This study uses a safety data sheet (SDS), which describes the characteristics and hazards associated with a chemical substance, to determine the hazards associated with battery materials. Furthermore, we investigated whether fires in electric vehicles caused by vehicle-mounted batteries can be predicted using SDSs alone. In addition, we aimed to overcome the limitations associated with fire prediction in electric vehicles using an SDS-based artificial intelligence (AI) method. We found that fires caused by battery material could be accurately predicted using SDSs; however, fires caused by thermal runaway or fires of unknown or artificial origins could not be predicted by SDSs alone. Results demonstrate that when AI is utilized for predicting and extinguishing fires in electric vehicles, it is important to consider the hazards associated with the battery material and also to analyze fires that have occurred in the past along with effective fire extinguishing methods. Although there are limitations at the organizational and developmental stages of information provided to AI, if implemented, it can be applied for predicting fires in electric vehicles and in other devices.
{"title":"Fire Hazard Assessment of New Automotive Battery Materials Using SDS Information","authors":"J. Kida, T. Akitsu","doi":"10.3210/fst.38.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/fst.38.1","url":null,"abstract":"This study uses a safety data sheet (SDS), which describes the characteristics and hazards associated with a chemical substance, to determine the hazards associated with battery materials. Furthermore, we investigated whether fires in electric vehicles caused by vehicle-mounted batteries can be predicted using SDSs alone. In addition, we aimed to overcome the limitations associated with fire prediction in electric vehicles using an SDS-based artificial intelligence (AI) method. We found that fires caused by battery material could be accurately predicted using SDSs; however, fires caused by thermal runaway or fires of unknown or artificial origins could not be predicted by SDSs alone. Results demonstrate that when AI is utilized for predicting and extinguishing fires in electric vehicles, it is important to consider the hazards associated with the battery material and also to analyze fires that have occurred in the past along with effective fire extinguishing methods. Although there are limitations at the organizational and developmental stages of information provided to AI, if implemented, it can be applied for predicting fires in electric vehicles and in other devices.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80426441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hydrogen energy, which has attracted attention in recent years, has the following two major advantages. Hydrogen as a fuel has multiple production methods and does not depend on petroleum. Only water is produced during combustion, and carbon dioxide is not emitted. For these reasons, hydrogen energy is considered as a new energy for the next generation especially in Japan, and both companies and governments are rapidly putting effort into dissemination. However, hydrogen used as a fuel is a flammable gas essentially. Hydrogen also ignites when energy such as static electricity is applied in a state of being mixed with oxygen at a constant concentration. In addition, hydrogen is often marketed and distributed as high-pressure gas in order to reduce its volume. Therefore, when the gas container is heated, the volume of hydrogen contained therein suddenly increases and the container withstands internal pressure. There is a possibility of explosion without breaking. In fact, according to The High Pressure Gas Safety Institute of Japan, 69 accidents have happened involving high pressure hydrogen gas in 2011-2014 [1]. Thus, in order to spread hydrogen energy, it is indispensable to prepare means and regulations for safely handling hydrogen. Herein, changes and developments in hydrogen energy as seen in TV programs about hydrogen energy and fuel cells have been investigated by not only browsing NHK (Nihon Hoso Kyokai)’s program archives but also other database or materials. In addition, by comparing with other TV programs about a famous fire accident in Japan, characteristics of TV programs as will be discussed.
{"title":"Changes and Developments in Hydrogen Energy as Seen in TV Programs","authors":"J. Kida, T. Akitsu","doi":"10.3210/fst.38.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/fst.38.21","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrogen energy, which has attracted attention in recent years, has the following two major advantages. Hydrogen as a fuel has multiple production methods and does not depend on petroleum. Only water is produced during combustion, and carbon dioxide is not emitted. For these reasons, hydrogen energy is considered as a new energy for the next generation especially in Japan, and both companies and governments are rapidly putting effort into dissemination. However, hydrogen used as a fuel is a flammable gas essentially. Hydrogen also ignites when energy such as static electricity is applied in a state of being mixed with oxygen at a constant concentration. In addition, hydrogen is often marketed and distributed as high-pressure gas in order to reduce its volume. Therefore, when the gas container is heated, the volume of hydrogen contained therein suddenly increases and the container withstands internal pressure. There is a possibility of explosion without breaking. In fact, according to The High Pressure Gas Safety Institute of Japan, 69 accidents have happened involving high pressure hydrogen gas in 2011-2014 [1]. Thus, in order to spread hydrogen energy, it is indispensable to prepare means and regulations for safely handling hydrogen. Herein, changes and developments in hydrogen energy as seen in TV programs about hydrogen energy and fuel cells have been investigated by not only browsing NHK (Nihon Hoso Kyokai)’s program archives but also other database or materials. In addition, by comparing with other TV programs about a famous fire accident in Japan, characteristics of TV programs as will be discussed.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78267606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, we investigated prediction of fire accidents of university’s chemical experiments based on properties or data of chemicals used. By referencing hazardous compounds and their properties in the Fire Service Act in Japan, potentially dangerous operations were picked up from the textbook of General Chemistry Laboratory for undergraduate students in Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Science. Moreover, previous examples of fire accidents associated with such hazardous compounds and experimental operations were also searched from some databases. Comparing both facts, we concluded that most of fire accidents are predictable, and some difficult cases (i) required common sense for chemical experiments (implicit knowledge with experience) and (ii) are state-dependent properties of the hazardous compounds, e . g . very reactive nanoparticles. The results will also suggest possibility of AI-aided prediction of fire accidents in the future, the range of data required to be learnt, and remaining technical problems. 3 )] Cl and drop a few mL of water and dissolve well. While cooling the solution in an ice bath, add 6-7 mL of 3 mol/L hydrogen chloride. Care should be taken, since the solution will bubble vigorously. After adding 3 mol/L hydrogen chloride, add about 5 mL of concentrated hydrogen chloride slowly, then heat and condense on a hot plate inside a fume hood until the solution solidifies into green crystals. After it solidifies, let cool, then add a small amount of cold water, then, wash with methanol . Dry well on watch glass. Text
{"title":"Case Studies on Predictability in University Chemistry Experiment Accidents","authors":"K. Mizuno, Kaori Ueki, T. Akitsu","doi":"10.3210/FST.37.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.37.1","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we investigated prediction of fire accidents of university’s chemical experiments based on properties or data of chemicals used. By referencing hazardous compounds and their properties in the Fire Service Act in Japan, potentially dangerous operations were picked up from the textbook of General Chemistry Laboratory for undergraduate students in Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Science. Moreover, previous examples of fire accidents associated with such hazardous compounds and experimental operations were also searched from some databases. Comparing both facts, we concluded that most of fire accidents are predictable, and some difficult cases (i) required common sense for chemical experiments (implicit knowledge with experience) and (ii) are state-dependent properties of the hazardous compounds, e . g . very reactive nanoparticles. The results will also suggest possibility of AI-aided prediction of fire accidents in the future, the range of data required to be learnt, and remaining technical problems. 3 )] Cl and drop a few mL of water and dissolve well. While cooling the solution in an ice bath, add 6-7 mL of 3 mol/L hydrogen chloride. Care should be taken, since the solution will bubble vigorously. After adding 3 mol/L hydrogen chloride, add about 5 mL of concentrated hydrogen chloride slowly, then heat and condense on a hot plate inside a fume hood until the solution solidifies into green crystals. After it solidifies, let cool, then add a small amount of cold water, then, wash with methanol . Dry well on watch glass. Text","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76285794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xuansu Zhao, H. Yoshioka, T. Noguchi, S. Fujimoto, Yutaka Tanaike, T. Hayakawa, Yoshihiro Hase, T. Naruse
Current Building Standard Law of Japan estimates fire toxicity of building material in case of fire by gas toxicity test using mice. Because it is an animal test, some problems are identified such as the impossibility of quantitative analysis, and from ethical viewpoints. Gas analysis method is needed as an alternative. In this research, authors report FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) analysis of gases generated from building materials using gas toxicity test equipment and a tube furnace. The possibility of replacing animal test with FTIR gas analysis test was discussed.
{"title":"Fundamental Study of Gas Toxicity with Respect to Fire Stages","authors":"Xuansu Zhao, H. Yoshioka, T. Noguchi, S. Fujimoto, Yutaka Tanaike, T. Hayakawa, Yoshihiro Hase, T. Naruse","doi":"10.3210/FST.36.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.36.11","url":null,"abstract":"Current Building Standard Law of Japan estimates fire toxicity of building material in case of fire by gas toxicity test using mice. Because it is an animal test, some problems are identified such as the impossibility of quantitative analysis, and from ethical viewpoints. Gas analysis method is needed as an alternative. In this research, authors report FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) analysis of gases generated from building materials using gas toxicity test equipment and a tube furnace. The possibility of replacing animal test with FTIR gas analysis test was discussed.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90284143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper proposes a novel fire suppressant: a ferrocene-containing oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion. In this study, oil-in-water emulsions containing a surfactant (triton X-100) and ferrocene (0-500 ppm) were prepared and their stabilities and capabilities to extinguish pool fires were investigated. The resulting O/W emulsions exhibited no phase separation for at least one month. Suppression experiments clearly demonstrated that (1) the ferrocene-containing O/W emulsions have a high suppression capability even if the emulsion contained 1.05-wt% n -octane and that (2) the suppression capability is positively correlated with the ferrocene concentration in the 0-500 ppm concentration range.
{"title":"Ferrocene-Containing Emulsion-Based Fire-Extinguishing Agents","authors":"Y. Koshiba, Takuya Tomita, H. Ohtani","doi":"10.3210/FST.36.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.36.1","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a novel fire suppressant: a ferrocene-containing oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion. In this study, oil-in-water emulsions containing a surfactant (triton X-100) and ferrocene (0-500 ppm) were prepared and their stabilities and capabilities to extinguish pool fires were investigated. The resulting O/W emulsions exhibited no phase separation for at least one month. Suppression experiments clearly demonstrated that (1) the ferrocene-containing O/W emulsions have a high suppression capability even if the emulsion contained 1.05-wt% n -octane and that (2) the suppression capability is positively correlated with the ferrocene concentration in the 0-500 ppm concentration range.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85009941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Yoshioka, Yoshiki Tanaka, Yuhei Nishio, T. Noguchi, Kyoichi Kobayashi, Y. Ohmiya, M. Kanematsu, Tatsuo Ando, T. Naruse, K. Kagiya, T. Hayakawa
Evaluation of the fire performance of building materials is being conducted in Japan in accordance with ISO 5660-1. There is concern that sandwich panels containing combustible cores can pass certain classification criteria based on this small scale test even though they could be ignited and burn in actual fires including flashover. Within ISO/TC92/SC1, the ISO 13784-1 test addresses the evaluation of self-standing sandwich panels, but it is difficult to be routinely performed. This study proposes an intermediatescale self-standing box test that a) has the same configuration as the ISO/TS17431 box test and b) compares this new proposed test with the ISO 13784-1 test both conducted for the first time in Japan in this program. A correlation between these two test methods (the new box test and ISO 13784-1) is also presented.
{"title":"Self-standing Compartment Fire Tests on Sandwich Panels","authors":"H. Yoshioka, Yoshiki Tanaka, Yuhei Nishio, T. Noguchi, Kyoichi Kobayashi, Y. Ohmiya, M. Kanematsu, Tatsuo Ando, T. Naruse, K. Kagiya, T. Hayakawa","doi":"10.3210/FST.35.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.35.19","url":null,"abstract":"Evaluation of the fire performance of building materials is being conducted in Japan in accordance with ISO 5660-1. There is concern that sandwich panels containing combustible cores can pass certain classification criteria based on this small scale test even though they could be ignited and burn in actual fires including flashover. Within ISO/TC92/SC1, the ISO 13784-1 test addresses the evaluation of self-standing sandwich panels, but it is difficult to be routinely performed. This study proposes an intermediatescale self-standing box test that a) has the same configuration as the ISO/TS17431 box test and b) compares this new proposed test with the ISO 13784-1 test both conducted for the first time in Japan in this program. A correlation between these two test methods (the new box test and ISO 13784-1) is also presented.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90480727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper is concerned with the development of a phenomenological model for drainage from static foams used in standard fire-foam qualification tests for low expansion ratio commercially available foams. The fact that operational foam heights (30 mm) are much smaller than foam drainage apparatus heights (200 mm) has been the inspiration to determine the height dependence of static drainage. This is done by constructing a model of foam drainage based on momentum flux balance and conducting experiments with an apparatus with foam drainage through a fuel layer. The results show a linear relationship of quarter drainage time with the height consistent with the theoretical expectations. The constants are related to viscosity and liquid film thickness. Microscopic examination on bubble movement and the pictures are used to infer that the bubble size distributions between three commercial foams are not distinctively different and so are the film thicknesses. It is argued that the strong dependence on quarter drainage time on the film thickness can be consistent with the experimental results only if the variation of these thicknesses between different foams is not significantly large. Assuming a constant film thickness, the constants of the relationship between quarter drainage time and height are obtained from the experimental data. The constants derived from the experimental data show dependences in which lower concentration foams have a behavior different from those with higher concentrations beyond known influences of viscosity and surface tension. The need for longer duration drainage as a qualifying measure is argued to be important to correlate with fire extinction behavior.
{"title":"Phenomenological Model and Experimental Comparisons on Static Foam Drainage for Fire Fighting Foams","authors":"H. Mukunda, C. S. Dixit","doi":"10.3210/FST.35.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.35.1","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is concerned with the development of a phenomenological model for drainage from static foams used in standard fire-foam qualification tests for low expansion ratio commercially available foams. The fact that operational foam heights (30 mm) are much smaller than foam drainage apparatus heights (200 mm) has been the inspiration to determine the height dependence of static drainage. This is done by constructing a model of foam drainage based on momentum flux balance and conducting experiments with an apparatus with foam drainage through a fuel layer. The results show a linear relationship of quarter drainage time with the height consistent with the theoretical expectations. The constants are related to viscosity and liquid film thickness. Microscopic examination on bubble movement and the pictures are used to infer that the bubble size distributions between three commercial foams are not distinctively different and so are the film thicknesses. It is argued that the strong dependence on quarter drainage time on the film thickness can be consistent with the experimental results only if the variation of these thicknesses between different foams is not significantly large. Assuming a constant film thickness, the constants of the relationship between quarter drainage time and height are obtained from the experimental data. The constants derived from the experimental data show dependences in which lower concentration foams have a behavior different from those with higher concentrations beyond known influences of viscosity and surface tension. The need for longer duration drainage as a qualifying measure is argued to be important to correlate with fire extinction behavior.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78717082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In case of urban large fire spreading in a highly crowded areas of Japan, roads are usually considered to be effective in blocking the fire spreading between the buildings, together with parks, vacant spaces, rivers, and railway tracks, etc. However, especially when there is a car in a narrow road between two adjacent buildings, then it could be possible that fire spreading will be even accelerated by the burning car on a road, rather than the situation where a road will block the fire spreading. Both domestically in Japan and internationally, there have been many car fire researches based on experiments, but so far, most of them have been discussing the fire behavior of automobiles themselves, and not so many have been focusing on the car fire with respect to fire spreading between the buildings in case of urban fire spread, under the circumstances such as major earthquake or extremely high wind. Therefore, in this research, authors firstly conducted the full-scale fire experiment, where car is ignited by fire from the opening in a building façade, and observed how car is ignited by radiation and convection and then how fire is propagated in that car, and also incident heal fluxes were measured at surrounding places of the ignited car. Furthermore secondly, simple calculation model was proposed based on this car fire experiment, which was then applied to the parametric study for predicting the occurrence time of fire spreading to the adjacent building from the building of fire origin, with and without a car located between the two buildings. It was found that generally there was not great difference in time to fire spreading between the buildings dependent on the existence of car. But in an extreme situation where the distance between the two buildings is large, and also car is located quite close to the adjacent building (instead of the building of fire origin), there was a difference in calculation results dependent on the existence of a car, more specifically, the existence of car induced the occurrence of fire spreading between the buildings.
{"title":"Experimental Study on Car Fire with Respect to Urban Fire Spreading","authors":"H. Yoshioka, T. Iwami, Shuichi Takeya","doi":"10.3210/FST.37.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.37.17","url":null,"abstract":"In case of urban large fire spreading in a highly crowded areas of Japan, roads are usually considered to be effective in blocking the fire spreading between the buildings, together with parks, vacant spaces, rivers, and railway tracks, etc. However, especially when there is a car in a narrow road between two adjacent buildings, then it could be possible that fire spreading will be even accelerated by the burning car on a road, rather than the situation where a road will block the fire spreading. Both domestically in Japan and internationally, there have been many car fire researches based on experiments, but so far, most of them have been discussing the fire behavior of automobiles themselves, and not so many have been focusing on the car fire with respect to fire spreading between the buildings in case of urban fire spread, under the circumstances such as major earthquake or extremely high wind. Therefore, in this research, authors firstly conducted the full-scale fire experiment, where car is ignited by fire from the opening in a building façade, and observed how car is ignited by radiation and convection and then how fire is propagated in that car, and also incident heal fluxes were measured at surrounding places of the ignited car. Furthermore secondly, simple calculation model was proposed based on this car fire experiment, which was then applied to the parametric study for predicting the occurrence time of fire spreading to the adjacent building from the building of fire origin, with and without a car located between the two buildings. It was found that generally there was not great difference in time to fire spreading between the buildings dependent on the existence of car. But in an extreme situation where the distance between the two buildings is large, and also car is located quite close to the adjacent building (instead of the building of fire origin), there was a difference in calculation results dependent on the existence of a car, more specifically, the existence of car induced the occurrence of fire spreading between the buildings.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78113872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The modelling of molecular species and smoke concentrations in turbulent buoyant intermediate free pool and enclosure fires is described. The numerical model solves the time-dependent reactive flow, Navier-Stokes equations, coupled with submodels for soot formation and thermal radiation transfer. A comparison is performed, and differences are discussed between the values of the temperature, velocity, carbon monoxide and smoke concentrations in the fire from the current study and the literature. The current modeling indicates that CO generation is relatively independent of position in the overfire region, and is correlated solely as a function of mixture fraction. No link between the soot concentration and the mixture fraction is found, which suggests that soot formation in the fires is fundamentally controlled by the transient phenomena. For a free pool-like fire, the computed peak temperature, velocity and CO concentration differ from the experimental values by less than 15%. The soot volume fraction differs significantly from the experimental data only in the fuel-lean, thermal plume region.
{"title":"A Tractable Solution for Engineering Calculations on Buoyancy Dominated Turbulent Non-Premixed Flames","authors":"H. Dong, J. Garo, B. Magnognou, Hui-Ying Wang","doi":"10.3210/FST.34.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.34.1","url":null,"abstract":"The modelling of molecular species and smoke concentrations in turbulent buoyant intermediate free pool and enclosure fires is described. The numerical model solves the time-dependent reactive flow, Navier-Stokes equations, coupled with submodels for soot formation and thermal radiation transfer. A comparison is performed, and differences are discussed between the values of the temperature, velocity, carbon monoxide and smoke concentrations in the fire from the current study and the literature. The current modeling indicates that CO generation is relatively independent of position in the overfire region, and is correlated solely as a function of mixture fraction. No link between the soot concentration and the mixture fraction is found, which suggests that soot formation in the fires is fundamentally controlled by the transient phenomena. For a free pool-like fire, the computed peak temperature, velocity and CO concentration differ from the experimental values by less than 15%. The soot volume fraction differs significantly from the experimental data only in the fuel-lean, thermal plume region.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80632111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Yoshioka, Yuhei Nishio, M. Tamura, Masahi Yoshida, T. Noguchi, Y. Ohmiya, M. Kanematsu, Tatsuo Ando, Kouji Koura, T. Tomatsu, Yasuji Ozaki
With regard to fire protection for exterior walls of a building, only fire-resistive performance is considered, according to the current building standard law of Japan. In previous authors' studies, a new test method for evaluation of fire propagation along combustible cladding was proposed using primarily test specimens of facade walls with exterior thermal insulation without vent layers. In this paper, newly made results of facade fire tests also with other specimens of combustible facades, such as sandwich panels, photovoltaic sheets, combustible coating materials, and exterior insulation with vent layer, are discussed.
{"title":"Façade Tests on Fire Propagation along Combustible Exterior Wall Systems","authors":"H. Yoshioka, Yuhei Nishio, M. Tamura, Masahi Yoshida, T. Noguchi, Y. Ohmiya, M. Kanematsu, Tatsuo Ando, Kouji Koura, T. Tomatsu, Yasuji Ozaki","doi":"10.3210/FST.33.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.33.1","url":null,"abstract":"With regard to fire protection for exterior walls of a building, only fire-resistive performance is considered, according to the current building standard law of Japan. In previous authors' studies, a new test method for evaluation of fire propagation along combustible cladding was proposed using primarily test specimens of facade walls with exterior thermal insulation without vent layers. In this paper, newly made results of facade fire tests also with other specimens of combustible facades, such as sandwich panels, photovoltaic sheets, combustible coating materials, and exterior insulation with vent layer, are discussed.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90342995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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