Pub Date : 2024-10-29DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109990
Weitao Tu , Ming Guo , Zhen Zhang , Chenghua Li
Echinoderms possess unique biological traits that make them valuable models in immunology, regeneration, and developmental biology studies. As a class rich in active substances with significant nutritional and medicinal value, echinoderms face threats from marine pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and parasites, which have caused substantial economic losses in echinoderm aquaculture. Echinoderms counteract pathogen invasion through innate immunity and programmed cell death, in particular, with apoptosis being essential for eliminating infected or damaged cells and maintaining homeostasis in many echinoderm cell types. Despite the importance of this process, there is a lack of comprehensive and updated reviews on this topic. This review underscores that echinoderm apoptotic pathways exhibit a complexity comparable to that of vertebrates, featuring proteins with unique domains that may indicate the presence of novel signaling mechanisms. We synthesize current knowledge on how echinoderms utilize diverse transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms to regulate apoptosis in response to pathogen infections and explore how pathogens have evolved strategies to manipulate echinoderm apoptosis, either by inhibiting it to create survival niches or by inducing excessive apoptosis to weaken the host. By elucidating the primary apoptotic pathways in echinoderms and the host-pathogen interactions that modulate these pathways, this review aims to reveal new mechanisms of apoptosis in animal immune defense and provide insights into the evolutionary arms race between hosts and pathogens.
{"title":"Pathogen-induced apoptosis in echinoderms: A review","authors":"Weitao Tu , Ming Guo , Zhen Zhang , Chenghua Li","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109990","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109990","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Echinoderms possess unique biological traits that make them valuable models in immunology, regeneration, and developmental biology studies. As a class rich in active substances with significant nutritional and medicinal value, echinoderms face threats from marine pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and parasites, which have caused substantial economic losses in echinoderm aquaculture. Echinoderms counteract pathogen invasion through innate immunity and programmed cell death, in particular, with apoptosis being essential for eliminating infected or damaged cells and maintaining homeostasis in many echinoderm cell types. Despite the importance of this process, there is a lack of comprehensive and updated reviews on this topic. This review underscores that echinoderm apoptotic pathways exhibit a complexity comparable to that of vertebrates, featuring proteins with unique domains that may indicate the presence of novel signaling mechanisms. We synthesize current knowledge on how echinoderms utilize diverse transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms to regulate apoptosis in response to pathogen infections and explore how pathogens have evolved strategies to manipulate echinoderm apoptosis, either by inhibiting it to create survival niches or by inducing excessive apoptosis to weaken the host. By elucidating the primary apoptotic pathways in echinoderms and the host-pathogen interactions that modulate these pathways, this review aims to reveal new mechanisms of apoptosis in animal immune defense and provide insights into the evolutionary arms race between hosts and pathogens.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 109990"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142557454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-26DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109988
Xinxin Xu , Beibei Ji , Yue Xi , Yuru Zhang , Xianglin Cao , Ronghua Lu , Guoxing Nie
<div><div>A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of glycerol monolaurate (GML) on growth performance, lipid metabolism, inflammation, and related gene expression in common carp fed a high lipid diet. Juvenile common carp were distributed into 18 cages and fed one of six isonitrogenous diets: a normal lipid diet (control diet, CT), a high lipid diet (HL), and high lipid diets supplemented with 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 g kg<sup>−1</sup> GML (designated as GML-0.5, GML-1, GML-2, and GML-4, respectively), with three replicates per treatment. After 56 days of feeding, the results indicated that the final body weight (FBW) and specific growth rate (SGR) in the GML-1 and GML-2 groups were significantly higher than those observed in the CT, HL, and GML-4 groups (<em>P</em> < 0.05). The crude lipid content in the hepatopancreas of the GML-1 and GML-2 groups was significantly lower than that in the HL group (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Morphological analysis of the hepatopancreas revealed a reduction in vacuole presence with GML supplementation (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Additionally, GML supplementation significantly enhanced the development of intestinal structures of common carp. The inclusion of GML significantly influenced the quality of the fillet, as evidenced by notable increases in hardness, gumminess, chewiness, and shear force compared to the HL group (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Additionally, the dripping loss of raw fillets in the GML groups decreased than that observed in the HL group (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Furthermore, GML-1 and GML-2 groups exhibiting the lowest serum TG levels among all groups (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Conversely, serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) levels significantly increased with GML supplementation, with the GML-2 group demonstrating the highest HDL content (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Key genes of lipid synthesis in the hepatopancreas were down-regulated, whereas genes involved in lipolysis were up-regulated in the GML-1 and GML-2 groups relative to the HL group (<em>P</em> < 0.05). KEGG functional annotation analysis of differentially expressed genes in the hepatopancreas of fish fed GML-supplemented diets revealed significant alterations in the PPAR signaling pathway. GML effectively enhanced the antioxidant enzyme activities of hepatopancreas, intestine, spleen, kidney, and serum following high lipid feeding accompanied with the significant up-regulation of antioxidant genes in the hepatopancreas and intestine of the GML-1 and GML-2 groups. Simultaneously, pro-inflammatory factors in these tissues were significantly down-regulated, while anti-inflammatory factors were markedly up-regulated in the GML-1 and GML-2 groups compared to the HL group (<em>P</em> < 0.05). In summary, common carp fed high lipid diets supplemented with 1–2 g kg<sup>−1</sup> GML exhibited improved growth performance, enhanced fillet quality, regulated lipid metabolism, promoted intestinal structural development, and bolstered b
{"title":"Glycerol monolaurate enhances growth performance, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory response in common carp fed high lipid diets","authors":"Xinxin Xu , Beibei Ji , Yue Xi , Yuru Zhang , Xianglin Cao , Ronghua Lu , Guoxing Nie","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109988","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109988","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of glycerol monolaurate (GML) on growth performance, lipid metabolism, inflammation, and related gene expression in common carp fed a high lipid diet. Juvenile common carp were distributed into 18 cages and fed one of six isonitrogenous diets: a normal lipid diet (control diet, CT), a high lipid diet (HL), and high lipid diets supplemented with 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 g kg<sup>−1</sup> GML (designated as GML-0.5, GML-1, GML-2, and GML-4, respectively), with three replicates per treatment. After 56 days of feeding, the results indicated that the final body weight (FBW) and specific growth rate (SGR) in the GML-1 and GML-2 groups were significantly higher than those observed in the CT, HL, and GML-4 groups (<em>P</em> < 0.05). The crude lipid content in the hepatopancreas of the GML-1 and GML-2 groups was significantly lower than that in the HL group (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Morphological analysis of the hepatopancreas revealed a reduction in vacuole presence with GML supplementation (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Additionally, GML supplementation significantly enhanced the development of intestinal structures of common carp. The inclusion of GML significantly influenced the quality of the fillet, as evidenced by notable increases in hardness, gumminess, chewiness, and shear force compared to the HL group (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Additionally, the dripping loss of raw fillets in the GML groups decreased than that observed in the HL group (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Furthermore, GML-1 and GML-2 groups exhibiting the lowest serum TG levels among all groups (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Conversely, serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) levels significantly increased with GML supplementation, with the GML-2 group demonstrating the highest HDL content (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Key genes of lipid synthesis in the hepatopancreas were down-regulated, whereas genes involved in lipolysis were up-regulated in the GML-1 and GML-2 groups relative to the HL group (<em>P</em> < 0.05). KEGG functional annotation analysis of differentially expressed genes in the hepatopancreas of fish fed GML-supplemented diets revealed significant alterations in the PPAR signaling pathway. GML effectively enhanced the antioxidant enzyme activities of hepatopancreas, intestine, spleen, kidney, and serum following high lipid feeding accompanied with the significant up-regulation of antioxidant genes in the hepatopancreas and intestine of the GML-1 and GML-2 groups. Simultaneously, pro-inflammatory factors in these tissues were significantly down-regulated, while anti-inflammatory factors were markedly up-regulated in the GML-1 and GML-2 groups compared to the HL group (<em>P</em> < 0.05). In summary, common carp fed high lipid diets supplemented with 1–2 g kg<sup>−1</sup> GML exhibited improved growth performance, enhanced fillet quality, regulated lipid metabolism, promoted intestinal structural development, and bolstered b","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 109988"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142568251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-24DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109986
Yong-Lei Yang , Rong-Rong Zhang , Jing-Yi Pang , Jun-Hong Xing , Tian-Kui Guo , Chun-Wei Shi , Gui-Lian Yang , Hai-Bin Huang , Yan-Long Jiang , Jian-Zhong Wang , Xin Cao , Nan Wang , Yan Zeng , Wen-Tao Yang , Jia-Yun Yao , Chun-Feng Wang
Largemouth bass virus (LMBV) is an infectious pathogen that causes high mortality rates in largemouth bass, and outbreaks of this virus can significantly harm the aquaculture industry. Currently, no vaccine has been developed that can effectively prevent the transmission of LMBV. In this study, we constructed a recombinant Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) strain capable of expressing the MCP gene of LMBV and displaying this protein on its surface; then, we evaluated the immunoprotective effect of this recombinant bacterium on largemouth bass. Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry confirmed that MCP was successfully expressed and anchored on the surfaces of NC8 cells. Immunization of largemouth bass with NC8-pSIP409-pgsA′-MCP via the oral feeding route induced CD4, CD8, IL-1β, and IL-6 gene expression. In addition, NC8-pSIP409-pgsA′-MCP at different CFUs increased the survival of largemouth bass after LMBV infection; in particular, NC8-pSIP409-pgsA′-MCP (109 CFU) resulted in approximately 30 % survival. NC8-pSIP409-pgsA′-MCP immunization alleviated the pathological changes in the liver and spleen, exerting a more advantageous protective effect. These data suggest that the recombinant L. plantarum strain NC8-pSIP409-pgsA′-MCP can increase the resistance of largemouth bass to LMBV infection and that this strain is a promising candidate oral vaccine for the prevention of LMBV infection.
{"title":"Immunoprotective effect of recombinant Lactobacillus plantarum expressing largemouth bass virus MCP on largemouth bass","authors":"Yong-Lei Yang , Rong-Rong Zhang , Jing-Yi Pang , Jun-Hong Xing , Tian-Kui Guo , Chun-Wei Shi , Gui-Lian Yang , Hai-Bin Huang , Yan-Long Jiang , Jian-Zhong Wang , Xin Cao , Nan Wang , Yan Zeng , Wen-Tao Yang , Jia-Yun Yao , Chun-Feng Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109986","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109986","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Largemouth bass virus (LMBV) is an infectious pathogen that causes high mortality rates in largemouth bass, and outbreaks of this virus can significantly harm the aquaculture industry. Currently, no vaccine has been developed that can effectively prevent the transmission of LMBV. In this study, we constructed a recombinant <em>Lactobacillus plantarum</em> (<em>L</em>. <em>plantarum</em>) strain capable of expressing the MCP gene of LMBV and displaying this protein on its surface; then, we evaluated the immunoprotective effect of this recombinant bacterium on largemouth bass. Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry confirmed that MCP was successfully expressed and anchored on the surfaces of NC8 cells. Immunization of largemouth bass with NC8-pSIP409-pgsA′-MCP via the oral feeding route induced CD4, CD8, IL-1β, and IL-6 gene expression. In addition, NC8-pSIP409-pgsA′-MCP at different CFUs increased the survival of largemouth bass after LMBV infection; in particular, NC8-pSIP409-pgsA′-MCP (10<sup>9</sup> CFU) resulted in approximately 30 % survival. NC8-pSIP409-pgsA′-MCP immunization alleviated the pathological changes in the liver and spleen, exerting a more advantageous protective effect. These data suggest that the recombinant <em>L</em>. plantarum strain NC8-pSIP409-pgsA′-MCP can increase the resistance of largemouth bass to LMBV infection and that this strain is a promising candidate oral vaccine for the prevention of LMBV infection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 109986"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142497576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fish skin, the mucosal site most exposed to external antigens, requires protection by an efficient local mucosal immune system. The mucosal reserve of IgM is recognized as an immune strategy that blocks pathogen invasion to maintain homeostasis, whereas the mechanism of skin-associated local IgM production induced by mucosal antigens is not well know. In this study, we found that the skin of flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) was equipped with the immune cellular and molecular basis for processing mucosal antigens and triggering local specific responses, i.e., CD4+ Zap-70+ T cells, CD4− Zap-70+ T/NK cells, IgM+ MHCII+ B cells, PNA+ MHCII+ antigen-presenting cells, UEA-1+ WGA+ and UEA-1+ WGA− antigen-sampling cells, as well as secreted IgM and pIgR, as demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence assay using different antibodies and lectins. After immersion immunization with inactivated Edwardsiella tarda, qPCR assay displayed up-regulation of immune-related genes in flounder skin. Flow cytometry analysis and EdU labeling demonstrated that the mucosal inactivated vaccine induced local proliferation and increased amounts of cutaneous IgM+ B cells. Skin explant culture proved the local production of specific IgM in the skin, which could bind to the surface of E. tarda. ELISA, laser scanning confocal microscopy, and Western blot revealed that, in addition to the elevated IgM levels, pIgR protein level was significantly up-regulated in skin tissue and surface mucus containing the pIgR (secretory component, SC)-tetrameric IgM complex, indicating that mucosal vaccine stimulated up-regulation of IgM and pIgR, which were secreted as a complex into skin mucus to exert the protective effects as secretory IgM. These findings deepen the understanding of IgM-based local responses in the mucosal immunity of teleosts, which will be critical for subsequent investigation into the protective mechanism of mucosal vaccines for fish health.
鱼皮是暴露于外部抗原最多的粘膜部位，需要高效的局部粘膜免疫系统的保护。粘膜储备的 IgM 被认为是一种阻止病原体入侵以维持体内平衡的免疫策略，而粘膜抗原诱导皮肤相关的局部 IgM 产生的机制尚不清楚。在这项研究中，我们发现比目鱼（Paralichthys olivaceus）的皮肤具备处理粘膜抗原并引发局部特异性反应的免疫细胞和分子基础，即通过使用不同抗体和凝集素进行间接免疫荧光检测，可发现CD4+ Zap-70+ T细胞、CD4- Zap-70+ T/NK细胞、IgM+ MHCII+B细胞、PNA+ MHCII+抗原递呈细胞、UEA-1+ WGA+和UEA-1+ WGA-抗原取样细胞，以及分泌的IgM和pIgR。用灭活的塔氏爱德华氏菌浸泡免疫后，qPCR 检测显示比目鱼皮肤中免疫相关基因上调。流式细胞术分析和 EdU 标记表明，粘膜灭活疫苗诱导了局部增殖和皮肤 IgM+ B 细胞数量的增加。皮肤外植体培养证明皮肤局部产生了特异性 IgM，可与 E. tarda 表面结合。ELISA、激光扫描共聚焦显微镜和Western印迹显示，除了IgM水平升高外，皮肤组织和含有pIgR（分泌成分，SC）-四聚体IgM复合物的表面粘液中pIgR蛋白水平也显著上调，这表明粘膜疫苗刺激了IgM和pIgR的上调，它们以复合物的形式分泌到皮肤粘液中，作为分泌型IgM发挥保护作用。这些发现加深了人们对远洋鱼类粘膜免疫中基于 IgM 的局部反应的理解，这对后续研究粘膜疫苗对鱼类健康的保护机制至关重要。
{"title":"Immunoglobulin M-based local production in skin-associated lymphoid tissue of flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) initiated by immersion with inactivated Edwardsiella tarda","authors":"Yuan Guo , Xiuzhen Sheng , Xiaoqian Tang , Jing Xing , Heng Chi , Wenbin Zhan","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109982","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109982","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fish skin, the mucosal site most exposed to external antigens, requires protection by an efficient local mucosal immune system. The mucosal reserve of IgM is recognized as an immune strategy that blocks pathogen invasion to maintain homeostasis, whereas the mechanism of skin-associated local IgM production induced by mucosal antigens is not well know. In this study, we found that the skin of flounder (<em>Paralichthys olivaceus</em>) was equipped with the immune cellular and molecular basis for processing mucosal antigens and triggering local specific responses, i.e., CD4<sup>+</sup> Zap-70<sup>+</sup> T cells, CD4<sup>−</sup> Zap-70<sup>+</sup> T/NK cells, IgM<sup>+</sup> MHCII<sup>+</sup> B cells, PNA<sup>+</sup> MHCII<sup>+</sup> antigen-presenting cells, UEA-1<sup>+</sup> WGA<sup>+</sup> and UEA-1<sup>+</sup> WGA<sup>−</sup> antigen-sampling cells, as well as secreted IgM and pIgR, as demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence assay using different antibodies and lectins. After immersion immunization with inactivated <em>Edwardsiella tarda</em>, qPCR assay displayed up-regulation of immune-related genes in flounder skin. Flow cytometry analysis and EdU labeling demonstrated that the mucosal inactivated vaccine induced local proliferation and increased amounts of cutaneous IgM<sup>+</sup> B cells. Skin explant culture proved the local production of specific IgM in the skin, which could bind to the surface of <em>E</em>. <em>tarda</em>. ELISA, laser scanning confocal microscopy, and Western blot revealed that, in addition to the elevated IgM levels, pIgR protein level was significantly up-regulated in skin tissue and surface mucus containing the pIgR (secretory component, SC)-tetrameric IgM complex, indicating that mucosal vaccine stimulated up-regulation of IgM and pIgR, which were secreted as a complex into skin mucus to exert the protective effects as secretory IgM. These findings deepen the understanding of IgM-based local responses in the mucosal immunity of teleosts, which will be critical for subsequent investigation into the protective mechanism of mucosal vaccines for fish health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":"154 ","pages":"Article 109982"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142497575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The zinc finger antiviral protein (ZAP) is a host antiviral factor that could restrict the replication of various RNA and DNA viruses. To date, the antiviral properties of ZAP gene have been demonstrated in multiple mammals and a few of bird species, while no data is available regarding the immune role of ZAP in fish. In this study, one ZAP-like gene (CcZAPL) was identified form common carp and its antiviral role was investigated. Expression analysis showed that CcZAPL was widely expressed in multiple fish tissues, with highest level in the head kidney, and confocal microscopy analysis showed the sublocation of CcZAPL mainly in the nucleus of Epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells. After in vivo stimulation by Spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV), CcZAPL was induced in gene expression, and in EPC cells overexpression of CcZAPL led to significantly decreased virus load of SVCV and diminished cytopathic effect (CPE). Moreover, after SVCV infection in vitro, expressions of cytokines including IFN, ISG15, PKR, Mx and TNF-α were observed to be up-regulated in CcZAPL-overexpressed EPC cells. Our findings indicated that CcZAPL played a positive role in the control of SVCV, which will allow us to gain new insights into the immune role of ZAP in fish antiviral immunity.
{"title":"Molecular characterization and functional analysis of ZAP-like gene in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)","authors":"Yingying Zhang, Cuixia Wang, Dongchun Yan, Lingjun Si, Linrui Chang, Ting Li","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109981","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109981","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The zinc finger antiviral protein (ZAP) is a host antiviral factor that could restrict the replication of various RNA and DNA viruses. To date, the antiviral properties of ZAP gene have been demonstrated in multiple mammals and a few of bird species, while no data is available regarding the immune role of ZAP in fish. In this study, one ZAP-like gene (<em>Cc</em>ZAPL) was identified form common carp and its antiviral role was investigated. Expression analysis showed that <em>Cc</em>ZAPL was widely expressed in multiple fish tissues, with highest level in the head kidney, and confocal microscopy analysis showed the sublocation of <em>Cc</em>ZAPL mainly in the nucleus of Epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells. After <em>in vivo</em> stimulation by Spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV), <em>Cc</em>ZAPL was induced in gene expression, and in EPC cells overexpression of <em>Cc</em>ZAPL led to significantly decreased virus load of SVCV and diminished cytopathic effect (CPE). Moreover, after SVCV infection <em>in vitro</em>, expressions of cytokines including IFN, ISG15, PKR, Mx and TNF-α were observed to be up-regulated in <em>Cc</em>ZAPL-overexpressed EPC cells. Our findings indicated that <em>Cc</em>ZAPL played a positive role in the control of SVCV, which will allow us to gain new insights into the immune role of ZAP in fish antiviral immunity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":"154 ","pages":"Article 109981"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142497588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-21DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109978
R. Sasikumar , S. Saranya , L. Lourdu Lincy, L. Thamanna, P. Chellapandi
Fish diseases significantly challenge global aquaculture, causing substantial financial losses and impacting sustainability, trade, and socioeconomic conditions. Understanding microbial pathogenesis and virulence at the molecular level is crucial for disease prevention in commercial fish. This review provides genomic insights into fish pathogenic bacteria from a systems biology perspective, aiming to promote sustainable aquaculture. It covers the genomic characteristics of various fish pathogens and their industry impact. The review also explores the systems biology of zebrafish, fish bacterial pathogens, and probiotic bacteria, offering insights into fish production, potential vaccines, and therapeutic drugs. Genome-scale metabolic models aid in studying pathogenic bacteria, contributing to disease management and antimicrobial development. Researchers have also investigated probiotic strains to improve aquaculture health. Additionally, the review highlights bioinformatics resources for fish and fish pathogens, which are essential for researchers. Systems biology approaches enhance understanding of bacterial fish pathogens by revealing virulence factors and host interactions. Despite challenges from the adaptability and pathogenicity of bacterial infections, sustainable alternatives are necessary to meet seafood demand. This review underscores the potential of systems biology in understanding fish pathogen biology, improving production, and promoting sustainable aquaculture.
{"title":"Genomic insights into fish pathogenic bacteria: A systems biology perspective for sustainable aquaculture","authors":"R. Sasikumar , S. Saranya , L. Lourdu Lincy, L. Thamanna, P. Chellapandi","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109978","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109978","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fish diseases significantly challenge global aquaculture, causing substantial financial losses and impacting sustainability, trade, and socioeconomic conditions. Understanding microbial pathogenesis and virulence at the molecular level is crucial for disease prevention in commercial fish. This review provides genomic insights into fish pathogenic bacteria from a systems biology perspective, aiming to promote sustainable aquaculture. It covers the genomic characteristics of various fish pathogens and their industry impact. The review also explores the systems biology of zebrafish, fish bacterial pathogens, and probiotic bacteria, offering insights into fish production, potential vaccines, and therapeutic drugs. Genome-scale metabolic models aid in studying pathogenic bacteria, contributing to disease management and antimicrobial development. Researchers have also investigated probiotic strains to improve aquaculture health. Additionally, the review highlights bioinformatics resources for fish and fish pathogens, which are essential for researchers. Systems biology approaches enhance understanding of bacterial fish pathogens by revealing virulence factors and host interactions. Despite challenges from the adaptability and pathogenicity of bacterial infections, sustainable alternatives are necessary to meet seafood demand. This review underscores the potential of systems biology in understanding fish pathogen biology, improving production, and promoting sustainable aquaculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":"154 ","pages":"Article 109978"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142497574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-21DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109979
Weitian Zhou , Weishan Zhao , Shiman Yang , Fanya Nie , Daji Luo , Ming Li , Wenxiang Li , Hong Zou , Guitang Wang
Ichthyophthiriasis (Ich), also known as white spot disease, causes significant economic losses to fish farmers once an outbreak occurs. For fish survival, it is therefore crucial to understand the pathogenic mechanism and find effective prevention methods. In this study, we obtained data for four stages (theront, trophont, protomont and tomont) of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). We found that the invasion-related proteins encoded by highly expressed genes in the theront stage mainly belong to the leishmanolysin family proteins, heat shock proteins, transmembrane proteins and cysteine proteases (CPs). Additionally, the exosome pathway appears to play a significant role in the invasion process of the theront. Since cysteine proteases are expressed at all stages of the I. multifiliis, and five CP-related genes were significantly upregulated at the theront stage of its life cycle — two of which are enriched in the exosome pathway — we incubated I. multifiliis theronts and protomonts with cysteine protease inhibitor (E−64). Our findings revealed that E−64 could kill both stages of the parasite in vitro and affected tomont division and subsequent release. Furthermore, infection experiment showed that E−64 could significantly inhibit the invasion of theronts. Based on our preliminary analysis from the transcriptomic and E−64 experiments, we have confirmed that CPs play a crucial role in I. multifiliis. This research establishes a foundation for future strategies in the prevention and control of Ich.
{"title":"Single-cell transcriptome profiles and E−64 inhibitor data reveal the essential role of cysteine proteases in the ontogeny of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis","authors":"Weitian Zhou , Weishan Zhao , Shiman Yang , Fanya Nie , Daji Luo , Ming Li , Wenxiang Li , Hong Zou , Guitang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109979","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109979","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ichthyophthiriasis (Ich), also known as white spot disease, causes significant economic losses to fish farmers once an outbreak occurs. For fish survival, it is therefore crucial to understand the pathogenic mechanism and find effective prevention methods. In this study, we obtained data for four stages (theront, trophont, protomont and tomont) of <em>Ichthyophthirius multifiliis</em> by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). We found that the invasion-related proteins encoded by highly expressed genes in the theront stage mainly belong to the leishmanolysin family proteins, heat shock proteins, transmembrane proteins and cysteine proteases (CPs). Additionally, the exosome pathway appears to play a significant role in the invasion process of the theront. Since cysteine proteases are expressed at all stages of the <em>I. multifiliis</em>, and five CP-related genes were significantly upregulated at the theront stage of its life cycle — two of which are enriched in the exosome pathway — we incubated <em>I. multifiliis</em> theronts and protomonts with cysteine protease inhibitor (E−64). Our findings revealed that E−64 could kill both stages of the parasite in vitro and affected tomont division and subsequent release. Furthermore, infection experiment showed that E−64 could significantly inhibit the invasion of theronts. Based on our preliminary analysis from the transcriptomic and E−64 experiments, we have confirmed that CPs play a crucial role in <em>I. multifiliis</em>. This research establishes a foundation for future strategies in the prevention and control of Ich.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":"154 ","pages":"Article 109979"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142497590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-19DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109977
Tian-Xiu Qiu , Xu Zhang , Yang Hu , Lei Liu , Li-Peng Shan , Jiong Chen
The white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) causes white spot disease (WSD), a severe condition in crustacean aquaculture, leading to significant economic losses. Our previous study demonstrated that C7 is an effective therapeutic agent against WSSV infection in aquaculture. It specifically blocked viral horizontal transmission and reduced shrimp mortality in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Here, we report the potential antiviral mechanism of C7 in shrimp. C7 regulated abnormal glycerophospholipid metabolism caused by WSSV and inhibited phosphatidylcholine (PC) synthesis by more than twofold, potentially enhancing shrimp resistance to viral infection. As the primary phospholipid in the cell membrane, PC is one of the main reactants in lipid peroxidation. Our results indicated that C7 significantly reduced the levels of lipid peroxidation products 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and malondialdehyde (MDA) induced by WSSV, whereas PC had the opposite effect. Accumulation of lipid peroxidation products inhibits stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling. Further evidence showed that C7 promoted STING transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus, significantly activating the expression of the shrimp interferon analogue Vago4 gene. In contrast, PC suppressed Vago4 expression. Our results demonstrated that C7 inhibited PC synthesis, reduced the degree of lipid peroxidation, promoted STING translocation, activated Vago4 expression, and ultimately exerted antiviral effects. Therefore, C7 exhibits immunoregulatory activity as a preventative agent for enhancing the innate immunity of shrimp, making it potentially useful for future immunomodulatory approaches.
{"title":"A coumarin derivative C7 exhibits antiviral activity against WSSV by reducing phosphatidylcholine content in shrimp","authors":"Tian-Xiu Qiu , Xu Zhang , Yang Hu , Lei Liu , Li-Peng Shan , Jiong Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109977","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109977","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) causes white spot disease (WSD), a severe condition in crustacean aquaculture, leading to significant economic losses. Our previous study demonstrated that C7 is an effective therapeutic agent against WSSV infection in aquaculture. It specifically blocked viral horizontal transmission and reduced shrimp mortality in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Here, we report the potential antiviral mechanism of C7 in shrimp. C7 regulated abnormal glycerophospholipid metabolism caused by WSSV and inhibited phosphatidylcholine (PC) synthesis by more than twofold, potentially enhancing shrimp resistance to viral infection. As the primary phospholipid in the cell membrane, PC is one of the main reactants in lipid peroxidation. Our results indicated that C7 significantly reduced the levels of lipid peroxidation products 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and malondialdehyde (MDA) induced by WSSV, whereas PC had the opposite effect. Accumulation of lipid peroxidation products inhibits stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling. Further evidence showed that C7 promoted STING transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus, significantly activating the expression of the shrimp interferon analogue <em>Vago4</em> gene. In contrast, PC suppressed <em>Vago4</em> expression. Our results demonstrated that C7 inhibited PC synthesis, reduced the degree of lipid peroxidation, promoted STING translocation, activated <em>Vago4</em> expression, and ultimately exerted antiviral effects. Therefore, C7 exhibits immunoregulatory activity as a preventative agent for enhancing the innate immunity of shrimp, making it potentially useful for future immunomodulatory approaches.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":"154 ","pages":"Article 109977"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142461261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-18DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109963
Ryan D. Day , Patricia Peinado , Katherine B. Baker , Jayson M. Semmens
Cephalopods are economically and ecologically important species across the world, yet information linking physiological stress and associated immunological responses is limited in the current literature. Here, the effects of exhaustive exercise in a holobenthic octopus species, Octopus pallidus, were examined by evaluating immunological parameters. In whole haemolymph, the pH and refractive index were measured. To assess the cellular function of the haemolymph, the total count, cell vitality and phagocytosis capacity of the haemocytes were also measured. To assess enzymatic function, activities of the phenoloxidase system and lysozyme were quantified in the plasma and cellular components of the haemolymph. Overall, exhaustive exercise led to rapid changes in the haemolymph with a significant decrease in the pH and phagocytosis capacity though the number of cells and cell vitality were not affected. Exercise also triggered the increase of activated phenoloxidase (PO-like) activity and the decrease of the inactive zymogen prophenoloxidase (ProPO-like), total PO-like and lysozyme activity in plasma and an increase in total PO-like activity in the hemocyte compartment. These responses indicated that a realistic energetic demand had substantial, rapid impact on immune function. These results also provide an important baseline to understand the immune physiology of cephalopods that will further efforts to identify the mechanisms underlying the impacts of stressors.
{"title":"Exhaustive stress causes a rapid immunological response in the humoral and cellular haemolymph compartments of the pale octopus (Octopus pallidus)","authors":"Ryan D. Day , Patricia Peinado , Katherine B. Baker , Jayson M. Semmens","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109963","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109963","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cephalopods are economically and ecologically important species across the world, yet information linking physiological stress and associated immunological responses is limited in the current literature. Here, the effects of exhaustive exercise in a holobenthic octopus species, <em>Octopus pallidus</em>, were examined by evaluating immunological parameters. In whole haemolymph, the pH and refractive index were measured. To assess the cellular function of the haemolymph, the total count, cell vitality and phagocytosis capacity of the haemocytes were also measured. To assess enzymatic function, activities of the phenoloxidase system and lysozyme were quantified in the plasma and cellular components of the haemolymph. Overall, exhaustive exercise led to rapid changes in the haemolymph with a significant decrease in the pH and phagocytosis capacity though the number of cells and cell vitality were not affected. Exercise also triggered the increase of activated phenoloxidase (PO-like) activity and the decrease of the inactive zymogen prophenoloxidase (ProPO-like), total PO-like and lysozyme activity in plasma and an increase in total PO-like activity in the hemocyte compartment. These responses indicated that a realistic energetic demand had substantial, rapid impact on immune function. These results also provide an important baseline to understand the immune physiology of cephalopods that will further efforts to identify the mechanisms underlying the impacts of stressors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":"154 ","pages":"Article 109963"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142461335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-18DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109976
Shun Yang , Jing Zhao , Nan An , Dong-Chun Li , Meng-Meng Huang , Hui Fei
The largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) is native to North America and has now become a crucial economic species in aquaculture. With the rapid development of high-density intensive farming models, the continuous emergence and spread of diseases pose significant challenges to the sustainable development of largemouth bass aquaculture, including Micropterus salmoides rhabdovirus (MSRV), largemouth bass virus (LMBV), Nocardia spp. and Aeromonas spp. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the latest research progress on common diseases of largemouth bass, including pathogen isolation and identification, pathological characteristics, morphological features, epidemiological characteristics, pathogen-host interactions, detection and diagnosis, vaccines, and other control technologies. This information will enhance a more comprehensive understanding of the occurrence of diseases in largemouth bass, and provide insights into future research directions, facilitating more effective disease prevention and control. The collaborative progress among rapid detection technology, the interaction mechanism between pathogen and host, and prevention and control techniques will be the curial to achieving green prevention and control of largemouth bass disease and healthy aquaculture in future.
{"title":"Updates on infectious diseases of largemouth bass: A major review","authors":"Shun Yang , Jing Zhao , Nan An , Dong-Chun Li , Meng-Meng Huang , Hui Fei","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109976","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109976","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The largemouth bass (<em>Micropterus salmoides</em>) is native to North America and has now become a crucial economic species in aquaculture. With the rapid development of high-density intensive farming models, the continuous emergence and spread of diseases pose significant challenges to the sustainable development of largemouth bass aquaculture, including <em>Micropterus salmoides</em> rhabdovirus (MSRV), largemouth bass virus (LMBV), <em>Nocardia</em> spp. and <em>Aeromonas</em> spp. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the latest research progress on common diseases of largemouth bass, including pathogen isolation and identification, pathological characteristics, morphological features, epidemiological characteristics, pathogen-host interactions, detection and diagnosis, vaccines, and other control technologies. This information will enhance a more comprehensive understanding of the occurrence of diseases in largemouth bass, and provide insights into future research directions, facilitating more effective disease prevention and control. The collaborative progress among rapid detection technology, the interaction mechanism between pathogen and host, and prevention and control techniques will be the curial to achieving green prevention and control of largemouth bass disease and healthy aquaculture in future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":"154 ","pages":"Article 109976"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142461340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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