Fire field modelling (Computation Fluid Dynamics) has become more and more attractive as a critical design tool to meet Performance-based fire design on advanced modern buildings. This paper describes the application of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to predict velocities and temperature distributions induced by a fire in a Steckler’s experimental data [1]. The experimental data of different fire loads is taken as case study for present investigation. The experiments of Steckler’s compartment fire were conducted to investigate fire-induced flows through the opening in a compartment of size 2.8 m × 2.8 m × 2.18 m (height). The compartment has a doorway opening of 0.74 m × 1.83 m to account the ventilation condition. A porous gas burner is flushed at the floor in the centre of the room with the diameter of 0.3m in the compartment. With the above experimental data, simulation studies were performed with combustion modelling using commercial code of ANSYS CFX-5. The comparison of simulation results of fire field models with experimental domain for different strengths of fire 31.6, 62.9, 105.3 and 158.0 kW is reported. The boundary conditions of the simulation are kept constant, only fire strength is changed to see the performance of the CFD tool. The door centreline temperature, velocities and room corner temperatures are predicted and compared with experimental data as well as with FDS. The results are in good agreement with the experimental data.
火灾场建模(计算流体力学)作为一种重要的设计工具，越来越受到人们的关注，以满足现代先进建筑的性能化火灾设计。本文介绍了计算流体力学(CFD)在Steckler实验数据池中预测火灾引起的速度和温度分布的应用。本文以不同火灾荷载下的试验数据为例进行了研究。在高度为2.8 m × 2.8 m × 2.18 m的室内进行了Steckler室火灾实验。舱门开口为0.74米× 1.83米，以满足通风条件。在房间中央的地板上冲洗一个多孔气体燃烧器，在隔间内直径为0.3m。根据上述实验数据，利用ANSYS CFX-5商用代码进行燃烧建模仿真研究。报道了31.6、62.9、105.3和158.0 kW不同强度火场模型与实验域的模拟结果对比。在模拟边界条件不变的情况下，仅改变火灾强度即可看出CFD工具的性能。对车门中心线温度、速度和房间角落温度进行了预测，并与实验数据和FDS进行了比较。计算结果与实验数据吻合较好。
{"title":"Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics for Different Fire Strengths in a Compartment Using Combustion Modelling","authors":"A. Aravindkumar, Rajiv Kumar, Shorab Jain","doi":"10.3210/FST.33.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.33.35","url":null,"abstract":"Fire field modelling (Computation Fluid Dynamics) has become more and more attractive as a critical design tool to meet Performance-based fire design on advanced modern buildings. This paper describes the application of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to predict velocities and temperature distributions induced by a fire in a Steckler’s experimental data [1]. The experimental data of different fire loads is taken as case study for present investigation. The experiments of Steckler’s compartment fire were conducted to investigate fire-induced flows through the opening in a compartment of size 2.8 m × 2.8 m × 2.18 m (height). The compartment has a doorway opening of 0.74 m × 1.83 m to account the ventilation condition. A porous gas burner is flushed at the floor in the centre of the room with the diameter of 0.3m in the compartment. With the above experimental data, simulation studies were performed with combustion modelling using commercial code of ANSYS CFX-5. The comparison of simulation results of fire field models with experimental domain for different strengths of fire 31.6, 62.9, 105.3 and 158.0 kW is reported. The boundary conditions of the simulation are kept constant, only fire strength is changed to see the performance of the CFD tool. The door centreline temperature, velocities and room corner temperatures are predicted and compared with experimental data as well as with FDS. The results are in good agreement with the experimental data.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81451766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yusuke Shintani, T. Nagaoka, Y. Deguchi, Kazuhiko Ido, K. Harada
This work presents a simple model to predict the radiation heat flux from a flame to a floor surrounding it. This heat flux was measured both in an unconfined space (open air) and under a ceiling. Flame lengths, flame temperatures, and ceiling surface temperatures, all of which are necessary to predict radiation heat flux, were also measured. Flame shapes were modeled by two cylinders and two disks representing the impinging flame's continuous and intermittent flame regions. The emissivity of the cylinders was calculated from the heat balance at the flame surface, and the radiation heat flux to the floor was predicted well by the model.
{"title":"Simple Method to Predict Downward Heat Flux from Flame to Floor","authors":"Yusuke Shintani, T. Nagaoka, Y. Deguchi, Kazuhiko Ido, K. Harada","doi":"10.3210/FST.33.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.33.17","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents a simple model to predict the radiation heat flux from a flame to a floor surrounding it. This heat flux was measured both in an unconfined space (open air) and under a ceiling. Flame lengths, flame temperatures, and ceiling surface temperatures, all of which are necessary to predict radiation heat flux, were also measured. Flame shapes were modeled by two cylinders and two disks representing the impinging flame's continuous and intermittent flame regions. The emissivity of the cylinders was calculated from the heat balance at the flame surface, and the radiation heat flux to the floor was predicted well by the model.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82344729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Yoshioka, Yoshiki Tanaka, Yuhei Nishio, Xuansu Zhao, M. Tamura, Yutaka Tanaike, T. Noguchi, Kyoichi Kobayashi, Y. Ohmiya, M. Kanematsu, Masahi Yoshida
With regard to reaction-to-fire tests for building materials in Japan, ISO 5660-1 (small-scale test cone calorimeter) is de facto the only method for evaluation, according to the current building standard law of Japan [1], which actually also designates ISO/ TS 17431 (intermediate-scale test) as analternative not being implemented very often, however, bythe industry. It is noted that it is impossible to predict the fire performance of sandwich panels when they are actually used in real buildings only from small scale tests such as ISO 5660-1. This is not a deficiency regarding the ISO 5660-1 as a test method but it is difficult to use the small scale results on a horizontal surface (100 mm by 100 mm) in order to predict the fire performance of sandwich panels in real applications.. The reason is that in actual building fires, both ceilings and walls made of sandwich panels are heated from various directions and weak points are the joints and seals which can never be evaluated with a small-scale test. Therefore, in this study, the authors firstly modified ISO/TS 17431 model box test with free-standing specimens, referring to ISO 13784-1, and different types of sandwich panels were chosen to be the specimens, and the results are discussed comparing with ISO 5660-1 results. K e y wo r d s : Sandwich panel , intermediate-scale box test , free-standing, reaction-to-fire, ISO/TS 17431.
{"title":"Intermediate-Scale Free-Standing Box Tests for Fire Performance of Sandwich Panels","authors":"H. Yoshioka, Yoshiki Tanaka, Yuhei Nishio, Xuansu Zhao, M. Tamura, Yutaka Tanaike, T. Noguchi, Kyoichi Kobayashi, Y. Ohmiya, M. Kanematsu, Masahi Yoshida","doi":"10.3210/FST.33.47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.33.47","url":null,"abstract":"With regard to reaction-to-fire tests for building materials in Japan, ISO 5660-1 (small-scale test cone calorimeter) is de facto the only method for evaluation, according to the current building standard law of Japan [1], which actually also designates ISO/ TS 17431 (intermediate-scale test) as analternative not being implemented very often, however, bythe industry. It is noted that it is impossible to predict the fire performance of sandwich panels when they are actually used in real buildings only from small scale tests such as ISO 5660-1. This is not a deficiency regarding the ISO 5660-1 as a test method but it is difficult to use the small scale results on a horizontal surface (100 mm by 100 mm) in order to predict the fire performance of sandwich panels in real applications.. The reason is that in actual building fires, both ceilings and walls made of sandwich panels are heated from various directions and weak points are the joints and seals which can never be evaluated with a small-scale test. Therefore, in this study, the authors firstly modified ISO/TS 17431 model box test with free-standing specimens, referring to ISO 13784-1, and different types of sandwich panels were chosen to be the specimens, and the results are discussed comparing with ISO 5660-1 results. K e y wo r d s : Sandwich panel , intermediate-scale box test , free-standing, reaction-to-fire, ISO/TS 17431.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72901934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Between 1965 and 1974, there were many large building fires in Japan which resulted in numerous fatalities. In response, several revisions were made to the fire regulations for large buildings in the Building Standard Law and the Fire Service Law, leading to a decrease in such fires until about 1980. Extensive fire damage was frequently seen in old buildings with insufficient fire prevention features, so application of the fire regulation revisions to existing buildings was a crucial problem.This paper compares the content and timing of fire regulation revisions, retroactive application to existing buildings, and time limits for retroactive application of each fire regulation with the average fire burned area of buildings in which fires originated according to usage and construction.I examine the main causes of the sudden decrease in fire damage to large buildings from about 1970 to 1980, and show that the decrease is due to a sharp reduction in the number of large fires, owing to the retroactive installation of automatic fire alarm systems.
{"title":"Effects of Fire Regulation Revisions on Building Fire Damage","authors":"Kyoichi Kobayashi","doi":"10.3210/FST.32.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.32.1","url":null,"abstract":"Between 1965 and 1974, there were many large building fires in Japan which resulted in numerous fatalities. In response, several revisions were made to the fire regulations for large buildings in the Building Standard Law and the Fire Service Law, leading to a decrease in such fires until about 1980. Extensive fire damage was frequently seen in old buildings with insufficient fire prevention features, so application of the fire regulation revisions to existing buildings was a crucial problem.This paper compares the content and timing of fire regulation revisions, retroactive application to existing buildings, and time limits for retroactive application of each fire regulation with the average fire burned area of buildings in which fires originated according to usage and construction.I examine the main causes of the sudden decrease in fire damage to large buildings from about 1970 to 1980, and show that the decrease is due to a sharp reduction in the number of large fires, owing to the retroactive installation of automatic fire alarm systems.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87895207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fire safety engineering has developed remarkably well over the last 4 decades, yet there are certain areas that have been systematically neglected or overlooked. On the basis of his long career in the profession, the author offers a number of areas for consideration where improvements are still clearly needed. These include: (1) learning from fire incidents in a systematic way; (2) studying fires in residential houses; (3) collecting statistics which are meaningful; (4) developing cost-effective codes and standards; and (5) considering the unintended consequences of fire safety provisions. Issues in each of these areas are illustrated with concrete examples.
{"title":"Some Neglected Areas in Fire Safety Engineering","authors":"V. Babrauskas","doi":"10.3210/FST.32.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.32.35","url":null,"abstract":"Fire safety engineering has developed remarkably well over the last 4 decades, yet there are certain areas that have been systematically neglected or overlooked. On the basis of his long career in the profession, the author offers a number of areas for consideration where improvements are still clearly needed. These include: (1) learning from fire incidents in a systematic way; (2) studying fires in residential houses; (3) collecting statistics which are meaningful; (4) developing cost-effective codes and standards; and (5) considering the unintended consequences of fire safety provisions. Issues in each of these areas are illustrated with concrete examples.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86500376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents survey results on fire loads distributions for hotel buildings in the cities of Hefei, Lanzhou, Shenyang, Chengdu, Yantai and Tianjin surveyed in China. Details of the survey methodology, data collection and processing are given. Furthermore, the influence of the hotel rating, room type, region and room floor area on fire loads are discussed in detail. Based on the probability statisticsand test of normality, the fire load densities of all the surveyed hotels show a lognormal distribution with the mean value of 349.2 MJ/m 2 , the maximum value of 886.4 MJ/m 2 , the minimum value of 117.8 MJ/m 2 , and the standard deviation of 142.1. The fire loads obtained from the survey have been compared with those of similar surveys in other countries. According to the survey results, the fire dynamical theory and characteristics of building fire, the evaluation methods of the fire duration time and the collapse probability of building caused by fire are also developed in this paper. The statistical parameters of the fire load presented in this paper will be useful in the design of fire prevention and fire fighting measures of hotel buildings.
{"title":"Analysis on the Distribution Regularity of Fire Load in Hotel Buildings","authors":"W. Gao, Jinhua Sun, Ying Zhang, Jianzhong Rong","doi":"10.3210/FST.31.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.31.33","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents survey results on fire loads distributions for hotel buildings in the cities of Hefei, Lanzhou, Shenyang, Chengdu, Yantai and Tianjin surveyed in China. Details of the survey methodology, data collection and processing are given. Furthermore, the influence of the hotel rating, room type, region and room floor area on fire loads are discussed in detail. Based on the probability statisticsand test of normality, the fire load densities of all the surveyed hotels show a lognormal distribution with the mean value of 349.2 MJ/m 2 , the maximum value of 886.4 MJ/m 2 , the minimum value of 117.8 MJ/m 2 , and the standard deviation of 142.1. The fire loads obtained from the survey have been compared with those of similar surveys in other countries. According to the survey results, the fire dynamical theory and characteristics of building fire, the evaluation methods of the fire duration time and the collapse probability of building caused by fire are also developed in this paper. The statistical parameters of the fire load presented in this paper will be useful in the design of fire prevention and fire fighting measures of hotel buildings.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75226264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Glancing at Trend and Challenges of Fire Safety in Indonesia","authors":"Suprapto","doi":"10.3210/FST.31.107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.31.107","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74516845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Characteristics of fire incidents in Asian countries particularly in Bangladesh","authors":"Major Mohammad Mahboob","doi":"10.3210/FST.31.159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.31.159","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87117646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The challenges of getting a national fire statistic system in Brazil","authors":"R. Ono","doi":"10.3210/FST.31.77","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.31.77","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87377907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the coming decades, the demand for fire engineers will be on the rise in South East Asia. There, supertall buildings, large atria, deep underground subway stations, long tunnels and huge green architectural features are constructed. Fire engineers will be expected to design, build and maintain 'traditional' fire engineering systems; they will also need to handle fire engineering approach for performance-based design, which projects having difficulties to comply with the fire codes adopt. Consequently, fire engineering evolved from vocational training to a high-level engineering discipline. The necessity of providing higher education at degree and above levels in fire engineering will be discussed in this paper. Problems encountered in performance-based design which are caused by an inadequate number of well-trained engineers will also be pointed out. The education programmes which are running in Hong Kong now will be used as an example. The subjects on fire engineering are described. Two points to note are discussed. Firstly, in contrast to other engineering subject disciplines, fire engineering must integrate basic fire science with real-life practices. Integration of professional experience in conjunction with fundamental fire science is essential. Professional accreditation of the fire engineering programmes is very important. Secondly, practicing fire engineering curriculum are mainly designed for solving fire problems encountered in developed countries, not for the ones encountered in South East Asia. Quality teaching on those topics should be provided with in-depth research.
{"title":"The Need for Fire Engineering Education in Hong Kong:- A talk presented at the Kick-off Seminar for Establishment of the \"Forum for Advanced Fire Education/Research in Asia\", 27-28 December 2012, Tokyo, Japan -","authors":"W. Chow","doi":"10.3210/FST.31.49","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.31.49","url":null,"abstract":"In the coming decades, the demand for fire engineers will be on the rise in South East Asia. There, supertall buildings, large atria, deep underground subway stations, long tunnels and huge green architectural features are constructed. Fire engineers will be expected to design, build and maintain 'traditional' fire engineering systems; they will also need to handle fire engineering approach for performance-based design, which projects having difficulties to comply with the fire codes adopt. Consequently, fire engineering evolved from vocational training to a high-level engineering discipline. The necessity of providing higher education at degree and above levels in fire engineering will be discussed in this paper. Problems encountered in performance-based design which are caused by an inadequate number of well-trained engineers will also be pointed out. The education programmes which are running in Hong Kong now will be used as an example. The subjects on fire engineering are described. Two points to note are discussed. Firstly, in contrast to other engineering subject disciplines, fire engineering must integrate basic fire science with real-life practices. Integration of professional experience in conjunction with fundamental fire science is essential. Professional accreditation of the fire engineering programmes is very important. Secondly, practicing fire engineering curriculum are mainly designed for solving fire problems encountered in developed countries, not for the ones encountered in South East Asia. Quality teaching on those topics should be provided with in-depth research.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72385551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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