Pub Date : 2022-03-18DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2037725
P. Cressey, B. Cridge
Abstract Recent epidemiological studies have reported associations between colorectal cancer incidence and nitrates in drinking-water, but not from the diet. The toxicokinetics of nitrates were reviewed and exposure data from New Zealand were analysed. Dietary (including drinking-water) exposure of New Zealanders to nitrates was found to be very similar to most other countries and within internationally-established acceptable daily intakes. Less than 10% of nitrate exposure was from drinking-water, with little difference between adults and children. Approximately half of the total water-based exposure is through water alone, the remainder was consumed as tea and coffee (adults), or water-based fruit drinks (children). For children, drinking-water as a beverage is generally consumed close to a meal time, with 83% of servings consumed within an hour of eating. For adults, this is reduced to 51% of servings consumed within an hour of a meal. Only 2.6% of nitrate exposure for adults and 0.7% of nitrate exposure for children is from drinking-water consumed on its own and not in close temporal association to food consumption. It was concluded from the combination of the biology and the exposure assessment that there is little reason to differentiate between drinking-water and food nitrate exposure.
{"title":"Exposure to nitrate from food and drinking-water in New Zealand. Can these be considered separately?","authors":"P. Cressey, B. Cridge","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2022.2037725","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2022.2037725","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Recent epidemiological studies have reported associations between colorectal cancer incidence and nitrates in drinking-water, but not from the diet. The toxicokinetics of nitrates were reviewed and exposure data from New Zealand were analysed. Dietary (including drinking-water) exposure of New Zealanders to nitrates was found to be very similar to most other countries and within internationally-established acceptable daily intakes. Less than 10% of nitrate exposure was from drinking-water, with little difference between adults and children. Approximately half of the total water-based exposure is through water alone, the remainder was consumed as tea and coffee (adults), or water-based fruit drinks (children). For children, drinking-water as a beverage is generally consumed close to a meal time, with 83% of servings consumed within an hour of eating. For adults, this is reduced to 51% of servings consumed within an hour of a meal. Only 2.6% of nitrate exposure for adults and 0.7% of nitrate exposure for children is from drinking-water consumed on its own and not in close temporal association to food consumption. It was concluded from the combination of the biology and the exposure assessment that there is little reason to differentiate between drinking-water and food nitrate exposure.","PeriodicalId":12121,"journal":{"name":"Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A","volume":"23 1","pages":"838 - 852"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79328008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-18DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2036820
Nikolaos D Sidirokastritis, Ioannis Tsiantoulas, C. Tananaki, P. Vareltzis
Abstract Antibiotic residues in food pose serious direct and indirect risks for consumers. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of High Hydrostatic Pressure (HHP) on tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) and sulfathiazole (STZ) residues in honey, milk, and water. Three different pressures were tested for their efficiency and treatment at 580 MPa for 6 min was finally selected. Qualitative and quantitative determination of antibiotics were performed with HPLC and LC-MS. HHP treatment was compared to ultrasound and heat treatment. HHP treatment was found to be more effective than the other two methods for both antibiotics in water and milk. The reduction of STZ in honey was over 90%, while no reduction was observed for TCH. The highest TCH reduction was recorded after HHP treatment in water (76.4%) and the highest STZ reduction after ultrasound treatment in honey (94.3%). Reduction of the two antibiotics in different matrices did not follow a similar pattern. For the HHP treatment, the effect of the initial concentration of the two antibiotics was studied under two different storage conditions (refrigerated and frozen storage). The effectiveness of the method was found to be affected by the initial concentration, in both storage conditions for STZ, while for TCH significant differences were observed only for refrigerated storage.
{"title":"The effect of high hydrostatic pressure on tetracycline hydrochloride and sulfathiazole residues in various food matrices – comparison with ultrasound and heat treatment","authors":"Nikolaos D Sidirokastritis, Ioannis Tsiantoulas, C. Tananaki, P. Vareltzis","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2022.2036820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2022.2036820","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Antibiotic residues in food pose serious direct and indirect risks for consumers. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of High Hydrostatic Pressure (HHP) on tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) and sulfathiazole (STZ) residues in honey, milk, and water. Three different pressures were tested for their efficiency and treatment at 580 MPa for 6 min was finally selected. Qualitative and quantitative determination of antibiotics were performed with HPLC and LC-MS. HHP treatment was compared to ultrasound and heat treatment. HHP treatment was found to be more effective than the other two methods for both antibiotics in water and milk. The reduction of STZ in honey was over 90%, while no reduction was observed for TCH. The highest TCH reduction was recorded after HHP treatment in water (76.4%) and the highest STZ reduction after ultrasound treatment in honey (94.3%). Reduction of the two antibiotics in different matrices did not follow a similar pattern. For the HHP treatment, the effect of the initial concentration of the two antibiotics was studied under two different storage conditions (refrigerated and frozen storage). The effectiveness of the method was found to be affected by the initial concentration, in both storage conditions for STZ, while for TCH significant differences were observed only for refrigerated storage.","PeriodicalId":12121,"journal":{"name":"Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A","volume":"165 1","pages":"687 - 698"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75059211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-18DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2037724
E. Kowalczyk, K. Kwiatek
Abstract Tropane alkaloids (TAs) are naturally occurring plant toxins. Due to the fact that TA-producing plants can enter the food chain, they pose a risk for animals and human health. Therefore, sensitive analytical methods need to be developed to provide an adequate safety of feed and food. The presented method is based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry detection and enables the determination of scopolamine and atropine in compound feeds at a low level of contamination. Limits of quantification for scopolamine and atropine were 0.92 and 0.93 µg kg−1, respectively. Scopolamine-D3 and atropine-D3 were used for quantification. The method was successfully validated and applied to the analysis of 42 feed samples. Among investigated feeds, 67% contained at least one of the monitored alkaloids. Soybean meals were the feed materials contaminated most often, also with the highest determined concentrations of TAs, which reached 147.9 µg kg−1. Graphical Abstract
Tropane生物碱(TAs)是天然存在的植物毒素。由于生产ta的植物可以进入食物链，它们对动物和人类健康构成风险。因此，需要开发灵敏的分析方法，以提供饲料和食品的足够安全性。该方法基于液相色谱-质谱联用检测，能够在低污染水平下测定配合饲料中的东莨菪碱和阿托品。东莨菪碱和阿托品的定量限分别为0.92和0.93µg kg - 1。用东莨菪碱- d3和阿托品- d3进行定量。该方法已成功验证，并应用于42份饲料样品的分析。在调查的饲料中，67%含有至少一种监测到的生物碱。豆粕是最常受污染的饲料材料，TAs的检测浓度也最高，达到147.9µg kg - 1。图形抽象
{"title":"Scopolamine and atropine in feeds – determination with liquid chromatography mass spectrometry","authors":"E. Kowalczyk, K. Kwiatek","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2022.2037724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2022.2037724","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Tropane alkaloids (TAs) are naturally occurring plant toxins. Due to the fact that TA-producing plants can enter the food chain, they pose a risk for animals and human health. Therefore, sensitive analytical methods need to be developed to provide an adequate safety of feed and food. The presented method is based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry detection and enables the determination of scopolamine and atropine in compound feeds at a low level of contamination. Limits of quantification for scopolamine and atropine were 0.92 and 0.93 µg kg−1, respectively. Scopolamine-D3 and atropine-D3 were used for quantification. The method was successfully validated and applied to the analysis of 42 feed samples. Among investigated feeds, 67% contained at least one of the monitored alkaloids. Soybean meals were the feed materials contaminated most often, also with the highest determined concentrations of TAs, which reached 147.9 µg kg−1. Graphical Abstract","PeriodicalId":12121,"journal":{"name":"Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A","volume":"33 1","pages":"977 - 989"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87870195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-14DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2047540
S. Costa, D. Correia, Catarina Carvalho, S. Vilela, M. Severo, C. Lopes, D. Torres
Abstract Acrylamide exposure, mainly resulting from food cooking and processing, has been associated with a higher risk of health problems, due to genotoxic effects. This study aims to estimate acrylamide dietary exposure of the Portuguese population and its associated factors. Dietary data collected through 2 non-consecutive 24 hour recalls or food diaries from a representative sample of the Portuguese population from the National Food, Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey was used (n = 5811; 3–84 years). Occurrence data of acrylamide in food were obtained from EFSA. The margins of exposure (MOE) were calculated for peripheral neuropathy and neoplastic effects. The association between acrylamide and socio-demographic characteristics was estimated through linear regression models. For the total population, the estimated median daily dietary exposure per body weight to acrylamide was 0.38 µg/kg/day, ranging from 0.14 to 0.88 µg/kg/day for the 5th and 95th percentile, respectively. Children aged between 1–2 years had the highest acrylamide exposure (median 0.75 µg/kg/day, 95th percentile 1.41 µg/kg/day). For the peripheral neuropathy and neoplastic effects, the median MOE estimated was 1140 and 451, respectively. Men compared to women had a higher acrylamide dietary exposure, as well as smokers compared to non-smokers. Elderly and less educated individuals were inversely associated with acrylamide exposure. ‘Bread and rusks’ (24.2%) were the main source of acrylamide, followed by ‘coffee’ (21.3%). The current dietary exposure to acrylamide in the Portuguese population is of concern mainly regarding neoplastic effects. Our results point to the need to reduce exposure to acrylamide, especially in men, young children, higher educated individuals and smokers.
{"title":"Risk characterization of dietary acrylamide exposure and associated factors in the Portuguese population","authors":"S. Costa, D. Correia, Catarina Carvalho, S. Vilela, M. Severo, C. Lopes, D. Torres","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2022.2047540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2022.2047540","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Acrylamide exposure, mainly resulting from food cooking and processing, has been associated with a higher risk of health problems, due to genotoxic effects. This study aims to estimate acrylamide dietary exposure of the Portuguese population and its associated factors. Dietary data collected through 2 non-consecutive 24 hour recalls or food diaries from a representative sample of the Portuguese population from the National Food, Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey was used (n = 5811; 3–84 years). Occurrence data of acrylamide in food were obtained from EFSA. The margins of exposure (MOE) were calculated for peripheral neuropathy and neoplastic effects. The association between acrylamide and socio-demographic characteristics was estimated through linear regression models. For the total population, the estimated median daily dietary exposure per body weight to acrylamide was 0.38 µg/kg/day, ranging from 0.14 to 0.88 µg/kg/day for the 5th and 95th percentile, respectively. Children aged between 1–2 years had the highest acrylamide exposure (median 0.75 µg/kg/day, 95th percentile 1.41 µg/kg/day). For the peripheral neuropathy and neoplastic effects, the median MOE estimated was 1140 and 451, respectively. Men compared to women had a higher acrylamide dietary exposure, as well as smokers compared to non-smokers. Elderly and less educated individuals were inversely associated with acrylamide exposure. ‘Bread and rusks’ (24.2%) were the main source of acrylamide, followed by ‘coffee’ (21.3%). The current dietary exposure to acrylamide in the Portuguese population is of concern mainly regarding neoplastic effects. Our results point to the need to reduce exposure to acrylamide, especially in men, young children, higher educated individuals and smokers.","PeriodicalId":12121,"journal":{"name":"Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A","volume":"44 1","pages":"888 - 900"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79633720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-14DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2046292
Francesca Pietropaoli, Sara Pantalone, A. Cichelli, N. d’Alessandro
Abstract Acrylamide (AA) is considered genotoxic, neurotoxic and a ‘probable human carcinogen’. It is included in group 2 A of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). The formation of AA occurs when starch-based foods are subjected to temperatures higher than 120 °C in an atmosphere with very low water content. The aim of this review is to shed light on the toxicological aspects of AA, showing its regulatory evolution, and describing the most interesting mitigation techniques for each food category involved, with a focus on compliance with EU legislation in the various classes of consumer products of industrial origin in Europe.
{"title":"Acrylamide in widely consumed foods – a review","authors":"Francesca Pietropaoli, Sara Pantalone, A. Cichelli, N. d’Alessandro","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2022.2046292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2022.2046292","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Acrylamide (AA) is considered genotoxic, neurotoxic and a ‘probable human carcinogen’. It is included in group 2 A of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). The formation of AA occurs when starch-based foods are subjected to temperatures higher than 120 °C in an atmosphere with very low water content. The aim of this review is to shed light on the toxicological aspects of AA, showing its regulatory evolution, and describing the most interesting mitigation techniques for each food category involved, with a focus on compliance with EU legislation in the various classes of consumer products of industrial origin in Europe.","PeriodicalId":12121,"journal":{"name":"Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A","volume":"8 1","pages":"853 - 887"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84954163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-14DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2037726
W. Mao, Ding-guo Jiang, Haixia Sui, Yan Song, Yiting Shao, Lei Zhang
Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the potential effects from exposure to multiple metals, including cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb) that exist in shellfish in Chinese populations, and evaluate the impacts of cumulative exposures among individuals. A total 15,469 individual shellfish samples were analyzed following a protocol for elemental analysis. A total of 25,669 respondents were selected through stratified multi-stage cluster sampling from 31 survey sites in China. Individual shellfish consumption data and body weight were collected and analyzed with a 24-hour dietary recall method on three non-consecutive days. The consumers were divided into two groups: aged 2–12 years group and aged ≥13 years. Exposure levels were estimated based using a semi-probabilistic risk assessment method and cumulative exposures among individual persons using the maximum cumulative ratio (MCR) method. The mean, median and 95th percentile of all metals exposure for age 2–12 years group were higher than age ≥13 years group, but none exceeded the respective reference doses of the metals. The mean hazard indices (HI) of each metal in shellfish for both age groups were less than 1. The MCR values calculated among 1283 consumers ranged from 1.28 to 3.25 with the average MCR value was 2.22. There were 51 (3.98%) consumers in group I, 1186 (92.44%) consumers in group II, 26(2.03%) consumers in group III A, and 20 (1.56%) consumers in group III B. And cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) produced the HQMax that trigged cumulative exposures. It was concluded that heavy metals did not present a potential health risk to people solely through shellfish. The cumulative risks indicated that 7.56% of the surveyed consumers were of concern because of high HI of metals exposure, and Cd, Pb, and Ni made significant contributions to the potential risk. Graphical Abstract
{"title":"Application of the maximum cumulative ratio (MCR) as a screening tool for the evaluation of multiple metal mixtures in shellfish in Chinese population","authors":"W. Mao, Ding-guo Jiang, Haixia Sui, Yan Song, Yiting Shao, Lei Zhang","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2022.2037726","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2022.2037726","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the potential effects from exposure to multiple metals, including cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb) that exist in shellfish in Chinese populations, and evaluate the impacts of cumulative exposures among individuals. A total 15,469 individual shellfish samples were analyzed following a protocol for elemental analysis. A total of 25,669 respondents were selected through stratified multi-stage cluster sampling from 31 survey sites in China. Individual shellfish consumption data and body weight were collected and analyzed with a 24-hour dietary recall method on three non-consecutive days. The consumers were divided into two groups: aged 2–12 years group and aged ≥13 years. Exposure levels were estimated based using a semi-probabilistic risk assessment method and cumulative exposures among individual persons using the maximum cumulative ratio (MCR) method. The mean, median and 95th percentile of all metals exposure for age 2–12 years group were higher than age ≥13 years group, but none exceeded the respective reference doses of the metals. The mean hazard indices (HI) of each metal in shellfish for both age groups were less than 1. The MCR values calculated among 1283 consumers ranged from 1.28 to 3.25 with the average MCR value was 2.22. There were 51 (3.98%) consumers in group I, 1186 (92.44%) consumers in group II, 26(2.03%) consumers in group III A, and 20 (1.56%) consumers in group III B. And cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) produced the HQMax that trigged cumulative exposures. It was concluded that heavy metals did not present a potential health risk to people solely through shellfish. The cumulative risks indicated that 7.56% of the surveyed consumers were of concern because of high HI of metals exposure, and Cd, Pb, and Ni made significant contributions to the potential risk. Graphical Abstract","PeriodicalId":12121,"journal":{"name":"Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A","volume":"167 1","pages":"938 - 948"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73498618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-14DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2046293
Rakhi Nandi, Se-Yeon Kwak, Sang-Hyeob Lee, A. Sarker, Hyo-Jeong Kim, Dong-Ju Lee, Y. Heo, K. Kyung, J. Kim
Abstract This study involved analysis and method validation of spirotetramat applied to two phenotypically different Korean vegetables (e.g. Korean cabbage and shallots) to determine the safe pre-harvest residue limit (PHRL) and comparative dissipation patterns. Two steps of the investigation involved greenhouse monitoring during crop cultivation followed by LC-MS/MS analysis. Commercial spirotetramat was sprayed twice with seven-day intervals according to the spray schedule (0, 3, 7, 10, 14, and 21 days before harvest) at the dose recommended by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS), Korea. During the validation of the analytical method, good linearity, specificity, and acceptable recoveries (82%–114% for Korean cabbage and 82%–111% for shallot) were established for spirotetramat and its four metabolites. The calculated biological half-life derived from the first-order reaction (t1/2) of spirotetramat was 4.8 days for Korean cabbage and 4.0 days for shallot, respectively. The safe PHRL for Korean cabbage was suggested at 7 days, due to permissible spirotetramat concentration in terms of an acceptable MRL. The findings of the study will be used as the analytical reference point for developing spirotetramat safety guidelines for use in the vegetables investigated.
{"title":"Dissipation characteristics of spirotetramat and its metabolites in two phenotypically different Korean vegetables under greenhouse conditions","authors":"Rakhi Nandi, Se-Yeon Kwak, Sang-Hyeob Lee, A. Sarker, Hyo-Jeong Kim, Dong-Ju Lee, Y. Heo, K. Kyung, J. Kim","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2022.2046293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2022.2046293","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study involved analysis and method validation of spirotetramat applied to two phenotypically different Korean vegetables (e.g. Korean cabbage and shallots) to determine the safe pre-harvest residue limit (PHRL) and comparative dissipation patterns. Two steps of the investigation involved greenhouse monitoring during crop cultivation followed by LC-MS/MS analysis. Commercial spirotetramat was sprayed twice with seven-day intervals according to the spray schedule (0, 3, 7, 10, 14, and 21 days before harvest) at the dose recommended by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS), Korea. During the validation of the analytical method, good linearity, specificity, and acceptable recoveries (82%–114% for Korean cabbage and 82%–111% for shallot) were established for spirotetramat and its four metabolites. The calculated biological half-life derived from the first-order reaction (t1/2) of spirotetramat was 4.8 days for Korean cabbage and 4.0 days for shallot, respectively. The safe PHRL for Korean cabbage was suggested at 7 days, due to permissible spirotetramat concentration in terms of an acceptable MRL. The findings of the study will be used as the analytical reference point for developing spirotetramat safety guidelines for use in the vegetables investigated.","PeriodicalId":12121,"journal":{"name":"Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A","volume":"5 1","pages":"964 - 976"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80355150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1676919
Ambbar Aballay-González, J. Gallardo-Rodríguez, Macarena Silva-Higuera, Alejandra Rivera, V. Ulloa, Lorena Delgado-Rivera, Andrea Rivera-Belmar, Allisson Astuya
ABSTRACT There are two official PSP detection methods (mouse bioassay and HLPC-FLD) and a number of alternative methods. Ethical considerations have led to regulations being adopted in some countries that limit or prohibit the application of mouse bioassay. Analytical methodologies (e.g. HPLC-FLD or LC-MSMS) have the disadvantages of not being able to detect new toxins or analogues or reflecting the overall toxicity of the sample. In addition, they require highly trained personnel and expensive equipment, which are not always available. In this work, we have evaluated a method based on the Neuro-2a cell-based assay to detect substances that inhibit voltage-dependent sodium channels (Manger’s method). We tested PSP standards and natural samples contaminated with PSP. Here we demonstrate that the adapted Manger’s method is suitable for calculating Toxicity Equivalency Factors (TEF) for STX-analogues. The method was shown to be useful for screening contaminated natural samples in concentrations above the regulatory limit for these toxins (80 μg STX equivalents/100 g shellfish). We were able to detect PSP in 19 natural mollusc samples from South Chile despite the presence of other marine toxins. These preliminary results suggest that the method could be used as a first step in screening programmes.
{"title":"Neuro-2a cell-based assay for toxicity equivalency factor - proposal and evaluation in Chilean contaminated shellfish samples","authors":"Ambbar Aballay-González, J. Gallardo-Rodríguez, Macarena Silva-Higuera, Alejandra Rivera, V. Ulloa, Lorena Delgado-Rivera, Andrea Rivera-Belmar, Allisson Astuya","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2019.1676919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2019.1676919","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT There are two official PSP detection methods (mouse bioassay and HLPC-FLD) and a number of alternative methods. Ethical considerations have led to regulations being adopted in some countries that limit or prohibit the application of mouse bioassay. Analytical methodologies (e.g. HPLC-FLD or LC-MSMS) have the disadvantages of not being able to detect new toxins or analogues or reflecting the overall toxicity of the sample. In addition, they require highly trained personnel and expensive equipment, which are not always available. In this work, we have evaluated a method based on the Neuro-2a cell-based assay to detect substances that inhibit voltage-dependent sodium channels (Manger’s method). We tested PSP standards and natural samples contaminated with PSP. Here we demonstrate that the adapted Manger’s method is suitable for calculating Toxicity Equivalency Factors (TEF) for STX-analogues. The method was shown to be useful for screening contaminated natural samples in concentrations above the regulatory limit for these toxins (80 μg STX equivalents/100 g shellfish). We were able to detect PSP in 19 natural mollusc samples from South Chile despite the presence of other marine toxins. These preliminary results suggest that the method could be used as a first step in screening programmes.","PeriodicalId":12121,"journal":{"name":"Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A","volume":"38 1","pages":"162 - 173"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81911783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1678768
Junqiang Hu, Hui Lv, Mingxuan Hou, Gang Wang, Yin-Won Lee, J. Shi, Z. Gu, Jianhong Xu
ABSTRACT B-type fumonisins (FBs) are water-soluble mycotoxins produced by Fusarium species, which are mainly found in maize products and threaten food safety. Toxicological studies and quantitative determinations of fumonisins require large amounts of pure toxins, and their high prices limit progress in FBs research. In this study, we used a macroporous resin column combined with high-speed countercurrent chromatography to separate large quantities of FBs. A fermented rice culture was extracted with 75% methanol. The dynamic adsorption capacity of FBs on XAD-2 resin was 27.5 mg/g resin at 25°C, pH 4.0, and then the FBs were desorbed with 60% methanol. The crude FBs were further purified using a biphasic system consisting of n-heptane/n-butanol/methanol/water (2:4:1:4, v/v/v/v). The method yielded 1.55 g of FB1 and 0.55 g of FB3 with purities of 96.8% and 95.6%, respectively, from 1 kg of rice culture, and the final overall yield of FBs was 74.8%. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
{"title":"Preparative isolation and purification of B-type fumonisins by using macroporous resin column and high-speed countercurrent chromatography","authors":"Junqiang Hu, Hui Lv, Mingxuan Hou, Gang Wang, Yin-Won Lee, J. Shi, Z. Gu, Jianhong Xu","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2019.1678768","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2019.1678768","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT B-type fumonisins (FBs) are water-soluble mycotoxins produced by Fusarium species, which are mainly found in maize products and threaten food safety. Toxicological studies and quantitative determinations of fumonisins require large amounts of pure toxins, and their high prices limit progress in FBs research. In this study, we used a macroporous resin column combined with high-speed countercurrent chromatography to separate large quantities of FBs. A fermented rice culture was extracted with 75% methanol. The dynamic adsorption capacity of FBs on XAD-2 resin was 27.5 mg/g resin at 25°C, pH 4.0, and then the FBs were desorbed with 60% methanol. The crude FBs were further purified using a biphasic system consisting of n-heptane/n-butanol/methanol/water (2:4:1:4, v/v/v/v). The method yielded 1.55 g of FB1 and 0.55 g of FB3 with purities of 96.8% and 95.6%, respectively, from 1 kg of rice culture, and the final overall yield of FBs was 74.8%. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT","PeriodicalId":12121,"journal":{"name":"Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A","volume":"38 1","pages":"143 - 152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84533951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1672898
Jessica K Beekman, S. Macmahon
ABSTRACT Fatty acid esters of 3-monochloropropanediol (3-MCPD), 2-monochlorpropanediol (2-MCPD), and glycidol are process-induced chemical contaminants found in refined vegetable oils. Due to their toxicological properties, there is potential concern regarding exposure to these compounds, particularly for formula-fed infants where refined edible oils are the primary fat source in commercial infant formulas. In order to assess exposure, 55 commercial oil samples, specifically intended for use in infant formula, were collected in 2015 from various infant formula manufacturers in the United States and analysed using a LC-MS/MS direct detection method. At the time of collection, there were no validated methods for the analysis of MCPD and glycidyl esters in infant formula. Therefore, analysis of these commercial oil samples served as an alternative for confirming the presence of these ester contaminants in infant formula. Bound 3-MCPD and glycidol concentrations in these oils ranged from below the limit of quantitation (
{"title":"The impact of infant formula production on the concentrations of 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters","authors":"Jessica K Beekman, S. Macmahon","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2019.1672898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2019.1672898","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Fatty acid esters of 3-monochloropropanediol (3-MCPD), 2-monochlorpropanediol (2-MCPD), and glycidol are process-induced chemical contaminants found in refined vegetable oils. Due to their toxicological properties, there is potential concern regarding exposure to these compounds, particularly for formula-fed infants where refined edible oils are the primary fat source in commercial infant formulas. In order to assess exposure, 55 commercial oil samples, specifically intended for use in infant formula, were collected in 2015 from various infant formula manufacturers in the United States and analysed using a LC-MS/MS direct detection method. At the time of collection, there were no validated methods for the analysis of MCPD and glycidyl esters in infant formula. Therefore, analysis of these commercial oil samples served as an alternative for confirming the presence of these ester contaminants in infant formula. Bound 3-MCPD and glycidol concentrations in these oils ranged from below the limit of quantitation (<LOQ) to 5.13 µg g−1 and <LOQ to 6.14 µg g−1, respectively. Highest ester concentrations were observed in palm olein samples. Concentrations of bound 3-MCPD and glycidol in the commercial oils were consistent with previously published occurrence studies at the time, suggesting that oils used in the manufacture of infant formula were similar (or processed in a similar manner) as refined oils marketed directly to consumers in 2015. In order to determine if conditions during infant formula production impact the presence of 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters in the finished products, concentrations in oils were compared to concentrations in finished infant formula collected at approximately the same time. The comparison revealed that conditions used in the manufacture of infant formula likely initiate the destruction or conversion of glycidyl esters to other compounds, resulting in lower amounts of bound glycidol in the final product relative to the concentrations originally present in the refined oils. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT","PeriodicalId":12121,"journal":{"name":"Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A","volume":"21 1","pages":"48 - 60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83271987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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