Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) is involved in various important biological processes, such as inflammation, apoptosis, and cell proliferation. Here, we analyzed the function of NF-κB in transplantation immunity and pearl formation using its inhibitor, pyrrolidinedithiocarbamic acid (PDTC), in the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii. The levels of pro-inflammatory factors (IL-17 and TNF-α) were lower and activity of antioxidant-related enzymes was higher in the transplanted pearl oysters pre-treated with PDTC than in transplanted pearl oysters pre-treated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Transcriptomic analysis showed that PDTC pre-treatment alleviated the immune stimulation caused by transplantation, preserved normal expression of ribosome-related genes, and inhibited the activation of apoptosis and the NF-κB signaling pathway induced by transplantation. Additionally, RIG-I-like receptor, MAPK, Toll-like receptor and NOD-like receptor signaling pathways were inhibited after PDTC treatment. A 30-day pearl cultivation experiment demonstrated a significantly higher nucleus retention rate in transplanted pearl oysters that were pre-treated with PDTC compared to the control group. These results indicate that PDTC treatment suppressed immune-related pathways, thereby alleviating the immune rejection response caused by transplantation and potentially optimizing pearl production. Our results provide valuable information for optimizing pearl cultivation in P. f. martensii.
{"title":"NF-κB inhibitor PDTC involved in regulating the transplantation immunity in the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii.","authors":"Shirong Fu, Xinyi Lin, Xiaowen Lu, Youmei Qu, Hongxi Chen, Shilin Zheng, Zhihan Li, Yu Jiao, Qingheng Wang, Chuangye Yang, Yuewen Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2025.110175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2025.110175","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) is involved in various important biological processes, such as inflammation, apoptosis, and cell proliferation. Here, we analyzed the function of NF-κB in transplantation immunity and pearl formation using its inhibitor, pyrrolidinedithiocarbamic acid (PDTC), in the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii. The levels of pro-inflammatory factors (IL-17 and TNF-α) were lower and activity of antioxidant-related enzymes was higher in the transplanted pearl oysters pre-treated with PDTC than in transplanted pearl oysters pre-treated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Transcriptomic analysis showed that PDTC pre-treatment alleviated the immune stimulation caused by transplantation, preserved normal expression of ribosome-related genes, and inhibited the activation of apoptosis and the NF-κB signaling pathway induced by transplantation. Additionally, RIG-I-like receptor, MAPK, Toll-like receptor and NOD-like receptor signaling pathways were inhibited after PDTC treatment. A 30-day pearl cultivation experiment demonstrated a significantly higher nucleus retention rate in transplanted pearl oysters that were pre-treated with PDTC compared to the control group. These results indicate that PDTC treatment suppressed immune-related pathways, thereby alleviating the immune rejection response caused by transplantation and potentially optimizing pearl production. Our results provide valuable information for optimizing pearl cultivation in P. f. martensii.</p>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":" ","pages":"110175"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143255292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Interleukins (ILs) are potent secreted regulators of a wide range of cell types and cellular activities, particularly in the immune system. They are able to participate in intercellular communication in homeostasis and disease, thereby exerting immune functions. Macrophages serve as the innate immune cells of vertebrates and play a pivotal role in defending against and eliminating external pathogens. In mammals, the immune response mounted by macrophages is intricately linked to ILs. Given the fact that teleost fish have evolved an innate immune system that closely resembles those of mammals, particularly in terms of the functionality of macrophages, raises the intriguing possibility that the regulatory function of ILs in macrophage-mediated immunity might be evolutionarily conserved across both mammal and teleost fish lineages. Consequently, from the perspective of interleukin regulation of macrophages, this review outlines the relationship between ILs and macrophages in teleost fish, and elucidates the regulatory role of ILs of immune cell function in teleost fish, thereby contributing to our understanding of the key role of these cytokines in the prevention and control of aquaculture diseases.
{"title":"Contribution of interleukins in the regulation of teleost fish immunity: A review from the perspective of regulating macrophages.","authors":"Jia-Feng Cao, Guan-Jun Yang, Yong-An Zhang, Jiong Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2025.110173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2025.110173","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Interleukins (ILs) are potent secreted regulators of a wide range of cell types and cellular activities, particularly in the immune system. They are able to participate in intercellular communication in homeostasis and disease, thereby exerting immune functions. Macrophages serve as the innate immune cells of vertebrates and play a pivotal role in defending against and eliminating external pathogens. In mammals, the immune response mounted by macrophages is intricately linked to ILs. Given the fact that teleost fish have evolved an innate immune system that closely resembles those of mammals, particularly in terms of the functionality of macrophages, raises the intriguing possibility that the regulatory function of ILs in macrophage-mediated immunity might be evolutionarily conserved across both mammal and teleost fish lineages. Consequently, from the perspective of interleukin regulation of macrophages, this review outlines the relationship between ILs and macrophages in teleost fish, and elucidates the regulatory role of ILs of immune cell function in teleost fish, thereby contributing to our understanding of the key role of these cytokines in the prevention and control of aquaculture diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":" ","pages":"110173"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143255260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-03DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2025.110170
Yuan Li, Zhi-Wen Wang, Bei Wang, Yi-Shan Lu
As a co-stimulatory signaling molecule, CD2 provides a secondary stimulatory signal during T-cell activation. Research on CD2 in lower vertebrates remains limited. In this article, we identify the tilapia CD2 gene (GenBank accession number: OM974656; designated as OnCD2), which is predominantly expressed in various immune tissues of tilapia. Additionally, we determine the interaction between tilapia CD2 and its ligand, CD48. Using the magnetic bead method, we identified the CD2-positive lymphocyte population in tilapia, which primarily includes Th, NCC, and B cells. Under different stimuli, the proportion of CD2-positive cells in the head kidney, peripheral blood, and spleen lymphocytes exhibited varying degrees of increase. Incubation of tilapia lymphocytes with CD2 antibody and CD48 recombinant protein upregulated the expression of genes associated with T cell activation. The results of this study demonstrate that tilapia CD2 not only plays a role in T cell activation through its interaction with the ligand CD48, but also mediates a more complex immune regulation pathway in tilapia. This research serves as a reference for the classification of fish immune cells and enhances our understanding of T cell immunity in fish.
{"title":"Functional study of tilapia T cell activation stimulus signal molecule CD2.","authors":"Yuan Li, Zhi-Wen Wang, Bei Wang, Yi-Shan Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2025.110170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2025.110170","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As a co-stimulatory signaling molecule, CD2 provides a secondary stimulatory signal during T-cell activation. Research on CD2 in lower vertebrates remains limited. In this article, we identify the tilapia CD2 gene (GenBank accession number: OM974656; designated as OnCD2), which is predominantly expressed in various immune tissues of tilapia. Additionally, we determine the interaction between tilapia CD2 and its ligand, CD48. Using the magnetic bead method, we identified the CD2-positive lymphocyte population in tilapia, which primarily includes Th, NCC, and B cells. Under different stimuli, the proportion of CD2-positive cells in the head kidney, peripheral blood, and spleen lymphocytes exhibited varying degrees of increase. Incubation of tilapia lymphocytes with CD2 antibody and CD48 recombinant protein upregulated the expression of genes associated with T cell activation. The results of this study demonstrate that tilapia CD2 not only plays a role in T cell activation through its interaction with the ligand CD48, but also mediates a more complex immune regulation pathway in tilapia. This research serves as a reference for the classification of fish immune cells and enhances our understanding of T cell immunity in fish.</p>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":" ","pages":"110170"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143255277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-03DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2025.110172
Jizhen Cao, Han Li, Qing Han, Zhicheng Li, Jingyu Zhuang, Chuanfu Dong, Anxing Li
Streptococcus agalactiae is a significant co-pathogenic bacterium in humans and animals, including fish. Bacteria secrete a variety of proteins through an accessory secretion system to modulate their interactions with the host. To investigate the role of the accessory secretion system in S. agalactiae, a deletion mutant strain (ΔaccSec) was constructed via homologous recombination. The accessory secretion system was found to be essential for the viability of S. agalactiae, and its absence led to increased cell death and lysis. In the extracellular fraction of the ΔaccSec mutant, a reduction in the secretion of 33 proteins was observed. Analyses of biological properties indicated that ΔaccSec exhibited significantly reduced stress tolerance and envelope stability. Pathogenicity experiments demonstrated that the ΔaccSec mutant had significantly lower adhesion to cells and fish tissues, as well as decreased resistance to whole blood killing and phagocytosis by macrophages. The cumulative mortality of ΔaccSec in tilapia after intraperitoneal injection was reduced by 55.3-74.2%. The ΔaccSec mutant exhibited a markedly diminished capacity for colonization in tilapia. Furthermore, we found that ΔaccSec mutant induced higher macrophage reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and significantly upregulated MHC-II, TLR-2 transcript levels in tilapia spleens compared to the wild-type. Overall, these findings underscore the importance of the accessory secretion system in S. agalactiae pathogenicity, particularly in stabilizing the bacterial envelope, facilitating adhesion, and evading host immunity. The results of this study provide new insights into the mechanisms of virulence regulation in S. agalactiae and lay a foundation for developing live attenuated vaccines.
{"title":"The accessory secretion system in Streptococcus agalactiae regulates protein secretion, stress resistance, adhesion, immune evasion, and virulence.","authors":"Jizhen Cao, Han Li, Qing Han, Zhicheng Li, Jingyu Zhuang, Chuanfu Dong, Anxing Li","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2025.110172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2025.110172","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Streptococcus agalactiae is a significant co-pathogenic bacterium in humans and animals, including fish. Bacteria secrete a variety of proteins through an accessory secretion system to modulate their interactions with the host. To investigate the role of the accessory secretion system in S. agalactiae, a deletion mutant strain (ΔaccSec) was constructed via homologous recombination. The accessory secretion system was found to be essential for the viability of S. agalactiae, and its absence led to increased cell death and lysis. In the extracellular fraction of the ΔaccSec mutant, a reduction in the secretion of 33 proteins was observed. Analyses of biological properties indicated that ΔaccSec exhibited significantly reduced stress tolerance and envelope stability. Pathogenicity experiments demonstrated that the ΔaccSec mutant had significantly lower adhesion to cells and fish tissues, as well as decreased resistance to whole blood killing and phagocytosis by macrophages. The cumulative mortality of ΔaccSec in tilapia after intraperitoneal injection was reduced by 55.3-74.2%. The ΔaccSec mutant exhibited a markedly diminished capacity for colonization in tilapia. Furthermore, we found that ΔaccSec mutant induced higher macrophage reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and significantly upregulated MHC-II, TLR-2 transcript levels in tilapia spleens compared to the wild-type. Overall, these findings underscore the importance of the accessory secretion system in S. agalactiae pathogenicity, particularly in stabilizing the bacterial envelope, facilitating adhesion, and evading host immunity. The results of this study provide new insights into the mechanisms of virulence regulation in S. agalactiae and lay a foundation for developing live attenuated vaccines.</p>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":" ","pages":"110172"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143255296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-02DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2025.110171
Muhamad Amin , Karina Kristanti Ekarani Rahardjo , Alief Erwaanda Panosa , Woro H. Satyantini , Akhmad Taufiq Mukti , Muhamad Ali , Laila Musdalifah , Halil Akhyar , Uun Yanuhar , Mohammad Noor Amal Azmai , Takaomi Arai
The etiological agent of white feces disease (WFD) infecting Pacific white shrimp Penaeus vannamei in Indonesia farms remains obscure. The present study aimed to identify possible causative agents of WFD infection in Pacific white shrimps cultured in Indonesian farms. WFD-infected and healthy samples (shrimp gut and rearing water) were collected from 8 commercial shrimp farms in East Java, Indonesia followed by bacterial community profiling using HiSeq sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons. The results showed that the microbiota composition in the guts of WFD-infected shrimps was significantly different (p < 0.05) from the guts of healthy shrimps in term of genus and bacterial species. The intestinal bacterial communities of WFS-infected shrimps were overrepresented by Vibrio coralliilyticus, whereas Paracoccus was underrepresented. Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States functional predictions indicated that relative abundances of 12 genes associated with the pathogenicity of bacteria including amino acid metabolisms, carbohydrate metabolisms, glycan biosynthesis, and xenobiotic biodegradation and metabolism were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the gut microbiota of WFD-infected shrimps. These findings provide insights into the microbiome domination and their metabolic activities in the digestive tract of WFD-infected shrimps and suggest that V. coralliilyticus is a possible causative agent of WFD in cultured Indonesia Pacific white shrimp.
{"title":"Gut microbiota and functional metabolic predictions in white feces disease-infected Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, from Indonesian farms","authors":"Muhamad Amin , Karina Kristanti Ekarani Rahardjo , Alief Erwaanda Panosa , Woro H. Satyantini , Akhmad Taufiq Mukti , Muhamad Ali , Laila Musdalifah , Halil Akhyar , Uun Yanuhar , Mohammad Noor Amal Azmai , Takaomi Arai","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2025.110171","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2025.110171","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The etiological agent of white feces disease (WFD) infecting Pacific white shrimp <em>Penaeus vannamei</em> in Indonesia farms remains obscure. The present study aimed to identify possible causative agents of WFD infection in Pacific white shrimps cultured in Indonesian farms. WFD-infected and healthy samples (shrimp gut and rearing water) were collected from 8 commercial shrimp farms in East Java, Indonesia followed by bacterial community profiling using HiSeq sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons. The results showed that the microbiota composition in the guts of WFD-infected shrimps was significantly different (p < 0.05) from the guts of healthy shrimps in term of genus and bacterial species. The intestinal bacterial communities of WFS-infected shrimps were overrepresented by <em>Vibrio coralliilyticus</em>, whereas <em>Paracoccus</em> was underrepresented. Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States functional predictions indicated that relative abundances of 12 genes associated with the pathogenicity of bacteria including amino acid metabolisms, carbohydrate metabolisms, glycan biosynthesis, and xenobiotic biodegradation and metabolism were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the gut microbiota of WFD-infected shrimps. These findings provide insights into the microbiome domination and their metabolic activities in the digestive tract of WFD-infected shrimps and suggest that <em>V. coralliilyticus</em> is a possible causative agent of WFD in cultured Indonesia Pacific white shrimp.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":"158 ","pages":"Article 110171"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143132425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.110089
E.M.T. Tharanga , Kishanthini Nadarajapillai , W.A.D.L.R. Warnakula , Gaeun Kim , Chaehyeon Lim , Hyerim Yang , J.D.H.E. Jayasinghe , Jeganathan Tharshan Jeyakanesh , D.M.K.P. Sirisena , U.P.E. Arachchi , Qiang Wan , Jehee Lee
Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) is a key adaptor molecule in tumor necrosis factor receptor signaling complexes, facilitating downstream immune-related signaling cascades. This study aimed to elucidate its function in teleost fish by characterizing the TRAF2 homolog of the red-spotted grouper (Epinephelus akaara, EaTraf2). The open reading frame of EaTraf2 encodes a putative protein of 520 amino acids, containing several characteristic domains of TRAF2. These structural features of EaTraf2 are conserved across diverse organisms, with a relatively higher sequence identity to TRAF2 orthologs from other bony fish. Transcriptional analysis demonstrated that EaTraf2 was ubiquitously expressed in all examined tissues, with the highest level observed in blood. Upon immune challenge, EaTraf2 expression significantly increased in the early stages of stimulation in both blood and spleen. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that EaTraf2 is predominantly localized in the cytoplasm. Overexpression of EaTraf2 in fathead minnow (FHM) cells resulted in elevated levels of interferon and inflammation-associated genes following viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) infection, along with reduced viral gene expression. This provided compelling evidence that EaTraf2 possesses antiviral properties. Furthermore, EaTraf2 demonstrated the ability to promote cell death induced by oxidative stress. Additionally, luciferase reporter assays revealed that EaTraf2 activates the NF-κB signaling pathway upon poly(I:C) stimulation and the Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway in response to H2O2 treatment. Overall, our study elucidated the role of EaTraf2 in regulating innate immune responses and mediating stress-induced cell death. These findings enhance our understanding of TRAF2 in fish and may contribute to improved health management strategies in finfish aquaculture.
{"title":"Characterization of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) in red-spotted grouper (Epinephelus akaara): In vivo and in vitro investigation of its role in the regulation of antiviral immunity and cell death","authors":"E.M.T. Tharanga , Kishanthini Nadarajapillai , W.A.D.L.R. Warnakula , Gaeun Kim , Chaehyeon Lim , Hyerim Yang , J.D.H.E. Jayasinghe , Jeganathan Tharshan Jeyakanesh , D.M.K.P. Sirisena , U.P.E. Arachchi , Qiang Wan , Jehee Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2024.110089","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2024.110089","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) is a key adaptor molecule in tumor necrosis factor receptor signaling complexes, facilitating downstream immune-related signaling cascades. This study aimed to elucidate its function in teleost fish by characterizing the TRAF2 homolog of the red-spotted grouper (<em>Epinephelus akaara, EaTraf2</em>). The open reading frame of <em>EaTraf2</em> encodes a putative protein of 520 amino acids, containing several characteristic domains of TRAF2. These structural features of <em>EaTraf2</em> are conserved across diverse organisms, with a relatively higher sequence identity to TRAF2 orthologs from other bony fish. Transcriptional analysis demonstrated that <em>EaTraf2</em> was ubiquitously expressed in all examined tissues, with the highest level observed in blood. Upon immune challenge, <em>EaTraf2</em> expression significantly increased in the early stages of stimulation in both blood and spleen. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that EaTraf2 is predominantly localized in the cytoplasm. Overexpression of <em>EaTraf2</em> in fathead minnow (FHM) cells resulted in elevated levels of interferon and inflammation-associated genes following viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) infection, along with reduced viral gene expression. This provided compelling evidence that <em>EaTraf2</em> possesses antiviral properties. Furthermore, <em>EaTraf2</em> demonstrated the ability to promote cell death induced by oxidative stress. Additionally, luciferase reporter assays revealed that <em>EaTraf2</em> activates the NF-κB signaling pathway upon poly(I:C) stimulation and the Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway in response to H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> treatment. Overall, our study elucidated the role of <em>EaTraf2</em> in regulating innate immune responses and mediating stress-induced cell death. These findings enhance our understanding of TRAF2 in fish and may contribute to improved health management strategies in finfish aquaculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":"157 ","pages":"Article 110089"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142817499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.110109
Xinyu Liang , Xuyang Wang , Xiaowen Zou , Qian Wang , Hanyue Wang , Cheng Yang , Yongming Li , Lanjie Liao , Zuoyan Zhu , Yaping Wang , Libo He
Grass carp is an important commercial fish in China that is plagued by various diseases, especially the hemorrhagic disease induced by grass carp reovirus (GCRV). Autophagy, a highly conserved biological process among eukaryotes, is pivotal in maintaining cellular homeostasis and managing various stressors, including viral infections. Uncoordinated (Unc) 51-like kinase 2 (ULK2) is considered an initiator of the autophagic process. In this study, we successfully cloned and isolated the ULK2 gene from grass carp. We observed that its expression levels were markedly altered following exposure to GCRV or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Overexpression of CiULK2 in grass carp ovary cells (GCO) promoted GCRV replication. Conversely, CiULK2 knockdown resulted in inhibited viral loads compared to the control group. Moreover, we also reveal that 2-aminoadipic acid (2-AAA), a representative autophagy related metabolite, can inhibit autophagy and viral replication. Notably, these roles of CiULK2 in autophagy and GCRV replication were reversed upon treatment with the 2-AAA. Collectively, our findings demonstrate the 2-AAA regulates CiULK2 to inhibit GCRV replication.
{"title":"The 2-aminoadipic acid (2-AAA) regulates grass carp ULK2 to inhibit GCRV replication","authors":"Xinyu Liang , Xuyang Wang , Xiaowen Zou , Qian Wang , Hanyue Wang , Cheng Yang , Yongming Li , Lanjie Liao , Zuoyan Zhu , Yaping Wang , Libo He","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2024.110109","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2024.110109","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Grass carp is an important commercial fish in China that is plagued by various diseases, especially the hemorrhagic disease induced by grass carp reovirus (GCRV). Autophagy, a highly conserved biological process among eukaryotes, is pivotal in maintaining cellular homeostasis and managing various stressors, including viral infections. Uncoordinated (Unc) 51-like kinase 2 (ULK2) is considered an initiator of the autophagic process. In this study, we successfully cloned and isolated the <em>ULK2</em> gene from grass carp. We observed that its expression levels were markedly altered following exposure to GCRV or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Overexpression of <em>CiULK2</em> in grass carp ovary cells (GCO) promoted GCRV replication. Conversely, <em>CiULK2</em> knockdown resulted in inhibited viral loads compared to the control group. Moreover, we also reveal that 2-aminoadipic acid (2-AAA), a representative autophagy related metabolite, can inhibit autophagy and viral replication. Notably, these roles of <em>CiULK2</em> in autophagy and GCRV replication were reversed upon treatment with the 2-AAA. Collectively, our findings demonstrate the 2-AAA regulates <em>CiULK2</em> to inhibit GCRV replication.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":"157 ","pages":"Article 110109"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142926948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2025.110114
Hong-Di Fan , Yuan-Ming Zhao , Min Liu , Xu Wang , Jia Lin , Wen Huang , Jiang-Hai Wang
Acanthopagrus latus (yellowfin seabream) is an economically important fish in the southeast coastal sea of China. Its slower growth rate makes it more prone to diseases in the cultivation period, leading to substantial economic losses. Epidemiological investigations have indicated that Streptococcus agalactiae is one of the most common Gram-positive pathogens, which have garnered increasing attention due to its high contagion and lethality rates in A. latus. In this work, an infection model of yellowfin seabream was established with an intraperitoneal injection of S. agalactiae. Clinical sign observations and various analyses, including histological examination, serum biochemical index assessment, immune-related enzyme level measurement, and transcriptome analysis of tissues (liver and intestine) with obvious clinical signs, were conducted for revealing the effects of S. agalactiae infection and immune response mechanisms in yellowfin seabream. The results indicate that evident clinical signs and multi-tissue damages with the notable changes in indices and significant increase in immune-related enzyme levels in the serum occurred in infected fish. RNA sequencing analysis identified 1130 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the liver and 1218 DEGs in the intestine, which were involved in multiple immune- and metabolism-related pathways via KEGG enrichment analysis. The transcriptomic results were further corroborated by quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) tests of some specific immune-related genes. These findings provide new insights into the molecular immune mechanisms in yellowfin seabream following S. agalactiae infection and offer valuable reference data for disease prevention and molecular breeding (i.e., selective breeding through developing molecular markers of key genes).
{"title":"Mechanisms of immune responses in Acanthopagrus latus to Streptococcus agalactiae infection revealed by transcriptomic analysis","authors":"Hong-Di Fan , Yuan-Ming Zhao , Min Liu , Xu Wang , Jia Lin , Wen Huang , Jiang-Hai Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2025.110114","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2025.110114","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Acanthopagrus latus</em> (yellowfin seabream) is an economically important fish in the southeast coastal sea of China. Its slower growth rate makes it more prone to diseases in the cultivation period, leading to substantial economic losses. Epidemiological investigations have indicated that <em>Streptococcus agalactiae</em> is one of the most common Gram-positive pathogens, which have garnered increasing attention due to its high contagion and lethality rates in <em>A</em>. <em>latus</em>. In this work, an infection model of yellowfin seabream was established with an intraperitoneal injection of <em>S. agalactiae</em>. Clinical sign observations and various analyses, including histological examination, serum biochemical index assessment, immune-related enzyme level measurement, and transcriptome analysis of tissues (liver and intestine) with obvious clinical signs, were conducted for revealing the effects of <em>S. agalactiae</em> infection and immune response mechanisms in yellowfin seabream. The results indicate that evident clinical signs and multi-tissue damages with the notable changes in indices and significant increase in immune-related enzyme levels in the serum occurred in infected fish. RNA sequencing analysis identified 1130 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the liver and 1218 DEGs in the intestine, which were involved in multiple immune- and metabolism-related pathways <em>via</em> KEGG enrichment analysis. The transcriptomic results were further corroborated by quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) tests of some specific immune-related genes. These findings provide new insights into the molecular immune mechanisms in yellowfin seabream following <em>S. agalactiae</em> infection and offer valuable reference data for disease prevention and molecular breeding (i.e., selective breeding through developing molecular markers of key genes).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":"157 ","pages":"Article 110114"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142970295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.110078
Tianyu Liu , Ling Li , Yanchao Yang , Jiarou Li , Xutong Yang , Lei Li , Ziyao Zheng , Boyu Yang , Peiyu Zhang , Haiyan Liu
The current study was conducted to investigate the effects of chronic cold stress and thermal stress on the growth performance, hepatic oxidative status, immune response, apoptosis and gut microbiota in juvenile hybrid sturgeon. The fish (initial mean weight: 21.4 ± 0.3 g) was reared at three temperatures (14 °C, 22 °C, and 30 °C) for 16 d, which were termed as low temperature group (LT), moderate temperature group (MT), and high temperature group (HT), respectively, and the second group was regarded as control group in this study. Each group was assigned randomly to three tanks with 15 fish per replica. The results indicated that cold stress resulted in a significant reduction of growth metrics and a significant increase of feed conversion ratio in fish compared with MT group. Interestingly, cold stress increased hepatocyte apoptosis revealed by TUNEL staining, along with nuclear disappearance in H&E-stained sections and elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels. Transcriptional levels of apoptosis-related genes and toll-like receptor signaling pathway components were significantly up-regulated in liver under cold stress. Compared with control group, in terms of thermal stress, the growth performance and feed utilization of fish were declined to some extent compared with MT group. Moreover, high temperature significantly elevated hepatic productions of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide, as well as increased activities of some antioxidant enzymes in liver. In addition, low and high temperature induce changes in the composition of gut microbiota. Overall, the results suggested that cold stress decelerated growth performance, induced hepatocyte apoptosis, and enhanced innate immunity in hybrid sturgeon to cope with additional stressors. Whereas, thermal stress resulted in hepatic oxidative stress in liver and the protective responses in the antioxidant enzymes in fish were activated. These results provided insights into the different physiological adaptation strategies in responsive to cold stress and thermal stress in this cold-water fish.
{"title":"Effects of chronic cold stress and thermal stress on growth performance, hepatic apoptosis, oxidative stress, immune response and gut microbiota of juvenile hybrid sturgeon (Acipenser baerii ♀ × A. schrenkii ♂)","authors":"Tianyu Liu , Ling Li , Yanchao Yang , Jiarou Li , Xutong Yang , Lei Li , Ziyao Zheng , Boyu Yang , Peiyu Zhang , Haiyan Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2024.110078","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2024.110078","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The current study was conducted to investigate the effects of chronic cold stress and thermal stress on the growth performance, hepatic oxidative status, immune response, apoptosis and gut microbiota in juvenile hybrid sturgeon. The fish (initial mean weight: 21.4 ± 0.3 g) was reared at three temperatures (14 °C, 22 °C, and 30 °C) for 16 d, which were termed as low temperature group (LT), moderate temperature group (MT), and high temperature group (HT), respectively, and the second group was regarded as control group in this study. Each group was assigned randomly to three tanks with 15 fish per replica. The results indicated that cold stress resulted in a significant reduction of growth metrics and a significant increase of feed conversion ratio in fish compared with MT group. Interestingly, cold stress increased hepatocyte apoptosis revealed by TUNEL staining, along with nuclear disappearance in H&E-stained sections and elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels. Transcriptional levels of apoptosis-related genes and toll-like receptor signaling pathway components were significantly up-regulated in liver under cold stress. Compared with control group, in terms of thermal stress, the growth performance and feed utilization of fish were declined to some extent compared with MT group. Moreover, high temperature significantly elevated hepatic productions of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide, as well as increased activities of some antioxidant enzymes in liver. In addition, low and high temperature induce changes in the composition of gut microbiota. Overall, the results suggested that cold stress decelerated growth performance, induced hepatocyte apoptosis, and enhanced innate immunity in hybrid sturgeon to cope with additional stressors. Whereas, thermal stress resulted in hepatic oxidative stress in liver and the protective responses in the antioxidant enzymes in fish were activated. These results provided insights into the different physiological adaptation strategies in responsive to cold stress and thermal stress in this cold-water fish.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":"157 ","pages":"Article 110078"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142791406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2025.110119
Maria Clara Miguel Libanori , Gracienhe Gomes dos Santos , Ana Paula Souza , Domickson da Silva Costa , Miguel Saldaña-Serrano , Matheus Berlofa Ferreira , Jucimauro de Araújo Pereira Junior , Frank Bellettini , Scheila Anelise Pereira Dutra , Maurício Laterça Martins , Marco Shizuo Owatari , José Luiz Pedreira Mouriño
<div><div>The study aimed to assess the impact of dietary supplementation with tannic acid on the growth, health, and survival of <em>Oreochromis niloticus</em> following exposure to <em>Aeromonas hydrophila</em>. A total of 320 fish were divided into 16 tanks and assigned to four treatment groups: feed with 0.2 % tannic acid (TA<sub>0.2 %</sub>), 0.4 % tannic acid (TA<sub>0.4 %</sub>), 0.8 % tannic acid (TA<sub>0.8 %</sub>), or no tannic acid (Control<sub>0%</sub>), with each treatment replicated four times, over a 50-day period. At the end of the 50-day period, biological samples were collected from the fish, which were then intraperitoneally injected with <em>A. hydrophila</em>. No significant differences in growth performance were detected between treatments. As expected, levels of total leukocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were notably higher in the blood of the fish after infection, regardless of the treatment received. During both the pre- and post-infection periods, monocytes were more abundant in the TA<sub>0.2 %</sub> and TA<sub>0.8 %</sub> treatments compared to the TA<sub>0.4 %</sub> treatment. Additionally, there was a significant interaction between the factors affecting thrombocytes, neutrophils, basophils, hemoglobin, and MCHC. Thrombocytosis and neutrophilia were significantly greater in the TA<sub>0.8 %</sub> treatment pre-infection than in the post-infection and control group. Conversely, a higher number of basophils were observed in the post-infection period in the TA0<sub>.8 %</sub> treatment group compared to the pre-infection period. Total plasma protein levels decreased significantly in the post-infection period, regardless of tannic acid supplementation levels, while immunoglobulin levels increased after exposure to <em>A. hydrophila</em>. Histological analyses revealed a significant increase in the perimeter and number of intestinal villi in the TA<sub>0.4 %</sub> treatment group before infection. The number of goblet cells also increased in the control group (0 %), TA<sub>0.4 %</sub>, and TA<sub>0.8 %</sub> before infection. In splenic tissue, the TA<sub>0.4 %</sub> treatment resulted in a reduction in eosinophilic and mononuclear infiltrates, as well as decreased congestion and vacuolation. Hemosiderin levels were lower in the TA<sub>0.4 %</sub> and TA<sub>0.2 %</sub> treatment groups. In the liver, lymphocytic infiltrates were reduced in the TA<sub>0.2 %</sub> and TA<sub>0.4 %</sub> treatment groups, and portal vein congestion was decreased in the TA<sub>0.2 %</sub> post-infection and TA<sub>0.4 %</sub> pre-infection groups. Post-infection survival rates were significantly higher (<em>p</em> < 0.05) in the TA<sub>0.4 %</sub> treatment group (91 %) compared to the TA<sub>0.8 %</sub> treatment group (85 %) and the control group (71 %). The results of the present study show that tannic acid has a positive effect on the immune system of Nile tilapia. This
{"title":"Anti-inflammatory, immunostimulant and antimicrobial properties of tannic acid in the diet of Oreochromis niloticus infected with Aeromonas hydrophila","authors":"Maria Clara Miguel Libanori , Gracienhe Gomes dos Santos , Ana Paula Souza , Domickson da Silva Costa , Miguel Saldaña-Serrano , Matheus Berlofa Ferreira , Jucimauro de Araújo Pereira Junior , Frank Bellettini , Scheila Anelise Pereira Dutra , Maurício Laterça Martins , Marco Shizuo Owatari , José Luiz Pedreira Mouriño","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2025.110119","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2025.110119","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study aimed to assess the impact of dietary supplementation with tannic acid on the growth, health, and survival of <em>Oreochromis niloticus</em> following exposure to <em>Aeromonas hydrophila</em>. A total of 320 fish were divided into 16 tanks and assigned to four treatment groups: feed with 0.2 % tannic acid (TA<sub>0.2 %</sub>), 0.4 % tannic acid (TA<sub>0.4 %</sub>), 0.8 % tannic acid (TA<sub>0.8 %</sub>), or no tannic acid (Control<sub>0%</sub>), with each treatment replicated four times, over a 50-day period. At the end of the 50-day period, biological samples were collected from the fish, which were then intraperitoneally injected with <em>A. hydrophila</em>. No significant differences in growth performance were detected between treatments. As expected, levels of total leukocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were notably higher in the blood of the fish after infection, regardless of the treatment received. During both the pre- and post-infection periods, monocytes were more abundant in the TA<sub>0.2 %</sub> and TA<sub>0.8 %</sub> treatments compared to the TA<sub>0.4 %</sub> treatment. Additionally, there was a significant interaction between the factors affecting thrombocytes, neutrophils, basophils, hemoglobin, and MCHC. Thrombocytosis and neutrophilia were significantly greater in the TA<sub>0.8 %</sub> treatment pre-infection than in the post-infection and control group. Conversely, a higher number of basophils were observed in the post-infection period in the TA0<sub>.8 %</sub> treatment group compared to the pre-infection period. Total plasma protein levels decreased significantly in the post-infection period, regardless of tannic acid supplementation levels, while immunoglobulin levels increased after exposure to <em>A. hydrophila</em>. Histological analyses revealed a significant increase in the perimeter and number of intestinal villi in the TA<sub>0.4 %</sub> treatment group before infection. The number of goblet cells also increased in the control group (0 %), TA<sub>0.4 %</sub>, and TA<sub>0.8 %</sub> before infection. In splenic tissue, the TA<sub>0.4 %</sub> treatment resulted in a reduction in eosinophilic and mononuclear infiltrates, as well as decreased congestion and vacuolation. Hemosiderin levels were lower in the TA<sub>0.4 %</sub> and TA<sub>0.2 %</sub> treatment groups. In the liver, lymphocytic infiltrates were reduced in the TA<sub>0.2 %</sub> and TA<sub>0.4 %</sub> treatment groups, and portal vein congestion was decreased in the TA<sub>0.2 %</sub> post-infection and TA<sub>0.4 %</sub> pre-infection groups. Post-infection survival rates were significantly higher (<em>p</em> < 0.05) in the TA<sub>0.4 %</sub> treatment group (91 %) compared to the TA<sub>0.8 %</sub> treatment group (85 %) and the control group (71 %). The results of the present study show that tannic acid has a positive effect on the immune system of Nile tilapia. This ","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":"157 ","pages":"Article 110119"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142970294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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