Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-26DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111160
Yingmei Xu , Yuhao Jin , Mengjia Chen , Yuqing Zeng , Yiqing Wang , Xiaoyu Gu , Xue Qiao , Lingling Wang , Linsheng Song
Melanoma differentiation–associated gene 5 (MDA5) is a key member of the RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) family that detects viral RNA in the cytoplasm and triggers antiviral innate immunity mainly via the MAVS-dependent signaling cascade. In the present study, a MDA5-like homologue (CgMDA5) containing two N-terminal CARD domains, a central DExD/H-box helicase domain and a C-terminal domain (CTD) was identified from Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas). CgMDA5 mRNA transcripts were detected in all examined oyster tissues, with the highest level in haemocytes. The mRNA expression of CgMDA5 in haemocytes was significantly upregulated by poly (I:C) and 5′-ppp dsRNA stimulation. CgMDA5 protein exhibited strong in vitro binding activity toward poly (I:C) and dsRNA of 100 bp and 1000 bp in length, with a marked preference for longer dsRNA. The interaction of CgMDA5 and CgMAVS was detected and affirmed by Co-IP after transfection into HEK293T cells. In CgMDA5-RNAi oyster, the mRNA expression level of CgMAVS was down-regulated post poly (I:C) stimulation. Moreover, both RNAi of CgMDA5 and CgMAVS down-regulated the mRNA expression of CgIRF1, CgIRF8 and CgIFNLP. These findings collectively suggest that CgMDA5 is capable of interacting with CgMAVS, thereby activating the CgIRF-CgIFNLP signaling pathway to mediate antiviral immune responses in oyster.
{"title":"The RNA sensor MDA5 contributes to the antiviral immune response in Crassostrea gigas by modulating the MAVS-mediated signaling pathway","authors":"Yingmei Xu , Yuhao Jin , Mengjia Chen , Yuqing Zeng , Yiqing Wang , Xiaoyu Gu , Xue Qiao , Lingling Wang , Linsheng Song","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111160","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111160","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Melanoma differentiation–associated gene 5 (MDA5) is a key member of the RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) family that detects viral RNA in the cytoplasm and triggers antiviral innate immunity mainly via the MAVS-dependent signaling cascade. In the present study, a MDA5-like homologue (<em>Cg</em>MDA5) containing two N-terminal CARD domains, a central DExD/H-box helicase domain and a C-terminal domain (CTD) was identified from Pacific oyster (<em>Crassostrea gigas</em>). <em>Cg</em>MDA5 mRNA transcripts were detected in all examined oyster tissues, with the highest level in haemocytes. The mRNA expression of <em>Cg</em>MDA5 in haemocytes was significantly upregulated by poly (I:C) and 5′-ppp dsRNA stimulation. <em>Cg</em>MDA5 protein exhibited strong <em>in vitro</em> binding activity toward poly (I:C) and dsRNA of 100 bp and 1000 bp in length, with a marked preference for longer dsRNA. The interaction of <em>Cg</em>MDA5 and <em>Cg</em>MAVS was detected and affirmed by Co-IP after transfection into HEK293T cells. In <em>Cg</em>MDA5-RNAi oyster, the mRNA expression level of <em>Cg</em>MAVS was down-regulated post poly (I:C) stimulation. Moreover, both RNAi of <em>Cg</em>MDA5 and <em>Cg</em>MAVS down-regulated the mRNA expression of <em>Cg</em>IRF1, <em>Cg</em>IRF8 and <em>Cg</em>IFNLP. These findings collectively suggest that <em>Cg</em>MDA5 is capable of interacting with <em>Cg</em>MAVS, thereby activating the <em>Cg</em>IRF-<em>Cg</em>IFNLP signaling pathway to mediate antiviral immune responses in oyster.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 111160"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146112653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-02-03DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111187
Meng-Ting Liu , Chen-Chen Wu , Si-Miao Pan , Samwel Mchele Limbu , Yu-Yang Liang , Ying-Man Yu , Fang Qiao , Mei-Ling Zhang , Zhen-Yu Du , Yuan Luo
The proper structure and source of dietary carbohydrates are vital for farmed fish health, yet their metabolic responses to varied carbohydrates are not clear. To explore fish metabolic responses to varied carbohydrates, Nile tilapia was fed with five different carbohydrate diets for eight weeks. The results showed that polysaccharides significantly enhanced the growth performance of fish (P < 0.05). The fish fed with polysaccharides showed lower serum glucose, pyruvate and lactate, while their liver glucose uptake and catabolic capacity were significantly enhanced (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the PDK4-PDHE1α axis, which linked glycolysis to the TCA cycle, exhibited a stronger response to polysaccharides, particularly in the corn starch group. The total lipid of the whole fish, as well as the TG in the liver and serum, were significantly elevated in the fish fed with wheat and tapioca starch (P < 0.05). Additionally, the fish fed with wheat and tapioca starch exhibited a significant higher expression of PPARγ, DGAT and FAS (P < 0.05). The serum levels of AST and ALT, as well as the liver MDA content, significantly decreased in the fish fed with polysaccharides (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the expression levels of pro-inflammatory (TNFα and IL12) and apoptosis (caspase8 and caspase9) -related genes in the liver were significantly downregulated, while the antioxidant capacity markedly increased (P < 0.05). The total protein of the whole fish, muscle protein content, and muscle fiber diameter of fish fed polysaccharides were significantly increased, particularly in the corn starch group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the fish fed with polysaccharides exhibited stronger mTOR signaling response and higher protein synthesis capacity in the muscle, particularly in the corn starch group (P < 0.05). This study demonstrated that the PDK4-PDHE1α axis and mTOR exhibit a stronger response to polysaccharides, boosting carbohydrate breakdown and protein synthesis for growth. PPARγ responds more robustly to wheat and tapioca starch, facilitating the esterification of free fatty acids into TG, which reduced lipid toxicity and maintained liver health.
{"title":"Mechanisms underlying differential utilization of carbohydrates from diverse structures and sources in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): Insights from glycolipid metabolism, protein deposition and liver health","authors":"Meng-Ting Liu , Chen-Chen Wu , Si-Miao Pan , Samwel Mchele Limbu , Yu-Yang Liang , Ying-Man Yu , Fang Qiao , Mei-Ling Zhang , Zhen-Yu Du , Yuan Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111187","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111187","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The proper structure and source of dietary carbohydrates are vital for farmed fish health, yet their metabolic responses to varied carbohydrates are not clear. To explore fish metabolic responses to varied carbohydrates, Nile tilapia was fed with five different carbohydrate diets for eight weeks. The results showed that polysaccharides significantly enhanced the growth performance of fish (<em>P</em> < 0.05). The fish fed with polysaccharides showed lower serum glucose, pyruvate and lactate, while their liver glucose uptake and catabolic capacity were significantly enhanced (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Furthermore, the PDK4-PDHE1α axis, which linked glycolysis to the TCA cycle, exhibited a stronger response to polysaccharides, particularly in the corn starch group. The total lipid of the whole fish, as well as the TG in the liver and serum, were significantly elevated in the fish fed with wheat and tapioca starch (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Additionally, the fish fed with wheat and tapioca starch exhibited a significant higher expression of PPARγ, DGAT and FAS (<em>P</em> < 0.05). The serum levels of AST and ALT, as well as the liver MDA content, significantly decreased in the fish fed with polysaccharides (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Meanwhile, the expression levels of pro-inflammatory (TNFα and IL12) and apoptosis (caspase8 and caspase9) -related genes in the liver were significantly downregulated, while the antioxidant capacity markedly increased (<em>P</em> < 0.05). The total protein of the whole fish, muscle protein content, and muscle fiber diameter of fish fed polysaccharides were significantly increased, particularly in the corn starch group (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Furthermore, the fish fed with polysaccharides exhibited stronger mTOR signaling response and higher protein synthesis capacity in the muscle, particularly in the corn starch group (<em>P</em> < 0.05). This study demonstrated that the PDK4-PDHE1α axis and mTOR exhibit a stronger response to polysaccharides, boosting carbohydrate breakdown and protein synthesis for growth. PPARγ responds more robustly to wheat and tapioca starch, facilitating the esterification of free fatty acids into TG, which reduced lipid toxicity and maintained liver health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 111187"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146124258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), a short-chain perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS), has been widely adopted as an alternative to regulated long-chain PFAS; however, its chronic ecotoxicological effects remain poorly understood. Herein, an integrated analysis combining transcriptomic, histopathological, and molecular approaches was performed to investigate the impacts of environmentally relevant PFBA exposure (1000 ng/L) on the gill tissue of zebrafish (Danio rerio) over a 63 days post-exposure (dpe). A total of 120 zebrafish were randomly assigned to 4 groups (control, 7 dpe, 35 dpe, and 63 dpe groups), with 3 biological replicates (10 fish per tank) per group. The 1000 ng/L exposure concentration was selected based on published environmental PFBA monitoring data and preliminary dose-response trial results. Histopathological observations revealed progressive gill impairment, characterized by epithelial hyperplasia and tissue disintegration, with prolonged PFBA exposure. Transcriptomic analysis demonstrated sustained dysregulation of genes associated with the nucleotide excision repair pathway, p53 signaling pathway, and apoptotic pathway throughout the exposure period. Molecular assays indicated that PFBA exposure significantly inhibited the expression of key DNA repair proteins (tyms, fen1, and rad51b); in silico molecular docking analyses predicted that PFBA may bind to the active sites of these proteins. Meanwhile, PFBA exposure coordinately upregulated the expression of atm, p53, bax, and casp3 genes, while suppressing bcl-2 expression, thereby activating the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Additionally, PFBA exposure induced the activation of inflammatory factors, which further exacerbated gill tissue damage. TUNEL assays confirmed a time-dependent increase in apoptotic signals, which were strongly correlated with cumulative DNA damage. Collectively, our findings suggest a potential mechanistic link between chronic PFBA exposure and gill injury in zebrafish, mediated through the DNA damage-p53-apoptosis cascade. These results underscore the previously underestimated ecological risks posed by short-chain PFAS in aquatic ecosystems.
{"title":"Chronic perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) exposure induces apoptosis and inflammation of gill in zebrafish (Danio rerio)","authors":"Dianyang Zhou , Jianming Chen , Tianyu Zheng , Tianwei Hao , Ping Han , Yadong Xue , Mingzhe Yuan , Xubo Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111164","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111164","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), a short-chain perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS), has been widely adopted as an alternative to regulated long-chain PFAS; however, its chronic ecotoxicological effects remain poorly understood. Herein, an integrated analysis combining transcriptomic, histopathological, and molecular approaches was performed to investigate the impacts of environmentally relevant PFBA exposure (1000 ng/L) on the gill tissue of zebrafish (<em>Danio rerio</em>) over a 63 days post-exposure (dpe). A total of 120 zebrafish were randomly assigned to 4 groups (control, 7 dpe, 35 dpe, and 63 dpe groups), with 3 biological replicates (10 fish per tank) per group. The 1000 ng/L exposure concentration was selected based on published environmental PFBA monitoring data and preliminary dose-response trial results. Histopathological observations revealed progressive gill impairment, characterized by epithelial hyperplasia and tissue disintegration, with prolonged PFBA exposure. Transcriptomic analysis demonstrated sustained dysregulation of genes associated with the nucleotide excision repair pathway, p53 signaling pathway, and apoptotic pathway throughout the exposure period. Molecular assays indicated that PFBA exposure significantly inhibited the expression of key DNA repair proteins (<em>tyms</em>, <em>fen1</em>, and <em>rad51b</em>); in silico molecular docking analyses predicted that PFBA may bind to the active sites of these proteins. Meanwhile, PFBA exposure coordinately upregulated the expression of <em>atm</em>, <em>p53</em>, <em>bax</em>, and <em>casp3</em> genes, while suppressing <em>bcl-2</em> expression, thereby activating the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Additionally, PFBA exposure induced the activation of inflammatory factors, which further exacerbated gill tissue damage. TUNEL assays confirmed a time-dependent increase in apoptotic signals, which were strongly correlated with cumulative DNA damage. Collectively, our findings suggest a potential mechanistic link between chronic PFBA exposure and gill injury in zebrafish, mediated through the DNA damage-p53-apoptosis cascade. These results underscore the previously underestimated ecological risks posed by short-chain PFAS in aquatic ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 111164"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146057337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Interleukin-1β is a pro-inflammatory cytokine with pluripotent roles in mediating immune response. In fish, IL-1β plays a major role in inflammatory responses to pathogenic infections, though its immunological functions through direct stimulation have not been studied in detail. In this study, two IL-1β genes (il1b1 and il1b2) from the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) were identified and characterized. The broad immunostimulatory effects of recombinant IL-1β (OlrIL-1β) from Japanese medaka were explored using embryonic fibroblast-like cell line (OLHdrR-e3) and primary cultured kidney cells. Recombinant proteins were produced via prokaryotic expression based on predicted mature isoforms IL-1β1_Asp95 (type II) and IL-1β2_Asp121 (type I) to investigate their distinct functional characteristics. Then, their immune-related gene expression, phagocytosis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production ability were evaluated in vitro and ex vivo. rIL-1β triggers the expression of not only pro-inflammatory cytokines such as il1b, tnfa, il6, il8, mcp1b, and csf1b, but also the antimicrobial peptide, def1b. Additionally, they upregulate the expression of cell specific markers, including macrophage- and granulocyte-specific genes mpeg1.1, mpx2, and epx, and nitric oxide synthase (NO) gene nos1. Moreover, medaka OlrIL-1β proteins exhibited robust phagocytosis and superoxide anion production ability than those in unstimulated control. In all evaluations, the OlrIL-1β proteins corresponding to the predicted cleavage sites exhibited strong immune activation, with type I OlIL-1β2_Asp121 demonstrating more potent response than type II. To our knowledge, this is the study to reveal the immunomodulatory functions of Japanese medaka IL-1β, highlighting its potential in immunotherapy for disease prevention and control in aquaculture.
{"title":"Two interleukin-1β types reinforce innate immune response modulation in Japanese medaka, Oryzias latipes","authors":"Mizanur Rahman Washim , Natsuki Morimoto , Takechiyo Sumiyoshi , Aki Nishihara , Siva Nallaperumal , Tomoya Kono , Jun-ichi Hikima","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111157","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111157","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Interleukin-1β is a pro-inflammatory cytokine with pluripotent roles in mediating immune response. In fish, IL-1β plays a major role in inflammatory responses to pathogenic infections, though its immunological functions through direct stimulation have not been studied in detail. In this study, two IL-1β genes (<em>il1b1</em> and <em>il1b2</em>) from the Japanese medaka (<em>Oryzias latipes</em>) were identified and characterized. The broad immunostimulatory effects of recombinant IL-1β (OlrIL-1β) from Japanese medaka were explored using embryonic fibroblast-like cell line (OLHdrR-e3) and primary cultured kidney cells. Recombinant proteins were produced via prokaryotic expression based on predicted mature isoforms IL-1β1_Asp<sup>95</sup> (type II) and IL-1β2_Asp<sup>121</sup> (type I) to investigate their distinct functional characteristics. Then, their immune-related gene expression, phagocytosis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production ability were evaluated <em>in vitro</em> and <em>ex vivo</em>. rIL-1β triggers the expression of not only pro-inflammatory cytokines such as <em>il1b</em>, <em>tnfa</em>, <em>il6</em>, <em>il8</em>, <em>mcp1b</em>, and <em>csf1b</em><em>,</em> but also the antimicrobial peptide, <em>def1b</em>. Additionally, they upregulate the expression of cell specific markers, including macrophage- and granulocyte-specific genes <em>mpeg1.1</em>, <em>mpx2</em>, and <em>epx</em>, and nitric oxide synthase (NO) gene <em>nos1</em>. Moreover, medaka OlrIL-1β proteins exhibited robust phagocytosis and superoxide anion production ability than those in unstimulated control. In all evaluations, the OlrIL-1β proteins corresponding to the predicted cleavage sites exhibited strong immune activation, with type I OlIL-1β2_Asp<sup>121</sup> demonstrating more potent response than type II. To our knowledge, this is the study to reveal the immunomodulatory functions of Japanese medaka IL-1β, highlighting its potential in immunotherapy for disease prevention and control in aquaculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 111157"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146090451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-31DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111177
Le Minh Khoi , Thea Aldiano , Nguyen Bao Trung , Tran Thi Tuyet Hoa , Tu Thanh Dung
Vaccines are central to disease prevention in farmed fish and help reduce antimicrobial use in aquaculture. Autogenous vaccines represent a practical solution for managing pathogens with high genetic variability, particularly in urgent outbreaks. In this study, 28 bacterial strains were isolated from striped catfish (P. hypophthalmus) suffering from Motile Aeromonas Septicaemia (MAS) and Bacillary Necrosis of Pangasius (BNP). Strains were identified using specific primers, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and DNA fingerprinting, followed by virulence gene screening and pathogenicity testing. Two strains of Aeromonas VH31, VH74, and two strains of Edwardsiella ictaluri VH83, VH116 were selected to formulate injectable autogenous oil-emulsion vaccines. Experimental trials included four groups of bivalent vaccines (VC-VH31/83, VC-VH31/116, VC-VH74/83, VC-VH74/116), one multivalent vaccine (VC-VHMix), and a PBS control, evaluated over 60 days. The multivalent vaccine conferred the highest relative percent survival (91.7%), while VC-VH31/83 and VC-VH31/116 showed moderate protection (66.7% and 70.8%, respectively). In contrast, VC-VH74/83 and VC-VH74/116 yielded minimal protection (12.5%). Serum IgM antibody analysis showed that the fish had an immune response to Aeromonas and Edwardsiella antigens after 15–30 days of vaccination in the vaccine injection treatments. The concentration of total WBCs, lymphocytes, and granulocytes in the blood of the fish increased and peaked after 45 days. Overall growth performance in the most effective vaccine groups (VC-VHMix, VC-VH31/83, VC-VH31/116) was not significantly affected compared to the control. These results demonstrate that autogenous vaccines are a promising approach to control dual infections of MAS and BNP in striped catfish and highlight their potential role in sustainable aquaculture disease management.
{"title":"Development and efficacy of autogenous multivalent vaccine to prevent Motile Aeromonas Septicemia (MAS) and Bacillary Necrosis of Pangasius (BNP) in striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus)","authors":"Le Minh Khoi , Thea Aldiano , Nguyen Bao Trung , Tran Thi Tuyet Hoa , Tu Thanh Dung","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111177","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111177","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vaccines are central to disease prevention in farmed fish and help reduce antimicrobial use in aquaculture. Autogenous vaccines represent a practical solution for managing pathogens with high genetic variability, particularly in urgent outbreaks. In this study, 28 bacterial strains were isolated from striped catfish (<em>P. hypophthalmus</em>) suffering from Motile Aeromonas Septicaemia (MAS) and Bacillary Necrosis of Pangasius (BNP). Strains were identified using specific primers, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and DNA fingerprinting, followed by virulence gene screening and pathogenicity testing. Two strains of <em>Aeromonas</em> VH31, VH74, and two strains of <em>Edwardsiella ictaluri</em> VH83, VH116 were selected to formulate injectable autogenous oil-emulsion vaccines. Experimental trials included four groups of bivalent vaccines (VC-VH31/83, VC-VH31/116, VC-VH74/83, VC-VH74/116), one multivalent vaccine (VC-VHMix), and a PBS control, evaluated over 60 days. The multivalent vaccine conferred the highest relative percent survival (91.7%), while VC-VH31/83 and VC-VH31/116 showed moderate protection (66.7% and 70.8%, respectively). In contrast, VC-VH74/83 and VC-VH74/116 yielded minimal protection (12.5%). Serum IgM antibody analysis showed that the fish had an immune response to <em>Aeromonas</em> and <em>Edwardsiella</em> antigens after 15–30 days of vaccination in the vaccine injection treatments. The concentration of total WBCs, lymphocytes, and granulocytes in the blood of the fish increased and peaked after 45 days. Overall growth performance in the most effective vaccine groups (VC-VHMix, VC-VH31/83, VC-VH31/116) was not significantly affected compared to the control. These results demonstrate that autogenous vaccines are a promising approach to control dual infections of MAS and BNP in striped catfish and highlight their potential role in sustainable aquaculture disease management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 111177"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146104477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-02-04DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111189
Xuan Zhang , Yunshang Ning , Zengjian Liang , Jinqiao Cao , Tao Xu , Jiayi Luo , Zemiao Zhang , Yingjing Chen , Jingguang Wei , Qiwei Qin , Sumei Xiao , Sheng Zhou
The high pathogenicity and mortality rate of infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) have significantly threatened the development of largemouth bass aquaculture in China. Oral vaccines are urgently needed in the aquaculture industry. This study successfully constructed recombinant strains EBY100/pYD1-ISKNV and WB600/pEB03-CotC-ISKNV that can express ISKNV MCP using surface display platforms of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Bacillus subtilis. Oral immunization of largemouth bass was conducted to evaluate the protective efficacy of both oral vaccines. Following oral immunization, the relative expression levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1, CD8α, MHC-Ⅰ, IgM, and IgT in the spleen and head kidney tissues of largemouth bass and serum-specific antibody levels in the E-I and W-I groups were significantly higher compared to the PBS group. Following ISKNV challenge, the survival rate of the E-I group and W-I group were 53.3 % and 50.0 %, respectively, with the relative percent survival (RPS) of 30.0 % and 25.0 %. Viral load detection revealed significantly lower viral loads in the E-I and W-I groups compared to the PBS group. Histopathological examination of tissue sections revealed that no obvious lesions were observed in the liver, spleen, and head kidney of largemouth bass immunized with either oral vaccine compared to the PBS group that exhibited severe lesions in the liver, spleen, and head kidney. In summary, oral administration of EBY100/pYD1-ISKNV and WB600/pEB03-CotC-ISKNV activated both innate and adaptive immune responses in largemouth bass, demonstrating efficacy in preventing ISKNV infection. The two oral vaccines developed in this study provide novel strategies for controlling ISKNV.
{"title":"Evaluation of the immunoprotective effects of two Infectious Spleen and Kidney Necrosis Virus (ISKNV) oral vaccines on largemouth bass","authors":"Xuan Zhang , Yunshang Ning , Zengjian Liang , Jinqiao Cao , Tao Xu , Jiayi Luo , Zemiao Zhang , Yingjing Chen , Jingguang Wei , Qiwei Qin , Sumei Xiao , Sheng Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111189","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111189","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The high pathogenicity and mortality rate of infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) have significantly threatened the development of largemouth bass aquaculture in China. Oral vaccines are urgently needed in the aquaculture industry. This study successfully constructed recombinant strains EBY100/pYD1-ISKNV and WB600/pEB03-CotC-ISKNV that can express ISKNV MCP using surface display platforms of <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em> and <em>Bacillus subtilis</em>. Oral immunization of largemouth bass was conducted to evaluate the protective efficacy of both oral vaccines. Following oral immunization, the relative expression levels of <em>IFN-γ</em>, <em>TNF-α</em>, <em>IL-1</em>, <em>CD8α</em>, <em>MHC-Ⅰ</em>, <em>IgM</em>, and <em>IgT</em> in the spleen and head kidney tissues of largemouth bass and serum-specific antibody levels in the E-I and W-I groups were significantly higher compared to the PBS group. Following ISKNV challenge, the survival rate of the E-I group and W-I group were 53.3 % and 50.0 %, respectively, with the relative percent survival (RPS) of 30.0 % and 25.0 %. Viral load detection revealed significantly lower viral loads in the E-I and W-I groups compared to the PBS group. Histopathological examination of tissue sections revealed that no obvious lesions were observed in the liver, spleen, and head kidney of largemouth bass immunized with either oral vaccine compared to the PBS group that exhibited severe lesions in the liver, spleen, and head kidney. In summary, oral administration of EBY100/pYD1-ISKNV and WB600/pEB03-CotC-ISKNV activated both innate and adaptive immune responses in largemouth bass, demonstrating efficacy in preventing ISKNV infection. The two oral vaccines developed in this study provide novel strategies for controlling ISKNV.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 111189"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146131518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-02-11DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111206
Cheng Chen , Bo-Han Li , Chao-Yu Wang , Er-Long Wang , Tian-Qiang Liu , Zhe Zhao
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) remains one of the most destructive viral pathogens in crustacean aquaculture, yet effective antiviral agents are still lacking. Umifenovir is a clinically approved broad-spectrum antiviral drug with a favorable safety profile and immunomodulatory properties; however, its antiviral potential in aquatic invertebrates has not been explored. In this study, we systematically evaluated the antiviral efficacy and immunological mechanisms of umifenovir against WSSV infection in the crayfish Procambarus clarkii. Toxicity assessment and ADMET predictive analysis confirmed a wide safety window of umifenovir in crayfish. In vivo infection experiments demonstrated that umifenovir significantly suppressed WSSV replication in a dose-, tissue-, and time-dependent manner, achieving up to 97.26% inhibition at 30 mg/kg after 24 h. The treatment also reduced the transcription of viral genes from immediate-early to late stages and improved the survival rate of infected hosts. Both preventive and therapeutic administration conferred robust antiviral protection. Mechanistically, umifenovir inhibited the transcription of key viral genes required for WSSV replication and disrupted the virus-mediated manipulation of innate immune signaling pathways. Umifenovir further enhanced antioxidant capacity, alleviated oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, and attenuated virus-induced apoptosis. In addition, umifenovir reduced abnormal protein accumulation associated with viral replication while increasing lysosomal enzyme activity, indicating restoration of protein homeostasis and strengthened innate immune function. Collectively, these findings provide the first evidence that umifenovir exerts potent anti-WSSV activity in crustaceans by coordinately suppressing viral replication and modulating host immune responses, offering new mechanistic insights into its immunomodulatory effects. Given its favorable safety profile and feasibility for industrial synthesis, umifenovir represents a promising antiviral candidate for immunological intervention and provides a potential translational basis for future disease control strategies in aquaculture.
{"title":"Umifenovir protects Procambarus clarkii against white spot syndrome virus by suppressing viral replication and modulating innate immunity","authors":"Cheng Chen , Bo-Han Li , Chao-Yu Wang , Er-Long Wang , Tian-Qiang Liu , Zhe Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111206","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111206","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) remains one of the most destructive viral pathogens in crustacean aquaculture, yet effective antiviral agents are still lacking. Umifenovir is a clinically approved broad-spectrum antiviral drug with a favorable safety profile and immunomodulatory properties; however, its antiviral potential in aquatic invertebrates has not been explored. In this study, we systematically evaluated the antiviral efficacy and immunological mechanisms of umifenovir against WSSV infection in the crayfish <em>Procambarus clarkii</em>. Toxicity assessment and ADMET predictive analysis confirmed a wide safety window of umifenovir in crayfish. <em>In vivo</em> infection experiments demonstrated that umifenovir significantly suppressed WSSV replication in a dose-, tissue-, and time-dependent manner, achieving up to 97.26% inhibition at 30 mg/kg after 24 h. The treatment also reduced the transcription of viral genes from immediate-early to late stages and improved the survival rate of infected hosts. Both preventive and therapeutic administration conferred robust antiviral protection. Mechanistically, umifenovir inhibited the transcription of key viral genes required for WSSV replication and disrupted the virus-mediated manipulation of innate immune signaling pathways. Umifenovir further enhanced antioxidant capacity, alleviated oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, and attenuated virus-induced apoptosis. In addition, umifenovir reduced abnormal protein accumulation associated with viral replication while increasing lysosomal enzyme activity, indicating restoration of protein homeostasis and strengthened innate immune function. Collectively, these findings provide the first evidence that umifenovir exerts potent anti-WSSV activity in crustaceans by coordinately suppressing viral replication and modulating host immune responses, offering new mechanistic insights into its immunomodulatory effects. Given its favorable safety profile and feasibility for industrial synthesis, umifenovir represents a promising antiviral candidate for immunological intervention and provides a potential translational basis for future disease control strategies in aquaculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 111206"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146171655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-19DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111141
Dayanne Carla Fernandes , Silas Fernandes Eto , Leo Kei Iwai , Monica Lopes-Ferreira , Isabela de Oliveira Cavalcante Pimentel , Luiz Roberto Sardinha , Ismael Feitosa Lima , Denise V. Tambourgi
The genus Bitis, especially the species Bitis arietans, significantly contributes to snakebite incidents in Africa, causing a range of serious medical conditions. This study aimed to explore the pathological mechanisms underlying envenomations by B. arietans using zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model organism. Blood samples were collected at 3- and 6-h post-envenomation, followed by plasma analysis through mass spectrometry. Key findings indicated that B. arietans venom caused a hemolytic effect leading to acute severe anemia by 6 h post-envenomation. A hematopoietic response was also observed, characterized by an increase in precursor blood cells and leukocytosis with elevated myelomonocytic cell counts. Mass spectrometry analysis identified 558 plasma proteins with differential abundance between the experimental groups, many of which play crucial roles in biological processes such as immune response, hemostasis, coagulation cascade, complement system activation, neutrophil degranulation, and oxidative stress regulation. Additionally, proteins associated with cellular extravasation and regulatory functions were detected, correlating with histopathological lesions observed locally and indicating systemic effects of envenomation affecting vital organs such as the kidneys, heart, liver, and gills. Our results suggest that the plasma protein profile identified may serve as potential biomarkers for assessing lesions resulting from B. arietans envenomation. Overall, these findings enhance our understanding of the toxic impacts of B. arietans venom and underscore the utility of zebrafish as a model for further research into snakebite pathophysiology.
{"title":"Zebrafish as a translational model for Bitis arietans envenomation: Integrative proteomic and histopathological insights","authors":"Dayanne Carla Fernandes , Silas Fernandes Eto , Leo Kei Iwai , Monica Lopes-Ferreira , Isabela de Oliveira Cavalcante Pimentel , Luiz Roberto Sardinha , Ismael Feitosa Lima , Denise V. Tambourgi","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111141","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111141","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The genus Bitis, especially the species <em>Bitis arietans</em>, significantly contributes to snakebite incidents in Africa, causing a range of serious medical conditions. This study aimed to explore the pathological mechanisms underlying envenomations by <em>B. arietans</em> using zebrafish (<em>Danio rerio</em>) as a model organism. Blood samples were collected at 3- and 6-h post-envenomation, followed by plasma analysis through mass spectrometry. Key findings indicated that <em>B. arietans</em> venom caused a hemolytic effect leading to acute severe anemia by 6 h post-envenomation. A hematopoietic response was also observed, characterized by an increase in precursor blood cells and leukocytosis with elevated myelomonocytic cell counts. Mass spectrometry analysis identified 558 plasma proteins with differential abundance between the experimental groups, many of which play crucial roles in biological processes such as immune response, hemostasis, coagulation cascade, complement system activation, neutrophil degranulation, and oxidative stress regulation. Additionally, proteins associated with cellular extravasation and regulatory functions were detected, correlating with histopathological lesions observed locally and indicating systemic effects of envenomation affecting vital organs such as the kidneys, heart, liver, and gills. Our results suggest that the plasma protein profile identified may serve as potential biomarkers for assessing lesions resulting from <em>B. arietans</em> envenomation. Overall, these findings enhance our understanding of the toxic impacts of <em>B. arietans</em> venom and underscore the utility of zebrafish as a model for further research into snakebite pathophysiology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 111141"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146017845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-30DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111167
Mukta Singh , Ratan Kumar Saha , Himadri Saha
Fungal infections caused by Saprolegnia parasitica are a major concern in freshwater aquaculture, particularly during advanced stages of disease when affected fish often exhibit feeding refusal, rendering oral medication ineffective. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of intraperitoneally administered miconazole nitrate (MCZ) in Labeo rohita fingerlings under such critical conditions. The 96-h LD50 of MCZ was determined to be 0.20 ± 0.13 mg kg−1 body weight (BW). Three sub-lethal doses (0.01, 0.02, and 0.04 mg MCZ kg−1 BW) were evaluated alongside a DMSO control over eight time points (0–240 h), analyzing haematological and immuno-biochemical parameters including erythrocyte and leukocyte counts, hemoglobin, hematocrit, Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin (MCH), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), glucose, plasma ion concentrations, lysozyme activity, total protein, and respiratory burst activity. A dose-dependent physiological response was observed, with lower doses (especially 0.01 mg MCZ kg−1 BW) exhibiting minimal adverse effects while enhancing immune indicators such as lysozyme and respiratory burst activity. Challenge trials with S. parasitica zoospores further confirmed higher survival and recovery in the low-dose group. These findings highlight the efficacy of injectable MCZ as a vital therapeutic alternative during feeding suppression, offering a targeted strategy for managing saprolegniasis in aquaculture.
{"title":"Therapeutic potential of intraperitoneal miconazole nitrate against Saprolegnia parasitica in Labeo rohita under feeding refusal conditions","authors":"Mukta Singh , Ratan Kumar Saha , Himadri Saha","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111167","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111167","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fungal infections caused by <em>Saprolegnia parasitica</em> are a major concern in freshwater aquaculture, particularly during advanced stages of disease when affected fish often exhibit feeding refusal, rendering oral medication ineffective. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of intraperitoneally administered miconazole nitrate (MCZ) in <em>Labeo rohita</em> fingerlings under such critical conditions. The 96-h LD<sub>50</sub> of MCZ was determined to be 0.20 ± 0.13 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> body weight (BW). Three sub-lethal doses (0.01, 0.02, and 0.04 mg MCZ kg<sup>−1</sup> BW) were evaluated alongside a DMSO control over eight time points (0–240 h), analyzing haematological and immuno-biochemical parameters including erythrocyte and leukocyte counts, hemoglobin, hematocrit, Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin (MCH), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), glucose, plasma ion concentrations, lysozyme activity, total protein, and respiratory burst activity. A dose-dependent physiological response was observed, with lower doses (especially 0.01 mg MCZ kg<sup>−1</sup> BW) exhibiting minimal adverse effects while enhancing immune indicators such as lysozyme and respiratory burst activity. Challenge trials with <em>S. parasitica</em> zoospores further confirmed higher survival and recovery in the low-dose group. These findings highlight the efficacy of injectable MCZ as a vital therapeutic alternative during feeding suppression, offering a targeted strategy for managing saprolegniasis in aquaculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 111167"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146100079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-02-04DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111193
Yueshuang Ji , Yinghao Huang , Shengbin Lu , Weihua Zhao , Liwen Zhu , Wa Gao , Jianhua Feng , Gaoliang Yuan , Jun Zou , Junya Wang
Meteorin-like (Metrnl) is a cytokine known to play multifunctional roles in mammalian immunity, yet its immunoregulatory role in teleost remains largely unexplored. In the present study, we systematically investigate the effects of Metrnl on primary monocytes/macrophages (Mo/Mφ) in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). In vitro, Metrnl significantly increased the viability of primary Mo/Mφ, with increases of 12.7% on day 3 and 7.9% on day 6, as determined by flow cytometric quantification of MCSFR+ cells across multiple biological replicates. Furthermore, Metrnl stimulation promoted Mo/Mφ proliferation and phagocytic activity, resulting in absolute increases of 12.43% and 16.86%, respectively, calculated as the proportion of EdU+MCSFR+ or Beads+MCSFR+ cells within the total MCSFR+ population. Consistent with these findings, in vivo experiments using a Metrnl-expressing plasmid demonstrated enhanced Mo/Mφ proliferation and phagocytosis. Moreover, Metrnl also significantly upregulated the mRNA levels of the chemokines Cxcl8 and Cxcl11.1b, indicating its ability to recruit Mo/Mφ to target sites by activating chemokine-mediated chemotactic signaling. Importantly, neutralization of Metrnl with a specific antibody markedly impaired the enhanced Mo/Mφ recruitment, proliferation and phagocytosis, confirming that the effect is specifically mediated by Metrnl. Our results demonstrate that Metrnl acts as an important regulatory factor that activates and enhances Mo/Mφ-mediated innate immune response.
Meteorin-like （Metrnl）是一种已知在哺乳动物免疫中发挥多功能作用的细胞因子，但其在硬骨鱼中的免疫调节作用仍未被充分研究。在本研究中，我们系统地研究了Metrnl对草鱼原代单核/巨噬细胞（Mo/Mφ）的影响。在体外，通过对MCSFR+细胞进行多个生物重复的流式细胞术定量检测，Metrnl显著提高了原代Mo/Mφ的活力，第3天提高了12.7%，第6天提高了7.9%。此外，以EdU+MCSFR+或Beads+MCSFR+细胞占MCSFR+总细胞群的比例计算，Metrnl刺激可促进Mo/Mφ增殖和吞噬活性，绝对增幅分别为12.43%和16.86%。与这些发现一致，使用表达metrnl的质粒进行的体内实验表明，Mo/Mφ的增殖和吞噬作用增强。此外，Metrnl还显著上调趋化因子Cxcl8和Cxcl11.1b的mRNA水平，表明其能够通过激活趋化因子介导的趋化信号通路将Mo/Mφ募集到靶点。重要的是，用一种特异性抗体中和Metrnl可显著削弱增强的Mo/Mφ募集、增殖和吞噬作用，证实了这种作用是由Metrnl特异性介导的。我们的研究结果表明，Metrnl是激活和增强Mo/ m φ介导的先天免疫应答的重要调控因子。
{"title":"Fish Meteorin-like factor promotes migration, proliferation and phagocytic activity of monocytes/macrophages","authors":"Yueshuang Ji , Yinghao Huang , Shengbin Lu , Weihua Zhao , Liwen Zhu , Wa Gao , Jianhua Feng , Gaoliang Yuan , Jun Zou , Junya Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111193","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111193","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Meteorin-like (Metrnl) is a cytokine known to play multifunctional roles in mammalian immunity, yet its immunoregulatory role in teleost remains largely unexplored. In the present study, we systematically investigate the effects of Metrnl on primary monocytes/macrophages (Mo/Mφ) in grass carp (<em>Ctenopharyngodon idella</em>). <em>In vitro</em>, Metrnl significantly increased the viability of primary Mo/Mφ, with increases of 12.7% on day 3 and 7.9% on day 6, as determined by flow cytometric quantification of MCSFR<sup>+</sup> cells across multiple biological replicates. Furthermore, Metrnl stimulation promoted Mo/Mφ proliferation and phagocytic activity, resulting in absolute increases of 12.43% and 16.86%, respectively, calculated as the proportion of EdU<sup>+</sup>MCSFR<sup>+</sup> or Beads<sup>+</sup>MCSFR<sup>+</sup> cells within the total MCSFR<sup>+</sup> population. Consistent with these findings, <em>in vivo</em> experiments using a Metrnl-expressing plasmid demonstrated enhanced Mo/Mφ proliferation and phagocytosis. Moreover, Metrnl also significantly upregulated the mRNA levels of the chemokines <em>Cxcl8</em> and <em>Cxcl11.1b</em>, indicating its ability to recruit Mo/Mφ to target sites by activating chemokine-mediated chemotactic signaling. Importantly, neutralization of Metrnl with a specific antibody markedly impaired the enhanced Mo/Mφ recruitment, proliferation and phagocytosis, confirming that the effect is specifically mediated by Metrnl. Our results demonstrate that Metrnl acts as an important regulatory factor that activates and enhances Mo/Mφ-mediated innate immune response.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 111193"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146131527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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