Pub Date : 2022-05-23DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2075039
Catarina Carvalho, D. Correia, M. Severo, V. Magalhães, S. Casal, E. Ramos, C. Lopes, D. Torres
Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the risk of the Portuguese population’s exposure to six non-nutritive intense sweeteners (NNIS) and their main associated factors. A tiered approach was used to estimate the usual exposure to the NNIS obtained from two 1-day food diaries among children and two 24-hour recalls among adults in the Portuguese national dietary survey (IAN-AF 2015–2016; age: 3–84 y; n = 5005). The tiers considered were the following: Tier 2.1 represents the most conservative tier, in which all foods reported were matched with the respective maximum permitted levels (MPLs); in Tier 2.2, the MPLs were attributed only to the foods for which the brand’s label information identified the presence of an added NNIS; finally, Tier 3 was identical to Tier 2.2, but analytical NNIS occurrence data were used, instead of MPLs. The usual exposure of the Portuguese population to each NNIS was very low in all tiers across all age groups, as was the estimated prevalence of exposure above the acceptable daily intake. Soft drinks were the main source of exposure for most sweeteners, and acesulfame K and aspartame were the most consumed NNIS. The odds of exposure to at least one NNIS were higher in more highly educated adults and elderly, obese elderly, women, and people with lower healthy diet scores. The estimated risk of exceeding the safety levels of NNIS intake was very low in all evaluated population groups, even when considering the most conservative approach.
{"title":"Dietary exposure to artificial sweeteners and associated factors in the Portuguese population","authors":"Catarina Carvalho, D. Correia, M. Severo, V. Magalhães, S. Casal, E. Ramos, C. Lopes, D. Torres","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2022.2075039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2022.2075039","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the risk of the Portuguese population’s exposure to six non-nutritive intense sweeteners (NNIS) and their main associated factors. A tiered approach was used to estimate the usual exposure to the NNIS obtained from two 1-day food diaries among children and two 24-hour recalls among adults in the Portuguese national dietary survey (IAN-AF 2015–2016; age: 3–84 y; n = 5005). The tiers considered were the following: Tier 2.1 represents the most conservative tier, in which all foods reported were matched with the respective maximum permitted levels (MPLs); in Tier 2.2, the MPLs were attributed only to the foods for which the brand’s label information identified the presence of an added NNIS; finally, Tier 3 was identical to Tier 2.2, but analytical NNIS occurrence data were used, instead of MPLs. The usual exposure of the Portuguese population to each NNIS was very low in all tiers across all age groups, as was the estimated prevalence of exposure above the acceptable daily intake. Soft drinks were the main source of exposure for most sweeteners, and acesulfame K and aspartame were the most consumed NNIS. The odds of exposure to at least one NNIS were higher in more highly educated adults and elderly, obese elderly, women, and people with lower healthy diet scores. The estimated risk of exceeding the safety levels of NNIS intake was very low in all evaluated population groups, even when considering the most conservative approach.","PeriodicalId":12121,"journal":{"name":"Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A","volume":"10 1","pages":"1206 - 1221"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86643439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-20DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2077460
Tahereh Movahhed Haghighi, M. Saharkhiz, M. Khalesi, S. S. Mousavi, A. Ramezanian
Abstract According to toxicity data, ochratoxin A (OTA) is the second most important mycotoxin and is produced by Aspergillus and Penicillium. As a natural antifungal agent, clove essential oil (CEO) is a substance generally recognised as safe (GRAS) and shows strong activity against fungal pathogens. Here, we aimed to investigate the control efficacy of CEO in nano-emulsions (CEN) against OTA production in licorice roots and rhizomes during storage. The experiments were performed under simulated conditions of all four seasons (i.e. Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter). Relative humidity (RH) and temperature were simulated in desiccators along with various salt solutions in incubators. Fresh licorice roots were immersed in CEN at various concentrations (150, 300, 600, 1200 and 2400 µl/l). Before utilising the nano-emulsions, we measured their polydispersity index and mean droplet size by the dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique. Also, the chemical composition of the CEO was determined using GC and GC-MS analyses. Sampling was carried out to monitor OTA once every five days. The samples were dried immediately and analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results showed that various concentrations of CEN inhibited the growth of fungi and OTA production. The most effective CEN concentrations were 1200 and 2400 µl/l, which reduced OTA production to 19 and 20 ppb under Winter and Autumn conditions, respectively. These results suggest an effective eco-friendly method for the storage of licorice to reduce postharvest fungal decay.
根据毒性资料，赭曲霉毒素A (ochratoxin A, OTA)是第二重要的真菌毒素，由曲霉和青霉产生。丁香精油(CEO)作为一种天然的抗真菌剂，是公认的安全物质(GRAS)，具有很强的抗真菌活性。本研究旨在研究纳米乳剂(CEN)中CEO对甘草根和根茎贮藏过程中OTA产生的抑制作用。实验在春、夏、秋、冬四个季节的模拟条件下进行。在干燥器中模拟了相对湿度和温度，并在培养箱中模拟了不同的盐溶液。新鲜甘草根浸泡在不同浓度(150、300、600、1200和2400µl/l)的CEN中。在使用纳米乳液之前，我们通过动态光散射(DLS)技术测量了它们的多分散性指数和平均液滴尺寸。同时，采用气相色谱和气相色谱-质谱法测定了其化学成分。每5天进行一次抽样监测OTA。样品立即干燥，用高效液相色谱法进行分析。结果表明，不同浓度的CEN抑制了真菌的生长和OTA的产生。最有效的CEN浓度为1200µl/l和2400µl/l，在冬季和秋季条件下，OTA产量分别减少到19和20 ppb。这些结果提示了一种有效的生态友好的甘草储存方法，以减少采后真菌腐烂。
{"title":"Eco-friendly ‘ochratoxin A’ control in stored licorice roots – quality assurance perspective","authors":"Tahereh Movahhed Haghighi, M. Saharkhiz, M. Khalesi, S. S. Mousavi, A. Ramezanian","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2022.2077460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2022.2077460","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract According to toxicity data, ochratoxin A (OTA) is the second most important mycotoxin and is produced by Aspergillus and Penicillium. As a natural antifungal agent, clove essential oil (CEO) is a substance generally recognised as safe (GRAS) and shows strong activity against fungal pathogens. Here, we aimed to investigate the control efficacy of CEO in nano-emulsions (CEN) against OTA production in licorice roots and rhizomes during storage. The experiments were performed under simulated conditions of all four seasons (i.e. Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter). Relative humidity (RH) and temperature were simulated in desiccators along with various salt solutions in incubators. Fresh licorice roots were immersed in CEN at various concentrations (150, 300, 600, 1200 and 2400 µl/l). Before utilising the nano-emulsions, we measured their polydispersity index and mean droplet size by the dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique. Also, the chemical composition of the CEO was determined using GC and GC-MS analyses. Sampling was carried out to monitor OTA once every five days. The samples were dried immediately and analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results showed that various concentrations of CEN inhibited the growth of fungi and OTA production. The most effective CEN concentrations were 1200 and 2400 µl/l, which reduced OTA production to 19 and 20 ppb under Winter and Autumn conditions, respectively. These results suggest an effective eco-friendly method for the storage of licorice to reduce postharvest fungal decay.","PeriodicalId":12121,"journal":{"name":"Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A","volume":"4 1","pages":"1321 - 1336"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81840597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The fate of five pesticides comprising triadimefon, imidacloprid, fenitrothion, chlorpyrifos-methyl, and chlorpyrifos in wheat flour during noodle production and accelerated storage was systematically investigated. Pesticide residues were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) after each processing step and accelerated storage. The results indicated that dough mixing reduced the concentration of five pesticide residues by 23–42%, mainly owing to the increase of moisture content. Dough resting had little effect on the residues of triadimefon, imidacloprid, and fenitrothion, but decreased chlorpyrifos-methyl and chlorpyrifos significantly by 24% and 15%, respectively. The pesticide residues increased by 3% to 69% during the drying step, attributed to the different role played by thermal evaporation or thermal degradation and concentration of the different pesticides. Boiling lowered the pesticide residues significantly by 56% to 74% in both fresh noodles and dried noodles. All the pesticide residues decreased during accelerated storage, especially for fenitrothion, chlorpyrifos-methyl, and chlorpyrifos. The processing factors (PFs) of the five pesticides in the drying step were greater than 1, while the others were all less than 1. The whole process for noodle production was beneficial to reduce the pesticide residues with PFs ranging from 0.15 to 0.35. The PFs of five pesticides in accelerated storage were all below 1.
{"title":"Degradation of pesticides in wheat flour during noodle production and storage","authors":"Ying Liang, Jinmiao Duan, Qingchao Gao, Zhiyong Zhang","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2022.2077459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2022.2077459","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The fate of five pesticides comprising triadimefon, imidacloprid, fenitrothion, chlorpyrifos-methyl, and chlorpyrifos in wheat flour during noodle production and accelerated storage was systematically investigated. Pesticide residues were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) after each processing step and accelerated storage. The results indicated that dough mixing reduced the concentration of five pesticide residues by 23–42%, mainly owing to the increase of moisture content. Dough resting had little effect on the residues of triadimefon, imidacloprid, and fenitrothion, but decreased chlorpyrifos-methyl and chlorpyrifos significantly by 24% and 15%, respectively. The pesticide residues increased by 3% to 69% during the drying step, attributed to the different role played by thermal evaporation or thermal degradation and concentration of the different pesticides. Boiling lowered the pesticide residues significantly by 56% to 74% in both fresh noodles and dried noodles. All the pesticide residues decreased during accelerated storage, especially for fenitrothion, chlorpyrifos-methyl, and chlorpyrifos. The processing factors (PFs) of the five pesticides in the drying step were greater than 1, while the others were all less than 1. The whole process for noodle production was beneficial to reduce the pesticide residues with PFs ranging from 0.15 to 0.35. The PFs of five pesticides in accelerated storage were all below 1.","PeriodicalId":12121,"journal":{"name":"Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A","volume":"6 1","pages":"1239 - 1247"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90970511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-17DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2066192
Wenli Zhou, Li Ding, Yunhui Cheng, Zhou Xu, Maolong Chen, Xian-shu Fu
Abstract In this paper, a new hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction method was developed to improve the extraction of five fluorescent whitening agents that migrated from plastics food contact materials. Influencing factors, such as the types of membrane, the extraction solvent, the stirring speed, the addition of salt ion, and extraction time, were investigated in detail. Under the optimal conditions, high enrichment factors (71–205) can be obtained with 15 μL extraction solvent. The new method is advantageous; the polypropylene hollow fiber membrane modified by sepiolite nanoparticles had excellent solvent binding force and mass transfer effect compared with the conventional extraction technique. The extracts were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, the limits of detection were 0.3 or 0.9 ng kg−1 with good correlation coefficients (r 2 ≥ 0.9940) for the five fluorescent whitening agents. The intra-day and inter-day recoveries ranged between 82.6% and 112%, with a relative standard deviation of less than 12%. The established method was successfully applied to the analysis of fluorescent whitening agent migration from four types of plastic food contact materials immersed in three food simulants.
摘要:本文研究了一种中空纤维液相微萃取新方法，以改善从塑料食品接触材料中迁移的5种荧光增白剂的提取。考察了膜的种类、提取溶剂、搅拌速度、盐离子的加入量、提取时间等因素对提取效果的影响。在此条件下，以15 μL的萃取溶剂可获得较高的富集系数(71 ~ 205)。这种新方法是有利的;经海泡石纳米颗粒改性的聚丙烯中空纤维膜与常规提取工艺相比，具有良好的溶剂结合力和传质效果。采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法对提取物进行分析，5种荧光增白剂的检出限分别为0.3或0.9 ng kg−1，均具有良好的相关系数(r2≥0.9940)。日内和日内回收率在82.6% - 112%之间，相对标准偏差小于12%。将所建立的方法成功地应用于四种塑料食品接触材料中荧光增白剂在三种食品模拟剂中的迁移分析。
{"title":"Application of an improved hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction technique coupled to LC-MS/MS to studying migration of fluorescent whitening agents from plastic food contact materials","authors":"Wenli Zhou, Li Ding, Yunhui Cheng, Zhou Xu, Maolong Chen, Xian-shu Fu","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2022.2066192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2022.2066192","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this paper, a new hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction method was developed to improve the extraction of five fluorescent whitening agents that migrated from plastics food contact materials. Influencing factors, such as the types of membrane, the extraction solvent, the stirring speed, the addition of salt ion, and extraction time, were investigated in detail. Under the optimal conditions, high enrichment factors (71–205) can be obtained with 15 μL extraction solvent. The new method is advantageous; the polypropylene hollow fiber membrane modified by sepiolite nanoparticles had excellent solvent binding force and mass transfer effect compared with the conventional extraction technique. The extracts were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, the limits of detection were 0.3 or 0.9 ng kg−1 with good correlation coefficients (r 2 ≥ 0.9940) for the five fluorescent whitening agents. The intra-day and inter-day recoveries ranged between 82.6% and 112%, with a relative standard deviation of less than 12%. The established method was successfully applied to the analysis of fluorescent whitening agent migration from four types of plastic food contact materials immersed in three food simulants.","PeriodicalId":12121,"journal":{"name":"Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A","volume":"109 1","pages":"1337 - 1347"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77818376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-17DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2062059
Andrea Sartorius, Matthew Johnson, S. Young, Malcolm Bennett, K. Baiker, P. Edwards, L. Yon
Abstract Lead pollution from metalliferous mines can have major environmental and health effects long after the mines have closed. Animals living near derelict mine sites can inadvertently ingest lead-contaminated soils, causing them to accumulate lead and potentially experience significant adverse health effects. Human food products, such as eggs, produced near metalliferous mines may also be contaminated with lead. The focus of this case study was to determine whether free-range chickens living near a derelict lead mine had high lead body burdens, whether they were producing eggs with elevated lead concentrations, and whether these eggs could be hazardous to human health. Soil samples and chicken egg, feather, blood, and bone samples were collected from a small farm near an abandoned metalliferous mine. The soil in and around the chicken pens contained lead concentrations that were elevated above established soil lead baseline concentrations. The lead concentrations in the chicken feather, blood, and bone samples were consistent with lead toxicity and indicated long-term, continuous exposure. Finally, the lead concentrations in the eggs were significantly greater than those found in commercial eggs. Based on previously established lead benchmark dose levels, humans, and in particular, children, could experience adverse health impacts if they routinely consumed these eggs. Environmental lead contamination continues to pose a major health risk for humans, and further research, understanding, and awareness are required to safeguard the public from the risks of consuming food produced near derelict mines.
{"title":"Human health implications from consuming eggs produced near a derelict metalliferous mine: a case study","authors":"Andrea Sartorius, Matthew Johnson, S. Young, Malcolm Bennett, K. Baiker, P. Edwards, L. Yon","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2022.2062059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2022.2062059","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Lead pollution from metalliferous mines can have major environmental and health effects long after the mines have closed. Animals living near derelict mine sites can inadvertently ingest lead-contaminated soils, causing them to accumulate lead and potentially experience significant adverse health effects. Human food products, such as eggs, produced near metalliferous mines may also be contaminated with lead. The focus of this case study was to determine whether free-range chickens living near a derelict lead mine had high lead body burdens, whether they were producing eggs with elevated lead concentrations, and whether these eggs could be hazardous to human health. Soil samples and chicken egg, feather, blood, and bone samples were collected from a small farm near an abandoned metalliferous mine. The soil in and around the chicken pens contained lead concentrations that were elevated above established soil lead baseline concentrations. The lead concentrations in the chicken feather, blood, and bone samples were consistent with lead toxicity and indicated long-term, continuous exposure. Finally, the lead concentrations in the eggs were significantly greater than those found in commercial eggs. Based on previously established lead benchmark dose levels, humans, and in particular, children, could experience adverse health impacts if they routinely consumed these eggs. Environmental lead contamination continues to pose a major health risk for humans, and further research, understanding, and awareness are required to safeguard the public from the risks of consuming food produced near derelict mines.","PeriodicalId":12121,"journal":{"name":"Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A","volume":"1 1","pages":"1074 - 1085"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78713592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-11DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2066193
L. V. van Raamsdonk, H. van der Voet
Abstract The presence is regulated of visually detectable seeds from a selection of toxic plants and fungi mycelium bodies (sclerotia) in feed (Directive 2002/32/EC) and in food (Regulation (EC) 1881/2006). Homogenisation as typical for chemical analyses is not applicable, and dedicated approaches are needed for visual examination methods. Visual methods require two parameters to characterise measurement uncertainties for both unit counts and unit weights. A new approach is to divide approximately 2 kg of sample material into four subsamples of approximately 500 g and to separately examine the four subsamples for numbers and particle weights of seeds or sclerotia. This study is the first to produce datasets on inhomogeneity among subsamples of a sample for visually detectable undesirable substances. Analytical thresholds were calculated from a simulation model and bootstrap procedures based on our data. The analytical thresholds assuring a controlled false-negative rate of 5% for decisions in compliance with legal limits depend on the diversity of the unit counts and weights, the level of the legal limit and the amount of material examined initially in the step-wise approach, either one or two subsamples. A procedure is proposed for examination in practice where only two subsamples, or alternatively even only one subsample, would be examined. If the resulting level of contamination exceeds the relevant threshold additional subsamples need to be examined as well. In most of the investigated cases, analytical thresholds could be established for the examination of just one subsample (500 g) taken from a sample of 2 kg. However, for ergot sclerotia in food with a legal limit of 200 mg kg−1, at least two subsamples (1000 g) need to be examined in the first step. Other groups of visually detectable undesirable substances exist which need further attention. Graphical Abstract
饲料(指令2002/32/EC)和食品(法规(EC) 1881/2006)中有毒植物和真菌菌丝体(菌核)的目视可检测种子的存在受到监管。化学分析中典型的均质化不适用，目视检查方法需要专门的方法。目测方法需要两个参数来表征单位计数和单位权重的测量不确定度。一种新的方法是将大约2公斤的样品材料分成四个大约500克的子样品，并分别检查四个子样品的种子或菌核的数量和颗粒重量。这项研究是第一个产生的数据集在一个样品的子样品之间的不均匀性的视觉检测不良物质。分析阈值是根据我们的数据从模拟模型和bootstrap程序计算出来的。确保符合法律限制的决定的假阴性率控制在5%的分析阈值取决于单位计数和权重的多样性，法律限制的水平以及在逐步方法中最初检查的材料数量，一个或两个子样本。提出了一种在实践中只检查两个子样本，或者甚至只检查一个子样本的检查程序。如果产生的污染水平超过相关阈值，还需要检查额外的子样本。在大多数调查的病例中，可以为从2公斤样品中提取的一个子样品(500克)的检查建立分析阈值。然而，对于法定限量为200 mg kg - 1的食品中的麦角菌菌核，在第一步中至少需要检查两个子样品(1000 g)。还有一些目测不到的不良物质需要进一步注意。图形抽象
{"title":"Measurement uncertainty for detection of visual impurities in granular feed and food materials in relation to the investigated amount of material","authors":"L. V. van Raamsdonk, H. van der Voet","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2022.2066193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2022.2066193","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The presence is regulated of visually detectable seeds from a selection of toxic plants and fungi mycelium bodies (sclerotia) in feed (Directive 2002/32/EC) and in food (Regulation (EC) 1881/2006). Homogenisation as typical for chemical analyses is not applicable, and dedicated approaches are needed for visual examination methods. Visual methods require two parameters to characterise measurement uncertainties for both unit counts and unit weights. A new approach is to divide approximately 2 kg of sample material into four subsamples of approximately 500 g and to separately examine the four subsamples for numbers and particle weights of seeds or sclerotia. This study is the first to produce datasets on inhomogeneity among subsamples of a sample for visually detectable undesirable substances. Analytical thresholds were calculated from a simulation model and bootstrap procedures based on our data. The analytical thresholds assuring a controlled false-negative rate of 5% for decisions in compliance with legal limits depend on the diversity of the unit counts and weights, the level of the legal limit and the amount of material examined initially in the step-wise approach, either one or two subsamples. A procedure is proposed for examination in practice where only two subsamples, or alternatively even only one subsample, would be examined. If the resulting level of contamination exceeds the relevant threshold additional subsamples need to be examined as well. In most of the investigated cases, analytical thresholds could be established for the examination of just one subsample (500 g) taken from a sample of 2 kg. However, for ergot sclerotia in food with a legal limit of 200 mg kg−1, at least two subsamples (1000 g) need to be examined in the first step. Other groups of visually detectable undesirable substances exist which need further attention. Graphical Abstract","PeriodicalId":12121,"journal":{"name":"Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A","volume":"20 1","pages":"1265 - 1283"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85427651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-10DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2040746
Yang Liu, Yuanling Zhao, Shuhui Li, Dan Liu
Abstract In this study, the residues of four insecticides, spirotetramat, flonicamid, thiamethoxam, and tolfenpyrad, and their metabolites, including spirotetramat-enol, spirotetramat-mono-hydroxy, spirotetramat-keto-hydroxy, spirotetramat-enol-glucoside, 4-trifluoromethylnicotinamide, 4-trifluoromethylnicotinic acid, N-(4-trifluoromethylnicotinoyl) glycine, and clothianidin, were assessed using a single analysis method. The samples were extracted by acetonitrile, then purified by dispersive solid phase extraction and quantified using high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The average recovery rate of 12 target compounds was 73.5–103.7%, the relative standard deviation was 1.1–18.3%, and the limit of quantification was 0.01–0.05 mg/kg. The results showed good linearity (R 2 >0.99), meeting the requirements of the pesticide residue analysis. The dissipation half-lives of the four insecticides in eggplant were 3.4–14.5 days. After the last applications at 7 and 10 days, the final residues of the four insecticides in eggplant were <0.01–0.21, 0.085–0.26, <0.05–0.078, and <0.01–0.21 mg/kg, respectively. The dissipation and final residue results could provide a theoretical basis for the rational application of four insecticides in eggplant fields. Highlights HPLC-MS/MS for simultaneous determination of four insecticides and their metabolites in eggplant fields. The dissipation dynamics and final residue of the target compounds in field eggplant were studied. Guidance for the safe use of four insecticides on eggplant.
{"title":"Multi-residue analysis, dissipation behavior, and final residues of four insecticides in supervised eggplant field","authors":"Yang Liu, Yuanling Zhao, Shuhui Li, Dan Liu","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2022.2040746","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2022.2040746","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this study, the residues of four insecticides, spirotetramat, flonicamid, thiamethoxam, and tolfenpyrad, and their metabolites, including spirotetramat-enol, spirotetramat-mono-hydroxy, spirotetramat-keto-hydroxy, spirotetramat-enol-glucoside, 4-trifluoromethylnicotinamide, 4-trifluoromethylnicotinic acid, N-(4-trifluoromethylnicotinoyl) glycine, and clothianidin, were assessed using a single analysis method. The samples were extracted by acetonitrile, then purified by dispersive solid phase extraction and quantified using high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The average recovery rate of 12 target compounds was 73.5–103.7%, the relative standard deviation was 1.1–18.3%, and the limit of quantification was 0.01–0.05 mg/kg. The results showed good linearity (R 2 >0.99), meeting the requirements of the pesticide residue analysis. The dissipation half-lives of the four insecticides in eggplant were 3.4–14.5 days. After the last applications at 7 and 10 days, the final residues of the four insecticides in eggplant were <0.01–0.21, 0.085–0.26, <0.05–0.078, and <0.01–0.21 mg/kg, respectively. The dissipation and final residue results could provide a theoretical basis for the rational application of four insecticides in eggplant fields. Highlights HPLC-MS/MS for simultaneous determination of four insecticides and their metabolites in eggplant fields. The dissipation dynamics and final residue of the target compounds in field eggplant were studied. Guidance for the safe use of four insecticides on eggplant.","PeriodicalId":12121,"journal":{"name":"Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A","volume":"9 1","pages":"1086 - 1099"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88348515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In this study, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) 1G5 against novobiocin with high sensitivity and specificity was prepared from a newly-designed hapten. According to the results of an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA), the 50%-inhibitory concentration of the anti-novobiocin mAb was 6.9 ng/mL and the cross-reactivity was less than 0.1% to its analogues. Furthermore, a rapid colloidal gold immunochromatographic assay (ICA) was successfully developed for the determination of novobiocin in spiked samples. Two calibration curves were established respectively, for beef and chicken samples. The ICA results showed a visual colorimetric value of 50 ng/mL and a cut-off value of 300 ng/mL in beef samples. The ICA results of chicken samples were almost the same as that of beef. When quantitative detection was performed using a strip reader, the detection ranges for quantitative analysis in beef and chicken were 23.7–287.5 and 19.7–263.8 µg/kg respectively. Recoveries were between 82.7 and 95.3% for beef samples with the coefficient of variation (CV) ranging from 2.5 to 5.1%. Recoveries were in the range of 89.6–105.5% with the CV ranging from 2.9% to 6.3% for chicken samples. Importantly, these results from the ICA were highly consistent with the results obtained by LC-MS/MS. Therefore, this ICA could be used as an alternative means for the rapid determination of NOV in a large number of beef and chicken samples.
{"title":"A monoclonal antibody-based colloidal gold immunochromatographic strip for the analysis of novobiocin in beef and chicken","authors":"Hongtao Jiang, Xinxin Xu, Shanshan Song, Aihong Wu, Liqiang Liu, Hua Kuang, Chuanlai Xu","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2022.2048089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2022.2048089","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this study, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) 1G5 against novobiocin with high sensitivity and specificity was prepared from a newly-designed hapten. According to the results of an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA), the 50%-inhibitory concentration of the anti-novobiocin mAb was 6.9 ng/mL and the cross-reactivity was less than 0.1% to its analogues. Furthermore, a rapid colloidal gold immunochromatographic assay (ICA) was successfully developed for the determination of novobiocin in spiked samples. Two calibration curves were established respectively, for beef and chicken samples. The ICA results showed a visual colorimetric value of 50 ng/mL and a cut-off value of 300 ng/mL in beef samples. The ICA results of chicken samples were almost the same as that of beef. When quantitative detection was performed using a strip reader, the detection ranges for quantitative analysis in beef and chicken were 23.7–287.5 and 19.7–263.8 µg/kg respectively. Recoveries were between 82.7 and 95.3% for beef samples with the coefficient of variation (CV) ranging from 2.5 to 5.1%. Recoveries were in the range of 89.6–105.5% with the CV ranging from 2.9% to 6.3% for chicken samples. Importantly, these results from the ICA were highly consistent with the results obtained by LC-MS/MS. Therefore, this ICA could be used as an alternative means for the rapid determination of NOV in a large number of beef and chicken samples.","PeriodicalId":12121,"journal":{"name":"Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A","volume":"64 1","pages":"1053 - 1064"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83919012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-29DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2069291
Su-Jin Ahn, Hyung Joo Kim, Ayoung Lee, Seung-Sik Min, Eunmi Kim, Suncheun Kim
Abstract Angelica gigas, a popular medicinal herb in Korea, is locally called Danggui; this name is similarly used for Angelica acutiloba and Angelica sinensis, which are also sold in the retail market. These three herbs have differing therapeutic effects and should be used according to their prescribed purposes. In some retail markets, though, all three herbs are known by the same common name rather than a scientific name and can therefore be confused with each other. In particular, in the case of powdered products, intentional or unintentional wrong sales activity by the seller may occur. In this study, non-targeted analysis was performed using liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry to discriminate between the three Angelica herbs, and marker compounds were identified by principal component analysis. Principal component analysis was applied to the whole dataset with the variables being sample name, peak name (m/z with retention time), and ion intensity extracted in advance by peak finding, alignment, and filtering. All three herbs were visually and clearly differentiated in the score plot, and the marker compounds that contributed to their discrimination were found in the loading plot through principal component variable grouping (PCVG). Among the marker compounds, coumarins contributed to the classification of A. gigas, and phthalides contributed to the classification of A. sinensis. The three Angelica herbs were well discriminated from each other. Within the three Angelica species investigated, marker compounds can determine the species of even powdered or extracted samples that cannot be visually identified.
{"title":"Discrimination of three Angelica herbs using LC-QTOF/MS combined with multivariate analysis","authors":"Su-Jin Ahn, Hyung Joo Kim, Ayoung Lee, Seung-Sik Min, Eunmi Kim, Suncheun Kim","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2022.2069291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2022.2069291","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Angelica gigas, a popular medicinal herb in Korea, is locally called Danggui; this name is similarly used for Angelica acutiloba and Angelica sinensis, which are also sold in the retail market. These three herbs have differing therapeutic effects and should be used according to their prescribed purposes. In some retail markets, though, all three herbs are known by the same common name rather than a scientific name and can therefore be confused with each other. In particular, in the case of powdered products, intentional or unintentional wrong sales activity by the seller may occur. In this study, non-targeted analysis was performed using liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry to discriminate between the three Angelica herbs, and marker compounds were identified by principal component analysis. Principal component analysis was applied to the whole dataset with the variables being sample name, peak name (m/z with retention time), and ion intensity extracted in advance by peak finding, alignment, and filtering. All three herbs were visually and clearly differentiated in the score plot, and the marker compounds that contributed to their discrimination were found in the loading plot through principal component variable grouping (PCVG). Among the marker compounds, coumarins contributed to the classification of A. gigas, and phthalides contributed to the classification of A. sinensis. The three Angelica herbs were well discriminated from each other. Within the three Angelica species investigated, marker compounds can determine the species of even powdered or extracted samples that cannot be visually identified.","PeriodicalId":12121,"journal":{"name":"Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A","volume":"45 1","pages":"1195 - 1205"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79046625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-27DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2068807
Patrícia da Silva Rodrigues, A. de Oliveira Rios, F. Cladera-Olivera
Abstract Amaranth is a synthetic red azo dye approved in several countries such as Canada, Australia and Brazil, but banned in the United States. There are few studies evaluating the exposure of the general population to this food colouring substance, in Brazil, specifically, there are virtually no data on its intake. This study aimed to estimate the Theoretical Maximum Daily Intake (TMDI) of the Brazilian population and to quantify Amaranth in foods that contribute the most to its consumption. Data on the presence of Amaranth were correlated with consumption data from National Household Budget Surveys carried out in 2008/2009 and 2017/2018, among people aged ten or older. The results show that the mean TMDI (mg/day) of Amaranth does not exceed the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) in any population group, it, however, may get as high as 66% of the ADI among teenagers. For the TMDI balanced by the prevalence of food consumption, that is, considering consumers only (eaters only, rather than the population mean), results show that the amounts can exceed the ADI in all population groups studied. The intake of Amaranth is higher among the younger population (adolescents) reaching up to three times the ADI in the worst-case scenario. The food groups which contribute the most to the intake of Amaranth, are ‘juices/artificial juices/reconstituted powdered juice mixes’ and ‘soft drinks’. Laboratory tests of powdered fruit mixes and soft drinks sold in the city of Porto Alegre (Brazil) show that 17 out of 20 samples tested exceeded the limit set by Brazilian regulations (5 mg/100 mL in the final product). Results show that the intake of Amaranth by the different Brazilian populations may pose a health hazard to several population groups.
{"title":"Can the intake of synthetic food colour Amaranth (INS 123) put the health of Brazilian consumers at risk?","authors":"Patrícia da Silva Rodrigues, A. de Oliveira Rios, F. Cladera-Olivera","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2022.2068807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2022.2068807","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Amaranth is a synthetic red azo dye approved in several countries such as Canada, Australia and Brazil, but banned in the United States. There are few studies evaluating the exposure of the general population to this food colouring substance, in Brazil, specifically, there are virtually no data on its intake. This study aimed to estimate the Theoretical Maximum Daily Intake (TMDI) of the Brazilian population and to quantify Amaranth in foods that contribute the most to its consumption. Data on the presence of Amaranth were correlated with consumption data from National Household Budget Surveys carried out in 2008/2009 and 2017/2018, among people aged ten or older. The results show that the mean TMDI (mg/day) of Amaranth does not exceed the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) in any population group, it, however, may get as high as 66% of the ADI among teenagers. For the TMDI balanced by the prevalence of food consumption, that is, considering consumers only (eaters only, rather than the population mean), results show that the amounts can exceed the ADI in all population groups studied. The intake of Amaranth is higher among the younger population (adolescents) reaching up to three times the ADI in the worst-case scenario. The food groups which contribute the most to the intake of Amaranth, are ‘juices/artificial juices/reconstituted powdered juice mixes’ and ‘soft drinks’. Laboratory tests of powdered fruit mixes and soft drinks sold in the city of Porto Alegre (Brazil) show that 17 out of 20 samples tested exceeded the limit set by Brazilian regulations (5 mg/100 mL in the final product). Results show that the intake of Amaranth by the different Brazilian populations may pose a health hazard to several population groups.","PeriodicalId":12121,"journal":{"name":"Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A","volume":"8 1","pages":"1222 - 1238"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73688281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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