Experimental Results最新文献

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Variational assimilation of web camera-derived estimates of visibility for Alaska aviation 阿拉斯加州航空能见度网络相机估算的变分同化

Experimental Results

Pub Date : 2021-03-15 DOI: 10.1017/exp.2020.66

J. Carley, Michael P. Matthews, M. Morris, Manuel S. F. V. De Pondeca, Jenny Colavito, Runhua Yang

Abstract The Real Time Mesoscale Analysis (RTMA), a two-dimensional variational analysis algorithm, is used to provide hourly analyses of surface sensible weather elements for situational awareness at spatial resolutions of 3 km over Alaska. In this work we focus on the analysis of horizontal visibility in Alaska, which is a region prone to weather related aviation accidents that are in part due to a relatively sparse observation network. In this study we evaluate the impact of assimilating estimates of horizontal visibility derived from a novel network of web cameras in Alaska with the RTMA. Results suggest that the web camera-derived estimates of visibility can capture low visibility conditions and have the potential to improve the RTMA visibility analysis under conditions of low instrument flight rules and instrument flight rules.

摘要/ Abstract摘要:实时中尺度分析(Real Time Mesoscale Analysis, RTMA)是一种二维变分分析算法，用于对阿拉斯加上空3 km空间分辨率的地面感测天气要素进行逐时分析。在这项工作中，我们重点分析阿拉斯加的水平能见度，这是一个容易发生与天气有关的航空事故的地区，部分原因是观测网络相对稀疏。在本研究中，我们用RTMA评估了同化来自阿拉斯加网络摄像机新网络的水平能见度估计值的影响。结果表明，基于网络摄像机的能见度估计可以捕获低能见度条件，并有可能改进低仪表飞行规则和仪表飞行规则条件下的RTMA能见度分析。

引用次数: 3

Weather variability and transmissibility of COVID-19: a time series analysis based on effective reproductive number. COVID-19的天气变异性和传播性:基于有效繁殖数的时间序列分析

Experimental Results

Pub Date : 2021-03-03 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/exp.2021.4

Michael Nevels, Xiaohan Si, Hilary Bambrick, Yuzhou Zhang, Jian Cheng, Hannah McClymont, Michael B Bonsall, Wenbiao Hu

COVID-19 is causing a significant burden on medical and healthcare resources globally due to high numbers of hospitalisations and deaths recorded as the pandemic continues. This research aims to assess the effects of climate factors (i.e., daily average temperature and average relative humidity) on effective reproductive number of COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan, China during the early stage of the outbreak. Our research showed that effective reproductive number of COVID-19 will increase by 7.6% (95% Confidence Interval: 5.4% ~ 9.8%) per 1°C drop in mean temperature at prior moving average of 0-8 days lag in Wuhan, China. Our results indicate temperature was negatively associated with COVID-19 transmissibility during early stages of the outbreak in Wuhan, suggesting temperature is likely to effect COVID-19 transmission. These results suggest increased precautions should be taken in the colder seasons to reduce COVID-19 transmission in the future, based on past success in controlling the pandemic in Wuhan, China.

COVID-19正在给全球医疗和保健资源造成重大负担，因为随着疫情的持续，住院和死亡人数很高。本研究旨在评估气候因素(即日平均温度和平均相对湿度)对中国武汉新冠肺炎疫情爆发初期有效繁殖数的影响。我们的研究表明，在中国武汉，在0-8天的移动平均滞后时间内，平均气温每下降1°C, COVID-19有效繁殖数将增加7.6%(95%置信区间:5.4% ~ 9.8%)。我们的研究结果表明，在武汉疫情爆发的早期阶段，温度与COVID-19的传播率呈负相关，表明温度可能影响COVID-19的传播。这些结果表明，基于过去在中国武汉控制大流行的成功经验，未来应在较冷的季节加强预防措施，以减少COVID-19的传播。

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引用次数: 8

Oyster growth across a salinity gradient in a shallow, subtropical Gulf of Mexico estuary—ERRATUM 牡蛎生长跨越盐度梯度在浅海，亚热带墨西哥湾河口-勘误

Experimental Results

Pub Date : 2021-03-02 DOI: 10.1017/exp.2021.3

B. Lebreton, J. Pollack, Brittany N. Blomberg, T. Palmer, P. Montagna

引用次数: 0

Preparation burning may not improve short-term seed survival in an Amazonian savanna 在亚马逊热带稀树草原上，准备燃烧可能不会提高种子的短期存活率

Experimental Results

Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1017/exp.2021.2

V. J. U. Rodriguez Chuma, D. Norris, T. P. da Silva, J. A. da Silva, K. Cavalcante, Igor A. P. Sidônio, A. F. de Souza, D. S. S. Valentim, S. Mochiutti, F. Michalski

Abstract The role of fire in the management of degraded areas remains strongly debated. Here we experimentally compare removal and infestation of popcorn kernels (Zea mays L. – Poaceae) and açaí fruits (Euterpe oleracea Mart. – Arecaceae) in one burned and two unburned savanna habitats in the eastern Brazilian Amazon. In each habitat, a total of ten experimental units (five per seed type) were installed, each with three treatments: (1) open access, (2) vertebrate access, and (3) invertebrate access. Generalized linear models showed significant differences in both seed removal (P < 0.0001) and infestation (P < 0.0001) among seed type, habitats and access treatments. Burned savanna had the highest overall seed infestation rate (24.3%) and invertebrate access increased açaí seed infestation levels to 100% in the burned savanna. Increased levels of invertebrate seed infestation in burned savanna suggest that preparation burning may be of limited use for the management and restoration of such habitats in tropical regions.

火灾在退化地区管理中的作用仍然存在激烈的争论。本文通过实验比较了玉米粒(Zea mays L. - Poaceae)和açaí果实(Euterpe oleracea Mart)的去除和侵染效果。-槟榔科)在巴西亚马逊东部一个被烧毁和两个未被烧毁的稀树草原栖息地。每个生境共设置了10个实验单元(每种种子类型5个)，每个实验单元有三种处理:(1)开放通道，(2)脊椎动物通道，(3)无脊椎动物通道。广义线性模型显示，不同种子类型、不同生境和不同通路处理在种子去除率(P < 0.0001)和侵染率(P < 0.0001)上存在显著差异。在被烧毁的热带稀树草原上，种子侵染率最高(24.3%)，无脊椎动物的进入使种子侵染率açaí增加到100%。被烧毁的热带稀树草原无脊椎动物种子侵扰程度的增加表明，准备燃烧对热带地区这类栖息地的管理和恢复可能作用有限。

引用次数: 0

Effect of using green fluorescent protein double-stranded RNA as non-target negative control in Nasonia vitripennis RNA interference assays 绿色荧光蛋白双链RNA作为非靶阴性对照在玻璃翅雀RNA干扰检测中的作用

Experimental Results

Pub Date : 2021-02-10 DOI: 10.1017/exp.2020.67

Julien Rougeot, Yidong Wang, E. Verhulst

Abstract RNA interference (RNAi) is a technique used in many insects to study gene function. However, prior research suggests possible off-target effects when using Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) sequence as a non-target control. We used a transcriptomic approach to study the effect of GFP RNAi (GFP-i) in Nasonia vitripennis, a widely used parasitoid wasp model system. Our study identified 3.4% of total genes being differentially expressed in response to GFP-i. A subset of these genes appears involved in microtubule and sperm functions. In silico analysis identified 17 potential off-targets, of which only one was differentially expressed after GFP-i. We suggest the primary cause for differential expression after GFP-i is the non-specific activation of the RNAi machinery at the injection site, and a potentially disturbed spermatogenesis. Still, we advise that any RNAi study involving the genes deregulated in this study, exercises caution in drawing conclusions and uses a different non-target control.

RNA干扰(RNAi)是一种用于研究昆虫基因功能的技术。然而，先前的研究表明，当使用绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)序列作为非目标对照时，可能会产生脱靶效应。利用转录组学方法研究了GFP- RNAi (GFP-i)在拟寄生蜂(Nasonia vitripennis)模型系统中的作用。我们的研究确定了3.4%的基因在GFP-i反应中存在差异表达。这些基因的一个子集似乎与微管和精子的功能有关。计算机分析鉴定出17个潜在的脱靶蛋白，其中只有1个在GFP-i后出现差异表达。我们认为GFP-i后差异表达的主要原因是注射部位RNAi机制的非特异性激活，以及精子发生的潜在干扰。尽管如此，我们建议任何涉及本研究中不受调控的基因的RNAi研究，在得出结论时都要谨慎，并使用不同的非目标对照。

引用次数: 2

Physical seed dormancy in Abrus precatorious (Ratti): a scientific validation of indigenous technique 竹属植物种子物理休眠:本土技术的科学验证

Experimental Results

Pub Date : 2021-02-04 DOI: 10.1017/exp.2020.64

R. Sharma

Abstract Seeds of Abrus precatorius L. (Fabaceae) were used as weight measure by Indigenous people. Where, the seeds were referred as Ratti; a traditional Indian unit of mass measurement. Seed weight fluctuates depending upon age, moisture, storage-period/conditions. Therefore, use of seeds as a weighing unit become dubious and need to be validated. For this purpose, seeds of A. precatorious were subjected to different moisture conditions and periodically monitored. Surprisingly, there was no change in seed weight was observed, indicating the impermeability of seed coat. The later was confirmed by scarification of seed coat which resulted in 53% increase in seed weight against 0% in control. Further, presence of a potent toxin (abrin) in the seed coat protects it from pests and microbes, and contributes to the maintenance of impermeability for longer period of time. The data validates the use of A. precatorious seeds as a weighing unit (ratti) by the indigenous people and discussed.

摘要:豆科植物Abrus precatorius L.的种子被土著居民用作体重计量单位。其中，种子被称为Ratti;印度传统的质量计量单位。种子重量随年龄、湿度、贮存期/条件而波动。因此，使用种子作为称重单位变得可疑，需要验证。为此，在不同的湿度条件下，定期监测了白杨种子。令人惊讶的是，没有观察到种子重量的变化，表明种皮的不透水性。后者通过种皮划伤得到证实，导致种子重增加53%，而对照组为0%。此外，种皮中存在的一种强效毒素(abrin)可以保护它免受害虫和微生物的侵害，并有助于在更长的时间内保持不透水性。该数据验证了土著人民使用a . precatorious种子作为称重单位(ratti)并进行了讨论。

引用次数: 2

Oyster growth across a salinity gradient in a shallow, subtropical Gulf of Mexico estuary 牡蛎生长跨越盐度梯度在浅海，亚热带墨西哥湾河口

Experimental Results

Pub Date : 2021-02-04 DOI: 10.1017/exp.2020.72

B. Lebreton, J. Beseres Pollack, Brittany N. Blomberg, T. Palmer, P. Montagna

Abstract An increase in oyster aquaculture as a sustainable method of shellfish production is one response to overharvest and degradation of natural oyster reefs over the past century. Successful aquaculture production requires determining the environmental conditions optimal for oyster growth. In this study, the salinity, temperature, chlorophyll a concentration and the growth of Crassostrea virginica were monitored at four locations within the Mission-Aransas Estuary, Texas (USA), a shallow subtropical estuary influenced by relatively low freshwater inflow. Mean growth of the oyster shell (0.205 mm d–1 and 0.203 g d–1) and soft tissues (3.447 mg d–1) was highest when salinity was low (mean = 15.5) and chlorophyll a concentration was high (8.4 μg l–1). Oyster growth also varied temporally with periods of spawning. In low-inflow estuaries such as the Mission-Aransas Estuary, oyster farms should be sited close to river mouths so that oysters can benefit from freshwater inflows and lower salinities.

在过去的一个世纪里，牡蛎养殖作为一种可持续的贝类生产方法的增加是对自然牡蛎礁过度捕捞和退化的一种回应。成功的水产养殖生产需要确定最适合牡蛎生长的环境条件。本研究在美国德克萨斯州Mission-Aransas河口(Mission-Aransas Estuary)的4个地点监测了盐度、温度、叶绿素a浓度和virginica的生长情况。Mission-Aransas河口是一个受相对低淡水流入影响的亚热带浅海河口。盐度低(平均15.5)和叶绿素a浓度高(8.4 μg - 1)时，牡蛎壳(0.205 mm d-1和0.203 g d-1)和软组织(3.447 mg d-1)的平均生长最高。牡蛎的生长在时间上也随产卵期而变化。在像Mission-Aransas河口这样的低流入河口，牡蛎养殖场应该建在靠近河口的地方，这样牡蛎就可以从淡水流入和较低的盐度中受益。

引用次数: 1

The effect of Y on the microstructure and mechanical performance of an Mg-Al-Y casting alloy Y对Mg-Al-Y铸造合金组织和力学性能的影响

Experimental Results

Pub Date : 2021-02-03 DOI: 10.1017/exp.2020.63

K. Korgiopoulos, M. Pekguleryuz

Abstract Environmental gains of electric cars can be optimized with the use of lightweight and recyclable magnesium in the vehicle’s structural components. Ductility improvement of low-density Mg-Al alloys will extend their use in automotive body applications. The authors achieved 63% ductility improvement in Mg-6wt%Al with trace Y (1.5 ppm) due to the β-phase refinement and predicted that higher levels would not perform as well. As predicted, 0.3wt% of Y addition investigated in this study led to lower mechanical performance and β-phase refinement than those obtained with trace additions. The tensile ductility and yield strength increased by ~13% and 16%, respectively, and the compression strain to fracture by ~22%. Scanning electron and optical microscopy, X-Rays diffraction, mechanical testing and thermodynamic calculations were used to investigate the effect of 0.3wt% Y on the microstructure of Mg-6wt%Al. The matrix dissolution revealed the close association of the Al2Y and the β-Mg17Al12 phases.

电动汽车的环境效益可以通过在汽车结构部件中使用轻质和可回收的镁来优化。低密度Mg-Al合金延展性的改善将扩大其在汽车车身上的应用。由于β相细化，作者在含有微量Y (1.5 ppm)的Mg-6wt%Al中实现了63%的延展性改善，并预测更高水平的延展性将不会有同样的效果。正如预测的那样，本研究中0.3wt%的Y添加量导致了较低的力学性能和β相细化。拉伸延展性和屈服强度分别提高了13%和16%，断裂压缩应变提高了22%。采用扫描电子显微镜、光学显微镜、x射线衍射、力学测试和热力学计算等方法研究了0.3wt% Y对Mg-6wt%Al微观组织的影响。基体溶出表明Al2Y相与β-Mg17Al12相密切结合。

引用次数: 3

Identifying the function of methylated genes in Alzheimer’s disease to determine epigenetic signatures: a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis 鉴定甲基化基因在阿尔茨海默病中的功能，以确定表观遗传特征:一项全面的生物信息学分析

Experimental Results

Pub Date : 2021-02-02 DOI: 10.1017/exp.2020.65

Md. Rezanur Rahman, T. Islam, E. Gov, Julian M. W. Quinn, M. Moni

Abstract Gene methylation is one means of controlling tissue gene expression, but it is unknown what pathways influencing Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are controlled this way. We compared normal and AD brain tissue data for gene expression (mRNAs) and gene methylation profiling. We identified methylated differentially expressed genes (MDEGs). Protein-protein interaction (PPI) of the MDEGs showed 18 hypermethylated low-expressed genes (Hyper-LGs) involved in cell signaling and metabolism; also 10 hypomethylated highly expressed (Hypo-HGs) were involved in regulation of transcription and development. Molecular pathways enriched in Hyper-LGs included neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathways. Hypo-HGs were notably enriched in pathways including hippo signaling. PPI analysis also identified both Hyper-LGs and Hypo-HGs, as hub proteins. Our analysis of AD datasets identified Hyper-LGs, Hypo-HGs, and transcription factors linked to these genes. These pathways, which may participate in Alzheimer’s disease development, may be affected by treatments that influence gene methylation patterns.

基因甲基化是控制组织基因表达的一种手段，但目前尚不清楚影响阿尔茨海默病(AD)的哪些途径是通过这种方式控制的。我们比较了正常和AD脑组织数据的基因表达(mrna)和基因甲基化谱。我们鉴定了甲基化的差异表达基因(MDEGs)。MDEGs的蛋白-蛋白相互作用(PPI)显示18个高甲基化的低表达基因(Hyper-LGs)参与细胞信号传导和代谢;还有10个低甲基化高表达(hypohgs)参与转录和发育的调控。富含Hyper-LGs的分子通路包括神经活性配体-受体相互作用通路。低hgs在包括河马信号在内的通路中显著富集。PPI分析还发现Hyper-LGs和Hypo-HGs都是枢纽蛋白。我们对AD数据集的分析确定了Hyper-LGs、Hypo-HGs以及与这些基因相关的转录因子。这些可能参与阿尔茨海默病发展的途径可能受到影响基因甲基化模式的治疗的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Investigating reconstructed inflows and pathogen infection patterns between low-relief and high-relief subtropical oyster reefs—CORRIGENDUM 调查低起伏和高起伏亚热带牡蛎礁间重建的流入和病原体感染模式-勘误

Experimental Results

Pub Date : 2021-01-25 DOI: 10.1017/exp.2021.1

引用次数: 1

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