supporting the grid’s power balance and voltage stability. As its load will vary during operation, the PEMFC system have to manage the fuel feed following load variations. In this study, a dead-end anode-type PEMFC system with a rated power of 1 kW is used to investigate its performance under current loading rates of 0–28 A in steady-state conditions. From the test results, the empirical models were derived and simulated in MATLAB. The test is conducted by measuring the PEMFC stack’s current, voltage, hydrogen flow rate, and purging behavior. The experimental results show a nonlinear correlation between stack current and voltage as well as its efficiency of hydrogen consumption to the electricity generated. The hydrogen flow rate exhibits a linear relationship to the generated power output in normal operation, neglecting the purging flow rate. Meanwhile, the total consumed hydrogen, including purging process, performs an exponential result which indicates more hydrogen was consumed for purging. Moreover, the observed purging behavior shows that the load current affects the purging interval time in an exponential decay manner. Some possible control methods are then discussed to control the hydrogen flow that dynamically follow the load variation and enable a not-complete purge; thus, the hydrogen consumption could be optimized and the excess hydrogen during the purging could be minimized.","PeriodicalId":12085,"journal":{"name":"Evergreen","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135691596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: This study aims to show a trick to display the uniqueness of a steady program implied in irrigation telecontrol. The instrument comprises master terminal unit (MTU, master) and remote terminal unit (RTU). The MTU can exhibit the uniqueness of each instrument by inputting the RTU number. Then the program enters an array definition. The array definition makes every RTU seems unique and distinct from the others from the aspects of 1) MTU sim card number, 2) RTU sim card number, 3) background image, 4) farmer group, 5) farmer coordinator, 6) farming area name, and 7) display colour.
{"title":"A Method to Present the Uniqueness for Uniform Program Applied in Irrigation Telecontrol","authors":"Tatik Maftukhah, Sensus Wijonarko, None Purwowibowo, Dadang Rustandi, None Mahmudi, None Siddiq Wahyu Hidayat, None Jalu A. Prakosa, Emir Kartarajasa, None Ivan Mangaratua Siburian","doi":"10.5109/7151719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5109/7151719","url":null,"abstract":": This study aims to show a trick to display the uniqueness of a steady program implied in irrigation telecontrol. The instrument comprises master terminal unit (MTU, master) and remote terminal unit (RTU). The MTU can exhibit the uniqueness of each instrument by inputting the RTU number. Then the program enters an array definition. The array definition makes every RTU seems unique and distinct from the others from the aspects of 1) MTU sim card number, 2) RTU sim card number, 3) background image, 4) farmer group, 5) farmer coordinator, 6) farming area name, and 7) display colour.","PeriodicalId":12085,"journal":{"name":"Evergreen","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135691600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sarsenbek Montayev, Nurgul Montayeva, Ainur Taudaeva, Muratbai Ryskaliyev, Sabit Zharylgapov
{"title":"Investigation of the Compositional Raw Mixtures for Preparation of the Sintered Microporous Material and Mineral Feed Additives","authors":"Sarsenbek Montayev, Nurgul Montayeva, Ainur Taudaeva, Muratbai Ryskaliyev, Sabit Zharylgapov","doi":"10.5109/7151675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5109/7151675","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12085,"journal":{"name":"Evergreen","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135690298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: The present study aims to develop a tool based on the Life Cycle Assessment approach considering multiple environmental indicators that can be systematically used for environmental evaluation of water treatment plants, and to recognize the environmental weak points of the plant that in turn leads to the identification and implementation of sustainable national water management policies that augment in achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The quantitative environmental evaluation of the water treatment plant reveled that electricity consumption primarily contributes to the majority of impact areas and indicators. As a result, an emphasis needs to be made on the use of green electricity generated from renewable resources to offset environmental concerns.
{"title":"Life Cycle Assessment of a Water Treatment Plant based on Non-Conventional Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor Process","authors":"Shradha Sarraf, Surinder Deswal","doi":"10.5109/7151687","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5109/7151687","url":null,"abstract":": The present study aims to develop a tool based on the Life Cycle Assessment approach considering multiple environmental indicators that can be systematically used for environmental evaluation of water treatment plants, and to recognize the environmental weak points of the plant that in turn leads to the identification and implementation of sustainable national water management policies that augment in achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The quantitative environmental evaluation of the water treatment plant reveled that electricity consumption primarily contributes to the majority of impact areas and indicators. As a result, an emphasis needs to be made on the use of green electricity generated from renewable resources to offset environmental concerns.","PeriodicalId":12085,"journal":{"name":"Evergreen","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135690303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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