Pub Date : 2022-04-05DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2059109
Sabina Pederiva, Rosa Avolio, Sara Morello, M. Abete, Daniela Marchis
Abstract Early in this century, the crisis connected to the spread of bovine spongiform encephalopathy caused a great concern related to the use of animal by-products (ABPs). According to the Commission Regulation (EU) No 1069/2009, these materials are classified in three categories according to their related risk. In 2011 Commission Regulation (EU) No 142/2011 established that meat and bone meal (MBM) and fat deriving from ABPs not intended for human consumption (category 1 and 2) are required to be permanently marked with glyceroltriheptanoate (GTH), at a minimum concentration of 250 mg kg–1 of fat, while category 3 processed animal proteins (PAPs) must not contain this compound. PAPs are bio resources, which could be used in a renewable and regenerative way in a circular economy model for a conscious usage of raw materials. The aim of this study was to provide information on GTH occurrence in MBM and, if any, in PAPs. Samples were collected from 2017 to 2021 and analysed by GC-MS. Detected non-compliant samples were exclusively of MBM category 1 and 2, probably due to the addition of an inadequate amount of GTH during the manufacturing processes. These results highlighted the importance of National Monitoring Programs as a useful tool to minimise safety related risk due to the misuse of GTH. Thus, investigating the critical points in feed supply-chain and sharing the information on its occurrence may help to improve animal and human wellness and safety.
在本世纪初，与牛海绵状脑病传播有关的危机引起了与动物副产品(ABPs)使用有关的极大关注。根据欧盟委员会法规(EU) No 1069/2009，这些材料根据其相关风险分为三类。2011年欧盟委员会法规(EU) No 142/2011规定，非供人类食用(1类和2类)的肉骨粉(MBM)和来自ABPs的脂肪必须永久标记甘油三七酸酯(GTH)，最低脂肪浓度为250 mg kg-1，而3类加工动物蛋白(PAPs)不得含有该化合物。pap是生物资源，可以在循环经济模式中以可再生和再生的方式使用，以有意识地使用原材料。本研究的目的是提供GTH发生在MBM和pap(如果有的话)的信息。样品于2017年至2021年采集，并采用气相色谱-质谱分析。检测到的不合格样品仅为MBM 1类和2类，可能是由于在生产过程中添加的GTH量不足。这些结果突出了国家监测计划作为一种有用的工具的重要性，以尽量减少由于滥用GTH而导致的安全相关风险。因此，调查饲料供应链中的关键点并分享其发生的信息可能有助于改善动物和人类的健康和安全。
{"title":"Glyceroltriheptanoate (GTH) occurrence in animal by-products: a monitoring study to minimise safety-related risk of misuse","authors":"Sabina Pederiva, Rosa Avolio, Sara Morello, M. Abete, Daniela Marchis","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2022.2059109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2022.2059109","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Early in this century, the crisis connected to the spread of bovine spongiform encephalopathy caused a great concern related to the use of animal by-products (ABPs). According to the Commission Regulation (EU) No 1069/2009, these materials are classified in three categories according to their related risk. In 2011 Commission Regulation (EU) No 142/2011 established that meat and bone meal (MBM) and fat deriving from ABPs not intended for human consumption (category 1 and 2) are required to be permanently marked with glyceroltriheptanoate (GTH), at a minimum concentration of 250 mg kg–1 of fat, while category 3 processed animal proteins (PAPs) must not contain this compound. PAPs are bio resources, which could be used in a renewable and regenerative way in a circular economy model for a conscious usage of raw materials. The aim of this study was to provide information on GTH occurrence in MBM and, if any, in PAPs. Samples were collected from 2017 to 2021 and analysed by GC-MS. Detected non-compliant samples were exclusively of MBM category 1 and 2, probably due to the addition of an inadequate amount of GTH during the manufacturing processes. These results highlighted the importance of National Monitoring Programs as a useful tool to minimise safety related risk due to the misuse of GTH. Thus, investigating the critical points in feed supply-chain and sharing the information on its occurrence may help to improve animal and human wellness and safety.","PeriodicalId":12121,"journal":{"name":"Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A","volume":"14 1","pages":"1047 - 1052"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82406339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-04DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2040747
D. Bravo, M. Santander, Jader Rodríguez, Sebastian Escobar, Gideon Ramtahal, R. Atkinson
Abstract Regulation of maximum levels of cadmium in chocolate is an issue for cacao exportation from many parts of Latin America, including Colombia. These limits are related to the final product, but buyers often request maximum levels of Cd in the beans. However, to date, there is neither a clear understanding of the relationship between the specified levels of Cd in chocolate and cocoa derivatives and levels in harvested beans or soil nor of the effect of post-harvest processes on the levels of Cd in the final product. To address this, the fate of Cd concentration from soil to chocolate bar was followed in a single farm in Santander district, Colombia. The concentration of Cd in soils was measured using ICP-OES and correlated with soil pH, soil organic matter (SOM), and the use of P-based fertilisers. Cd concentrations were also measured in unfermented seeds, fermented and dried beans, shell, nibs, and chocolate. SOM (2.93–3.78%), soil pH (4.7–4.9), soil P concentration (120–132 mg kg−1) affect Cd availability. However, it is still unclear whether Cd concentration of P-based fertilisers (3–30 mg kg−1) is important or not. While post-harvest treatments did not affect the Cd concentration of beans (4.17 ± 0.8 mg kg−1 on average), the removal of the shell (6.57 mg kg−1) from the nibs (3.28 mg kg−1), as well as the percentage of cocoa mass used contributes to a reduction in Cd concentration in the chocolate bar (1.60 mg kg−1). This study provides clear indications on where research into mitigation measures should be focussed, as well as indicating the importance of carrying out analyses for Cd in the nib or cacao mass, rather than the whole bean, reducing Cd concentration by up to 40%. Graphical Abstract
对包括哥伦比亚在内的拉丁美洲许多地区的可可出口来说，对巧克力中镉的最高含量进行监管是一个问题。这些限制与最终产品有关，但买家通常要求咖啡豆中镉的最高含量。然而，迄今为止，对于巧克力和可可衍生物中特定的镉含量与收获的豆类或土壤中的镉含量之间的关系，以及收获后的加工过程对最终产品中镉含量的影响，都没有明确的认识。为了解决这一问题，在哥伦比亚桑坦德地区的一个农场跟踪研究了从土壤到巧克力棒的Cd浓度的变化。利用ICP-OES测定了土壤中Cd的浓度，并与土壤pH、土壤有机质(SOM)和磷基肥料的使用相关。还测定了未发酵的种子、发酵和干豆、豆壳、豆粒和巧克力中的镉浓度。土壤有机质(2.93 ~ 3.78%)、土壤pH(4.7 ~ 4.9)、土壤磷浓度(120 ~ 132 mg kg−1)影响Cd有效性。然而，目前尚不清楚磷基肥料(3-30 mg kg - 1)的Cd浓度是否重要。虽然收获后处理不会影响豆子的Cd浓度(平均为4.17±0.8 mg kg - 1)，但从笔尖(3.28 mg kg - 1)去除外壳(6.57 mg kg - 1)以及使用的可可质量百分比有助于降低巧克力棒中的Cd浓度(1.60 mg kg - 1)。这项研究提供了明确的指示，说明减缓措施的研究应该集中在哪里，并指出了在笔头或可可块中而不是在整个可可豆中进行Cd分析的重要性，这将使Cd浓度降低高达40%。图形抽象
{"title":"‘From soil to chocolate bar’: identifying critical steps in the journey of cadmium in a Colombian cacao plantation","authors":"D. Bravo, M. Santander, Jader Rodríguez, Sebastian Escobar, Gideon Ramtahal, R. Atkinson","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2022.2040747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2022.2040747","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Regulation of maximum levels of cadmium in chocolate is an issue for cacao exportation from many parts of Latin America, including Colombia. These limits are related to the final product, but buyers often request maximum levels of Cd in the beans. However, to date, there is neither a clear understanding of the relationship between the specified levels of Cd in chocolate and cocoa derivatives and levels in harvested beans or soil nor of the effect of post-harvest processes on the levels of Cd in the final product. To address this, the fate of Cd concentration from soil to chocolate bar was followed in a single farm in Santander district, Colombia. The concentration of Cd in soils was measured using ICP-OES and correlated with soil pH, soil organic matter (SOM), and the use of P-based fertilisers. Cd concentrations were also measured in unfermented seeds, fermented and dried beans, shell, nibs, and chocolate. SOM (2.93–3.78%), soil pH (4.7–4.9), soil P concentration (120–132 mg kg−1) affect Cd availability. However, it is still unclear whether Cd concentration of P-based fertilisers (3–30 mg kg−1) is important or not. While post-harvest treatments did not affect the Cd concentration of beans (4.17 ± 0.8 mg kg−1 on average), the removal of the shell (6.57 mg kg−1) from the nibs (3.28 mg kg−1), as well as the percentage of cocoa mass used contributes to a reduction in Cd concentration in the chocolate bar (1.60 mg kg−1). This study provides clear indications on where research into mitigation measures should be focussed, as well as indicating the importance of carrying out analyses for Cd in the nib or cacao mass, rather than the whole bean, reducing Cd concentration by up to 40%. Graphical Abstract","PeriodicalId":12121,"journal":{"name":"Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A","volume":"58 1","pages":"949 - 963"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73071126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-03DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2032380
Tong-Yan Ding, X. Shu, Renping Xiong, Jingli Qiu, Lu Li, Limin He
Abstract Praziquantel (PZQ) is a pyrazino-isoquinoline compound with broad spectrum of activity against parasitic trematodes and cestodes, and a key veterinary drug in the parasitic disease control field. However, PZQ residues caused by non-conforming or excessive use in food-producing animals may pose a serious threat to human health. Herein, a simple, sensitive and reproducible LC-MS/MS method was developed for the simultaneous determination of praziquantel and trans- and cis-4-hydroxypraziquantel in black goat tissues to guide the reasonable use of PZQ. The mean recoveries for three target analytes were 71.2 ∼ 117.6%, and the limits of quantification were 1.0 μg/kg. Twenty-five healthy black goats were administered a single dose of praziquantel tablets at a dose of 35 mg/kg of body weight for residue elimination study, The results revealed that praziquantel and 4-hydroxypraziquantel were rapidly depleted in goat tissues and the elimination half-lives did not exceed 1 day in all tissues except for muscle and lung. It provides guidance for the establishment of maximum residue limit of praziquantel in goat.
{"title":"Simultaneous determination of praziquantel and its main metabolites in the tissues of black goats and their residue depletion","authors":"Tong-Yan Ding, X. Shu, Renping Xiong, Jingli Qiu, Lu Li, Limin He","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2022.2032380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2022.2032380","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Praziquantel (PZQ) is a pyrazino-isoquinoline compound with broad spectrum of activity against parasitic trematodes and cestodes, and a key veterinary drug in the parasitic disease control field. However, PZQ residues caused by non-conforming or excessive use in food-producing animals may pose a serious threat to human health. Herein, a simple, sensitive and reproducible LC-MS/MS method was developed for the simultaneous determination of praziquantel and trans- and cis-4-hydroxypraziquantel in black goat tissues to guide the reasonable use of PZQ. The mean recoveries for three target analytes were 71.2 ∼ 117.6%, and the limits of quantification were 1.0 μg/kg. Twenty-five healthy black goats were administered a single dose of praziquantel tablets at a dose of 35 mg/kg of body weight for residue elimination study, The results revealed that praziquantel and 4-hydroxypraziquantel were rapidly depleted in goat tissues and the elimination half-lives did not exceed 1 day in all tissues except for muscle and lung. It provides guidance for the establishment of maximum residue limit of praziquantel in goat.","PeriodicalId":12121,"journal":{"name":"Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A","volume":"54 1","pages":"666 - 677"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77959910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-03DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2037723
Emese Varga, Csilla Soros, P. Fodor, M. Cserhati, Rózsa Sebők, B. Kriszt, A. Geosel
Abstract Wheat straw is commonly used as a cellulose source in mushroom compost and could be a secondary source of mycotoxin contamination in the food chain. We cultivated edible Agaricus bisporus and Pleurotus ostreatus on T-2/HT-2 artificially-contaminated mushroom compost and developed and in-house validated an UHPLC-MS/MS method for determination of T-2, HT-2, T2-triol and T2-tetraol in mushroom compost and mushroom basidiocarp. A rapid phase I metabolization of T-2 and HT-2 in mushroom compost was observed. In Agaricus bisporus, basidiocarps 8–15 µg kg−1 accumulation of HT-2 calculated on wet weight was measured. No detectable mycotoxins were found in Pleurotus ostreatus basidiocarp.
{"title":"Accumulation of HT-2 toxin from contaminated mushroom compost by edible Agaricus bisporus","authors":"Emese Varga, Csilla Soros, P. Fodor, M. Cserhati, Rózsa Sebők, B. Kriszt, A. Geosel","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2022.2037723","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2022.2037723","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Wheat straw is commonly used as a cellulose source in mushroom compost and could be a secondary source of mycotoxin contamination in the food chain. We cultivated edible Agaricus bisporus and Pleurotus ostreatus on T-2/HT-2 artificially-contaminated mushroom compost and developed and in-house validated an UHPLC-MS/MS method for determination of T-2, HT-2, T2-triol and T2-tetraol in mushroom compost and mushroom basidiocarp. A rapid phase I metabolization of T-2 and HT-2 in mushroom compost was observed. In Agaricus bisporus, basidiocarps 8–15 µg kg−1 accumulation of HT-2 calculated on wet weight was measured. No detectable mycotoxins were found in Pleurotus ostreatus basidiocarp.","PeriodicalId":12121,"journal":{"name":"Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A","volume":"21 2","pages":"803 - 816"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72598851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-31DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2056640
Junli Cao, Xingang Liu, Xiaohu Wu, Jun Xu, F. Dong, Yongquan Zheng
Abstract The effects of spraying and root irrigation on the uptake and transport of the fungicide difenoconazole under hydroponic and soil cultivation were investigated. Rice was used as the crop for a short-term exposure experiment. A modified QuEChERS pre-treatment combined with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was used to extract and detect difenoconazole from rice plants, water and soil. The recoveries of difenoconazole were in the range of 72.8–110.5%, with a relative standard deviation of 2.4–19.5% for all the samples when spiked with 0.01, 0.1 and 1 mg kg−1 of difenoconazole, respectively. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) of this method was 0.01 mg kg−1. The exposure results showed that difenoconazole could be absorbed by rice plants and transmitted to different parts of rice plants in all the treatments. In the hydroponic experiment, difenoconazole was mainly distributed in the roots of rice regardless of whether irrigation or spraying was used. For rice cultivated in soil, difenoconazole mainly accumulated in leaves after the root irrigation treatment, whereas after the spraying treatment, the rice roots were the main site of accumulation of difenoconazole. This experiment extends our knowledge of the influence of the cultivation system and application mode on the translocation of difenoconazole in rice plants.
{"title":"Uptake and distribution of difenoconazole in rice plants under different culture patterns","authors":"Junli Cao, Xingang Liu, Xiaohu Wu, Jun Xu, F. Dong, Yongquan Zheng","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2022.2056640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2022.2056640","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The effects of spraying and root irrigation on the uptake and transport of the fungicide difenoconazole under hydroponic and soil cultivation were investigated. Rice was used as the crop for a short-term exposure experiment. A modified QuEChERS pre-treatment combined with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was used to extract and detect difenoconazole from rice plants, water and soil. The recoveries of difenoconazole were in the range of 72.8–110.5%, with a relative standard deviation of 2.4–19.5% for all the samples when spiked with 0.01, 0.1 and 1 mg kg−1 of difenoconazole, respectively. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) of this method was 0.01 mg kg−1. The exposure results showed that difenoconazole could be absorbed by rice plants and transmitted to different parts of rice plants in all the treatments. In the hydroponic experiment, difenoconazole was mainly distributed in the roots of rice regardless of whether irrigation or spraying was used. For rice cultivated in soil, difenoconazole mainly accumulated in leaves after the root irrigation treatment, whereas after the spraying treatment, the rice roots were the main site of accumulation of difenoconazole. This experiment extends our knowledge of the influence of the cultivation system and application mode on the translocation of difenoconazole in rice plants.","PeriodicalId":12121,"journal":{"name":"Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A","volume":"9 1","pages":"1100 - 1108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89138015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-28DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2055155
Zhouli Wang, Leran Wang, Qiaoying Ming, T. Yue, Qian Ge, Yahong Yuan, Zhenpeng Gao, Rui Cai
Abstract Patulin is one of the most significant food safety problems in fruit and derived products. The reduction of patulin contamination in food processing has always been the focus of research. In this study, nine yeast strains were applied for the brewing of apple cider and the fate of patulin was determined. In this process, the patulin contamination can be decreased by adsorption onto and degradation of yeast cells in the main fermentation (20.8–49.1%), as well as the adsorption removal during clarification (18.7–58%), inverted cans (21.3–31.4%) and aging (1.0–5.8%). Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1027) was selected to reveal the elimination mechanism of patulin in main fermentation. The decrease of patulin content was mainly due to degradation and the intracellular enzymes played a more important role than extracellular ones. In addition, the synthesis of enzymes was related to the induction of patulin. Furthermore, the degradation product of patulin in the main fermentation was identified as E-ascladiol, which is less toxic than patulin. Based on the representative strain of S. cerevisiae 1027, patulin contamination can be effectively eliminated during apple cider brewing. This study provides a new insight into eliminating patulin contamination in the brewing of apple cider.
{"title":"Reduction the contamination of patulin during the brewing of apple cider and its characteristics","authors":"Zhouli Wang, Leran Wang, Qiaoying Ming, T. Yue, Qian Ge, Yahong Yuan, Zhenpeng Gao, Rui Cai","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2022.2055155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2022.2055155","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Patulin is one of the most significant food safety problems in fruit and derived products. The reduction of patulin contamination in food processing has always been the focus of research. In this study, nine yeast strains were applied for the brewing of apple cider and the fate of patulin was determined. In this process, the patulin contamination can be decreased by adsorption onto and degradation of yeast cells in the main fermentation (20.8–49.1%), as well as the adsorption removal during clarification (18.7–58%), inverted cans (21.3–31.4%) and aging (1.0–5.8%). Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1027) was selected to reveal the elimination mechanism of patulin in main fermentation. The decrease of patulin content was mainly due to degradation and the intracellular enzymes played a more important role than extracellular ones. In addition, the synthesis of enzymes was related to the induction of patulin. Furthermore, the degradation product of patulin in the main fermentation was identified as E-ascladiol, which is less toxic than patulin. Based on the representative strain of S. cerevisiae 1027, patulin contamination can be effectively eliminated during apple cider brewing. This study provides a new insight into eliminating patulin contamination in the brewing of apple cider.","PeriodicalId":12121,"journal":{"name":"Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A","volume":"30 1","pages":"1149 - 1162"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81174781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-18DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2032381
Keyi Shen, Xiaoshuang Zou, Jun Wang
Abstract In this study, we developed and validated a liquid chromatography triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method used to simultaneously determine levels of four fluoroquinolones (ofloxacin, norfloxacin, lomefloxacin, and pefloxacin) and two antipsychotics (diazepam and methaqualone) in fish and shrimp. The samples were extracted with a mixture of anhydrous sodium sulfate and acetonitrile, and purified by C18 cartridge solid-phase extraction with an optimized eluent. The MS2 method was applied to recognize the molecular structure of these compounds according to a main fragmentation scheme. The key ions of identification and quantification were deduced from chemical structures. Multiple reaction monitoring was used to quantitatively analyse the compounds of interest. Satisfactory linearities were obtained (R 2 ≥0.99) with the limits of quantitation (LOQs) ranging between 0.03 and 1.96 μg kg−1. The recoveries were 74–122%, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) below 4.9% for these compounds at the spiking level of three, five, and ten times the LODs, respectively. The LC-MS/MS method allows precise and sensitive determination of residues of six important banned veterinary drugs in fish and shrimp tissue. This methodological approach solved the problem imposed by the need for two or more analysis methods to analyse the compounds of interest described in this study.
{"title":"Simultaneous determination of the four key fluoroquinolones and two antipsychotics in fish and shrimp by LC-MS/MS","authors":"Keyi Shen, Xiaoshuang Zou, Jun Wang","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2022.2032381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2022.2032381","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this study, we developed and validated a liquid chromatography triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method used to simultaneously determine levels of four fluoroquinolones (ofloxacin, norfloxacin, lomefloxacin, and pefloxacin) and two antipsychotics (diazepam and methaqualone) in fish and shrimp. The samples were extracted with a mixture of anhydrous sodium sulfate and acetonitrile, and purified by C18 cartridge solid-phase extraction with an optimized eluent. The MS2 method was applied to recognize the molecular structure of these compounds according to a main fragmentation scheme. The key ions of identification and quantification were deduced from chemical structures. Multiple reaction monitoring was used to quantitatively analyse the compounds of interest. Satisfactory linearities were obtained (R 2 ≥0.99) with the limits of quantitation (LOQs) ranging between 0.03 and 1.96 μg kg−1. The recoveries were 74–122%, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) below 4.9% for these compounds at the spiking level of three, five, and ten times the LODs, respectively. The LC-MS/MS method allows precise and sensitive determination of residues of six important banned veterinary drugs in fish and shrimp tissue. This methodological approach solved the problem imposed by the need for two or more analysis methods to analyse the compounds of interest described in this study.","PeriodicalId":12121,"journal":{"name":"Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A","volume":"51 1","pages":"678 - 686"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73557810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-18DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2036822
G. Cottenet, C. Blancpain
Abstract Contamination of vegan products and vegan shrimps with real shrimps and crustaceans must be avoided to comply with vegan claims, even more for preventing strong allergenic reactions. Therefore, the detection of crustaceans must be reliable and sensitive enough for authenticity, traceability, and food safety purposes. A new real-time PCR assay was developed targeting the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene of crustaceans and was optimised to avoid critical mismatches with primers and probe. By testing several crustacean species and common food ingredients, the method was demonstrated to be specific to crustaceans only. To comply with the limit of non-vegan contamination established at 0.1% (w/w) by the European Vegetarian Union, dedicated cut-off CT values were determined on vegan raw materials and on vegan shrimps spiked with crustacean materials. The method reached a sensitivity ≤ 0.0005% (w/w), which was further confirmed on reference materials containing a similar amount of crustacean.
{"title":"A new real-time PCR assay to specifically detect crustaceans in vegan raw materials and vegan shrimps","authors":"G. Cottenet, C. Blancpain","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2022.2036822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2022.2036822","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Contamination of vegan products and vegan shrimps with real shrimps and crustaceans must be avoided to comply with vegan claims, even more for preventing strong allergenic reactions. Therefore, the detection of crustaceans must be reliable and sensitive enough for authenticity, traceability, and food safety purposes. A new real-time PCR assay was developed targeting the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene of crustaceans and was optimised to avoid critical mismatches with primers and probe. By testing several crustacean species and common food ingredients, the method was demonstrated to be specific to crustaceans only. To comply with the limit of non-vegan contamination established at 0.1% (w/w) by the European Vegetarian Union, dedicated cut-off CT values were determined on vegan raw materials and on vegan shrimps spiked with crustacean materials. The method reached a sensitivity ≤ 0.0005% (w/w), which was further confirmed on reference materials containing a similar amount of crustacean.","PeriodicalId":12121,"journal":{"name":"Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A","volume":"107 1","pages":"645 - 652"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80776797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-18DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2036821
Norafidah Nasaruddin, S. Jinap, N. Samsudin, N. Kamarulzaman, M. Sanny
Abstract The objective of this study was to examine the occurrence of multi-mycotoxin contamination throughout the supply chain of maize-based poultry feed. Different sampling points throughout the feed supply chain were selected from two companies that manufactured the poultry feed. A total of 51 samples, consisting of grain maize and maize-based poultry feeds, were collected. The samples were analysed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to determine the occurrence of multi-mycotoxin. The results revealed that 100% of samples throughout the maize-based poultry feed supply chain were spoiled with more than one mycotoxin. Fumonisin B1 (8.02–1,220 µg/kg) and fumonisin B2 (11.1–1,109 µg/kg) were the main mycotoxins detected at all sampling points throughout the feed supply chain. Zearalenone (ZEA) (6.63–7.50 µg/kg) was also detected in 11.7% (n = 6) (out of a total of 51) samples. As the supply chain progresses, a reduction in mycotoxin contamination was observed. Aflatoxins, ochratoxin A (OTA), deoxynivalenol (DON), HT-2, and T-2 toxin were not detected. The levels of mycotoxins detected throughout the supply chain were below the international regulatory limits, thus indicating the low risk of exposure to mycotoxins in maize-based poultry feed in Malaysia. Nevertheless, due to the presence of multiple ingredients in most food and feed, efforts to understand and address challenges associated with mycotoxins throughout the entire supply chain need to be more holistic to protect public health.
{"title":"Assessment of multi-mycotoxin contamination throughout the supply chain of maize-based poultry feed from selected regions of Malaysia by LC-MS/MS","authors":"Norafidah Nasaruddin, S. Jinap, N. Samsudin, N. Kamarulzaman, M. Sanny","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2022.2036821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2022.2036821","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The objective of this study was to examine the occurrence of multi-mycotoxin contamination throughout the supply chain of maize-based poultry feed. Different sampling points throughout the feed supply chain were selected from two companies that manufactured the poultry feed. A total of 51 samples, consisting of grain maize and maize-based poultry feeds, were collected. The samples were analysed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to determine the occurrence of multi-mycotoxin. The results revealed that 100% of samples throughout the maize-based poultry feed supply chain were spoiled with more than one mycotoxin. Fumonisin B1 (8.02–1,220 µg/kg) and fumonisin B2 (11.1–1,109 µg/kg) were the main mycotoxins detected at all sampling points throughout the feed supply chain. Zearalenone (ZEA) (6.63–7.50 µg/kg) was also detected in 11.7% (n = 6) (out of a total of 51) samples. As the supply chain progresses, a reduction in mycotoxin contamination was observed. Aflatoxins, ochratoxin A (OTA), deoxynivalenol (DON), HT-2, and T-2 toxin were not detected. The levels of mycotoxins detected throughout the supply chain were below the international regulatory limits, thus indicating the low risk of exposure to mycotoxins in maize-based poultry feed in Malaysia. Nevertheless, due to the presence of multiple ingredients in most food and feed, efforts to understand and address challenges associated with mycotoxins throughout the entire supply chain need to be more holistic to protect public health.","PeriodicalId":12121,"journal":{"name":"Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A","volume":"33 1","pages":"777 - 787"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88320948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-18DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2037727
M. D. Celiz, K. Morehouse, C. Ridge, Fu Chen, L. Dejager, T. Begley
Abstract Although it is well-established that irradiation of produce can reduce food-borne pathogens and spoilage organisms, data on the effect of irradiation on polymer additives in food packaging materials are limited, particularly for those additives used in packaging leafy greens or in current food packaging materials. We investigated the effects of irradiating a nucleating agent, aluminium, hydroxybis[2,4,8,10-tetrakis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-6-hydroxy-12H-dibenzo [d,g][1,3,2]dioxaphosphocin 6-oxidato]- (CAS Reg. No. 151841-65-5), at doses of 1–20 kGy in polypropylene. That nucleating agent was then extracted using accelerated solvent extraction and analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection (LC-PDA), and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) spectroscopy. We found this nucleating agent was not significantly affected by radiation treatment up to 20 kGy. Therefore, this nucleating agent could potentially be useful in food packaging materials that will be irradiated at doses of 20 kGy or less. Establishing which additives are stable under anticipated irradiation doses will help support safety evaluation of food packaging materials. Graphical Abstract
{"title":"Extraction and analysis of an organophosphate salt nucleating agent from irradiated polypropylene resin","authors":"M. D. Celiz, K. Morehouse, C. Ridge, Fu Chen, L. Dejager, T. Begley","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2022.2037727","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2022.2037727","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Although it is well-established that irradiation of produce can reduce food-borne pathogens and spoilage organisms, data on the effect of irradiation on polymer additives in food packaging materials are limited, particularly for those additives used in packaging leafy greens or in current food packaging materials. We investigated the effects of irradiating a nucleating agent, aluminium, hydroxybis[2,4,8,10-tetrakis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-6-hydroxy-12H-dibenzo [d,g][1,3,2]dioxaphosphocin 6-oxidato]- (CAS Reg. No. 151841-65-5), at doses of 1–20 kGy in polypropylene. That nucleating agent was then extracted using accelerated solvent extraction and analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection (LC-PDA), and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) spectroscopy. We found this nucleating agent was not significantly affected by radiation treatment up to 20 kGy. Therefore, this nucleating agent could potentially be useful in food packaging materials that will be irradiated at doses of 20 kGy or less. Establishing which additives are stable under anticipated irradiation doses will help support safety evaluation of food packaging materials. Graphical Abstract","PeriodicalId":12121,"journal":{"name":"Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A","volume":"21 1","pages":"1009 - 1020"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87881053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：