We propose a novel structure with two input and output silicon waveguide ports separated by the Insulator-Metal- Insulator channel deposited on silicon nitride base. In principle, both the top surface insulator/metal interface and bottom surface can support SPP a decoupled modes. Once the SPP modes excited input silicon waveguide, the SPP signals from the two optical branches (the top and bottom interfaces) propagate to the output silicon waveguide. At the output waveguide both branches interfere with each other and modulate the far-field scattering. The top surface is considered as the sensing arm of this plasmonic Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI). The bottom surface is considered as the reference arm of the sensor. High sensitivity and small foot print is achieved using this integrated simple plasmonic design. The combination of sensitive interferometric techniques and the optimization process of the design and the material yields to enhanced sensitivities up to 3000 nm/RIU.
{"title":"Silicon plasmonic-integrated sensor","authors":"Ahmad Ayoub, Qiaoqiang Gan, M. Swillam","doi":"10.1117/12.2214103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2214103","url":null,"abstract":"We propose a novel structure with two input and output silicon waveguide ports separated by the Insulator-Metal- Insulator channel deposited on silicon nitride base. In principle, both the top surface insulator/metal interface and bottom surface can support SPP a decoupled modes. Once the SPP modes excited input silicon waveguide, the SPP signals from the two optical branches (the top and bottom interfaces) propagate to the output silicon waveguide. At the output waveguide both branches interfere with each other and modulate the far-field scattering. The top surface is considered as the sensing arm of this plasmonic Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI). The bottom surface is considered as the reference arm of the sensor. High sensitivity and small foot print is achieved using this integrated simple plasmonic design. The combination of sensitive interferometric techniques and the optimization process of the design and the material yields to enhanced sensitivities up to 3000 nm/RIU.","PeriodicalId":122702,"journal":{"name":"SPIE OPTO","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130817492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A wide band-gap semiconductor with a long history of growth and device fabrication, silicon carbide (SiC) has attracted recent attention for hosting several defects with properties similar to the nitrogen vacancy center in diamond. In the 4H polytype, these include the silicon vacancy center and the neutral divacancy, which have zero phonon lines (ZPL) in the near-IR and may be useful for quantum information and nanoscale sensing. For many such applications, it is critical to increase the defect emission into the ZPL by coupling the emission to an optical cavity. Accordingly, we have pursued the fabrication of high quality 1D nanobeam photonic crystal cavities (PCCs) in 4H-SiC, using homoepitaxially grown material and a photoelectrochemical etch to provide optical isolation. These PCCs are distinctive in their high theoretical quality factors (Q > 106) and low modal volumes (V < 0.5 (λ/n)3). Here, we present arrays of nanobeam PCCs with varied lattice constant containing embedded silicon vacancy defects generated by electron irradiation, to assess its viability as a method for defect creation. The lattice constant variation allows us to create devices with modes spanning the entire range of the silicon vacancy emission. We accordingly demonstrate nanobeam PCCs with resonant modes near both ZPLs of the silicon vacancy defect. Moreover, we measure devices with the highest Q cavity modes coupled to point defect emission in SiC yet reported, providing evidence that electron irradiation can be used to generate point defects while maintaining high quality optical devices.
{"title":"Fabrication of high-quality nanobeam photonic crystal cavities in 4H silicon carbide with embedded color centers","authors":"David O. Bracher, E. Hu","doi":"10.1117/12.2211230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2211230","url":null,"abstract":"A wide band-gap semiconductor with a long history of growth and device fabrication, silicon carbide (SiC) has attracted recent attention for hosting several defects with properties similar to the nitrogen vacancy center in diamond. In the 4H polytype, these include the silicon vacancy center and the neutral divacancy, which have zero phonon lines (ZPL) in the near-IR and may be useful for quantum information and nanoscale sensing. For many such applications, it is critical to increase the defect emission into the ZPL by coupling the emission to an optical cavity. Accordingly, we have pursued the fabrication of high quality 1D nanobeam photonic crystal cavities (PCCs) in 4H-SiC, using homoepitaxially grown material and a photoelectrochemical etch to provide optical isolation. These PCCs are distinctive in their high theoretical quality factors (Q > 106) and low modal volumes (V < 0.5 (λ/n)3). Here, we present arrays of nanobeam PCCs with varied lattice constant containing embedded silicon vacancy defects generated by electron irradiation, to assess its viability as a method for defect creation. The lattice constant variation allows us to create devices with modes spanning the entire range of the silicon vacancy emission. We accordingly demonstrate nanobeam PCCs with resonant modes near both ZPLs of the silicon vacancy defect. Moreover, we measure devices with the highest Q cavity modes coupled to point defect emission in SiC yet reported, providing evidence that electron irradiation can be used to generate point defects while maintaining high quality optical devices.","PeriodicalId":122702,"journal":{"name":"SPIE OPTO","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123146276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A high performance system for full Stokes vector measurements was developed. The proposed system comprised a polarization scanning generator (PSG) and a high accuracy polarization state analyzer (PSA) was proposed. The PSG generated full state of polarization of light by using voltage driven electro-optics modulator without using any mechanical moving parts. The PSA was employed to record the intensity of output polarized lights in a high speed manner. The accuracy of proposed system was 10-4 for all Stokes vector (S0, S1, S2, S3) measurements in the full state of polarization of lights. An application of proposed system for low concentration glucose in aqueous solution sensing with/without scattering effects was demonstrated. The sensitivity of the optical rotation angle of CB property to changes in the concentration of glucose sample was examined over the range from 0 to 0.5g/dl. The results confirm that the proposed system is able to detect glucose at fine concentration of 0.02g/dl. The linear variation of the optical rotation angle and different glucose concentration at different scattering effects was obtained. In general, the new measurement system proposed in this study provided a fast and reliable method to measure all Stokes vectors and its potential applications in biological sensing.
{"title":"A system for full Stokes vector measurement for low concentration glucose sensing","authors":"Q. Phan, Y. Lo","doi":"10.1117/12.2212605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2212605","url":null,"abstract":"A high performance system for full Stokes vector measurements was developed. The proposed system comprised a polarization scanning generator (PSG) and a high accuracy polarization state analyzer (PSA) was proposed. The PSG generated full state of polarization of light by using voltage driven electro-optics modulator without using any mechanical moving parts. The PSA was employed to record the intensity of output polarized lights in a high speed manner. The accuracy of proposed system was 10-4 for all Stokes vector (S0, S1, S2, S3) measurements in the full state of polarization of lights. An application of proposed system for low concentration glucose in aqueous solution sensing with/without scattering effects was demonstrated. The sensitivity of the optical rotation angle of CB property to changes in the concentration of glucose sample was examined over the range from 0 to 0.5g/dl. The results confirm that the proposed system is able to detect glucose at fine concentration of 0.02g/dl. The linear variation of the optical rotation angle and different glucose concentration at different scattering effects was obtained. In general, the new measurement system proposed in this study provided a fast and reliable method to measure all Stokes vectors and its potential applications in biological sensing.","PeriodicalId":122702,"journal":{"name":"SPIE OPTO","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116273834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Realization of efficient light-light control is of great technological and practical importance, from both energy and information security perspective. We show that significant four wave mixing efficiency enhancement is viable in the highly nonlinear fiber with engineered longitudinal zero-dispersion wavelength. Dynamic measurement results confirm feasibility of controlling a watt-strong beam by few-photons in the dispersion-engineered parametric device. This method represents an exceptional new avenue for realization of devices capable of operating at a few-photon level.
{"title":"Few-photon control in nanometer-scale engineered fiber devices","authors":"A. Pejkic, S. Radic","doi":"10.1117/12.2218196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2218196","url":null,"abstract":"Realization of efficient light-light control is of great technological and practical importance, from both energy and information security perspective. We show that significant four wave mixing efficiency enhancement is viable in the highly nonlinear fiber with engineered longitudinal zero-dispersion wavelength. Dynamic measurement results confirm feasibility of controlling a watt-strong beam by few-photons in the dispersion-engineered parametric device. This method represents an exceptional new avenue for realization of devices capable of operating at a few-photon level.","PeriodicalId":122702,"journal":{"name":"SPIE OPTO","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128173455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Compact optical systems can be fabricated by integrating coatings on fiber tips. Examples include fiber lasers, fiber interferometers, fiber Raman probes, fiber based spectrometers, and anti-reflected endoscopes. These interference filters are applied to exposed tips – either connectorized or cleaved. Coatings can also be immersed within glass by depositing on one tip and connecting to another uncoated tip. This paper addresses a fiber spectrometer for multispectral imaging - useful in several fields including biomedical scanning, flow cytometry, and remote sensing. Our spectrometer integrates serial arrays of reflecting fiber tips, delay lines between these elements, and a single element detector.
{"title":"Coated fiber tips for optical instrumentation","authors":"J. Barton, S. Chanda, S. Locknar, G. Carver","doi":"10.1117/12.2211083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2211083","url":null,"abstract":"Compact optical systems can be fabricated by integrating coatings on fiber tips. Examples include fiber lasers, fiber interferometers, fiber Raman probes, fiber based spectrometers, and anti-reflected endoscopes. These interference filters are applied to exposed tips – either connectorized or cleaved. Coatings can also be immersed within glass by depositing on one tip and connecting to another uncoated tip. This paper addresses a fiber spectrometer for multispectral imaging - useful in several fields including biomedical scanning, flow cytometry, and remote sensing. Our spectrometer integrates serial arrays of reflecting fiber tips, delay lines between these elements, and a single element detector.","PeriodicalId":122702,"journal":{"name":"SPIE OPTO","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115963344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Zia, J. Viheriälä, R. Koskinen, M. Koskinen, S. Suomalainen, M. Guina
Single-mode superluminescent diodes operating at 2 μm wavelength are reported. The structures are based on GaSb material systems and were fabricated by molecular beam epitaxy. Several waveguide designs have been implemented. A continuous-wave output power higher than 35 mW is demonstrated for a spectrum centered at around 1.92 μm. We show that the maximum output power of the devices is strongly linked to spectrum width. Device having low output power exhibit a wide spectrum with a full-width half-maximum (FWHM) as large as 209 nm, while devices with highest output power exhibit a narrower spectrum with about 61 nm FWHM.
{"title":"Fabrication and characterization of broadband superluminescent diodes for 2 μm wavelength","authors":"N. Zia, J. Viheriälä, R. Koskinen, M. Koskinen, S. Suomalainen, M. Guina","doi":"10.1117/12.2209720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2209720","url":null,"abstract":"Single-mode superluminescent diodes operating at 2 μm wavelength are reported. The structures are based on GaSb material systems and were fabricated by molecular beam epitaxy. Several waveguide designs have been implemented. A continuous-wave output power higher than 35 mW is demonstrated for a spectrum centered at around 1.92 μm. We show that the maximum output power of the devices is strongly linked to spectrum width. Device having low output power exhibit a wide spectrum with a full-width half-maximum (FWHM) as large as 209 nm, while devices with highest output power exhibit a narrower spectrum with about 61 nm FWHM.","PeriodicalId":122702,"journal":{"name":"SPIE OPTO","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134355783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We present a semi-analytical solution for the design of a high-speed rotary optical delay line that use a combination of two rotating curvilinear reflectors. We demonstrate that it is possible to design an infinite variety of the optical delay lines featuring linear dependence of the optical delay on the rotation angle. This is achieved via shape optimization of the rotating reflector surfaces. Moreover, a convenient spatial separation of the incoming and outgoing beams is possible. For the sake of example, we present blades that fit into a circle of 10cm diameter. Finally, a prototype of a rotary delay line is fabricated using CNC machining, and its optical properties are characterized.
{"title":"Linear rotary optical delay lines","authors":"H. Guerboukha, Hang Qu, M. Skorobogatiy","doi":"10.1117/12.2216297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2216297","url":null,"abstract":"We present a semi-analytical solution for the design of a high-speed rotary optical delay line that use a combination of two rotating curvilinear reflectors. We demonstrate that it is possible to design an infinite variety of the optical delay lines featuring linear dependence of the optical delay on the rotation angle. This is achieved via shape optimization of the rotating reflector surfaces. Moreover, a convenient spatial separation of the incoming and outgoing beams is possible. For the sake of example, we present blades that fit into a circle of 10cm diameter. Finally, a prototype of a rotary delay line is fabricated using CNC machining, and its optical properties are characterized.","PeriodicalId":122702,"journal":{"name":"SPIE OPTO","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134424193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Novel two-dimensional single-shot imaging optical system based on Frequency-domain interferometry using a virtually imaged phased array is proposed. The VIPA simultaneously outputs incoherent optical frequency combs (OFCs) whose teeth interval are scanned as a function of its output angle. Teeth intervals of the OFCs only in a reference are spatially swept by using of a VIPA whose advantage compared to an optical resonator. Thus, the single-shot imaging system can be realized with the FSR scanned frequency-domain OFC interference monitored by CCD. This system enable high speed 2-dimensional tomographic image without mechanical moving part. And the axial measurement range is not limited by using multi-order interference that is generated by OFCs interferometry. We will present the operation principle with its confirmed results in terms of both simulation and experiment.
{"title":"Frequency-domain single-shot optical frequency comb tomography using VIPA","authors":"Takumi Miyaoka, T. Shioda","doi":"10.1117/12.2212093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2212093","url":null,"abstract":"Novel two-dimensional single-shot imaging optical system based on Frequency-domain interferometry using a virtually imaged phased array is proposed. The VIPA simultaneously outputs incoherent optical frequency combs (OFCs) whose teeth interval are scanned as a function of its output angle. Teeth intervals of the OFCs only in a reference are spatially swept by using of a VIPA whose advantage compared to an optical resonator. Thus, the single-shot imaging system can be realized with the FSR scanned frequency-domain OFC interference monitored by CCD. This system enable high speed 2-dimensional tomographic image without mechanical moving part. And the axial measurement range is not limited by using multi-order interference that is generated by OFCs interferometry. We will present the operation principle with its confirmed results in terms of both simulation and experiment.","PeriodicalId":122702,"journal":{"name":"SPIE OPTO","volume":"150 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133612765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ken Takahashi, A. Hosoki, M. Nishiyama, H. Igawa, Kazuhiro Watanabe
Demands for a hydrogen fuel has been increased due to usages as an ecological and alternative energy resource. On the other hand, hydrogen easily causes an explosion above concentrations of 4 % in air, hence hydrogen sensors are need to have rapidity and accuracy for detecting hydrogen. Conventional hydrogen sensors have mainly used palladium (Pd) which is known as a hydrogen detecting material with high sensitivities and selectivity to hydrogen. Generally, Pd absorbs hydrogen in large amounts and forms Pd hydride, moreover, Pd experiences α-β phase transition during volume change of Pd with hydrogen absorption. As a result, the volume change of Pd induces a deterioration which affects time responses and sensitivities of hydrogen sensors. To keep Pd from deteriorating, alloying Pd with metals, such as Au and Ag, has been utilized as preventing Pd from experiencing α-β phase transition. In this paper, we propose a hetero-core optical fiber hydrogen sensor based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) with multi-layers of Au/Ta2O5/Pd/Au in order to suppress the deterioration of Pd. A few sensors were prepared with the same construction of sensitive film 25-nm Au/ 60-nm Ta2O5/ thicknesses with stacks of annealed 3 double layers of 1.4-nm Pd and 0.6-nm Au or 5-nm pure Pd, and evaluated in terms of the time response and sensitivities. The response times at the 1st and the 15th hydrogen absorption test were experimentally observed to be from 3 s to 6 s for annealed Pd-Au, in contrast, to be from about 16 s to 22 s for pure Pd at 4 % hydrogen concentration, respectively.
{"title":"Long-term measurements of SPR hydrogen sensor based on hetero-core optical fiber with Au/Ta2O5/Pd/Au multilayers","authors":"Ken Takahashi, A. Hosoki, M. Nishiyama, H. Igawa, Kazuhiro Watanabe","doi":"10.1117/12.2210826","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2210826","url":null,"abstract":"Demands for a hydrogen fuel has been increased due to usages as an ecological and alternative energy resource. On the other hand, hydrogen easily causes an explosion above concentrations of 4 % in air, hence hydrogen sensors are need to have rapidity and accuracy for detecting hydrogen. Conventional hydrogen sensors have mainly used palladium (Pd) which is known as a hydrogen detecting material with high sensitivities and selectivity to hydrogen. Generally, Pd absorbs hydrogen in large amounts and forms Pd hydride, moreover, Pd experiences α-β phase transition during volume change of Pd with hydrogen absorption. As a result, the volume change of Pd induces a deterioration which affects time responses and sensitivities of hydrogen sensors. To keep Pd from deteriorating, alloying Pd with metals, such as Au and Ag, has been utilized as preventing Pd from experiencing α-β phase transition. In this paper, we propose a hetero-core optical fiber hydrogen sensor based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) with multi-layers of Au/Ta2O5/Pd/Au in order to suppress the deterioration of Pd. A few sensors were prepared with the same construction of sensitive film 25-nm Au/ 60-nm Ta2O5/ thicknesses with stacks of annealed 3 double layers of 1.4-nm Pd and 0.6-nm Au or 5-nm pure Pd, and evaluated in terms of the time response and sensitivities. The response times at the 1st and the 15th hydrogen absorption test were experimentally observed to be from 3 s to 6 s for annealed Pd-Au, in contrast, to be from about 16 s to 22 s for pure Pd at 4 % hydrogen concentration, respectively.","PeriodicalId":122702,"journal":{"name":"SPIE OPTO","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125700982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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