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Film cooling performances of short fan-shaped-holes under oscillating freestream 摆动自由流下短扇形孔的薄膜冷却性能
IF 2.8 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-06-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2024.111257
Xin-yu Liu , Jian Pu , Jian-hua Wang , Ran Yao

Freestream oscillation presents a significant challenge in optimized design of short fan-shaped-hole, a good choice for more promising double-wall cooled blades. An experimental investigation was conducted to understand detailed effects of key geometrical parameters of the fan-shaped hole, freestream oscillating frequency and cooling air-to-mainstream blowing ratio on the unstable film cooling performances. The selected geometrical parameters included the length-to-diameter ratio, the lateral diffusion angle, and the length ratio of cylindrical section-to-diffusion section. Time-resolved planar quantitative light sheet technique was employed to visualize the temporal variations of jet trajectory and transported scalar concentrations. The experimental results indicated that freestream oscillation causes variations in jet mechanisms, changing the trend in film cooling with blowing ratio and reversing the universally-acknowledged harmful influence of non-fully development of cooling air in short tube. The optimized short-hole can achieve an increment up to 40% in film effectiveness under oscillating freestream, in comparison with the long-hole-jet. The primary principle of the optimized design of short shaped-hole is properly enlarging the lateral expansion angle, aiming at the higher steady film effectiveness while the lower unsteadiness due to the transient fluctuations. Further enlarging the length ratio can improve the stability of film cooling in an oscillating cycle.

自由流振荡给短扇形孔的优化设计带来了巨大挑战,而短扇形孔是更有前途的双壁冷却叶片的良好选择。为了详细了解扇形孔的关键几何参数、自由流振荡频率和冷却空气与主流吹风比对不稳定薄膜冷却性能的影响,我们进行了一项实验研究。选定的几何参数包括长径比、横向扩散角和圆柱形截面与扩散截面的长度比。采用时间分辨平面定量光片技术来观察射流轨迹和传输标量浓度的时间变化。实验结果表明,自由流振荡导致了射流机制的变化,改变了薄膜冷却随吹气比变化的趋势,扭转了公认的短管内冷却空气未充分发展的有害影响。与长孔喷射器相比,经过优化的短孔喷射器可使自由流振荡下的薄膜冷却效果提高 40%。短形孔优化设计的主要原则是适当增大横向扩张角,以提高稳定的膜效,同时降低瞬态波动引起的不稳定性。进一步增大长度比可以提高薄膜冷却在振荡周期中的稳定性。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring thermal buoyant flow in urban street canyons: Influence of approaching turbulent boundary layer 探索城市街道峡谷中的热浮力流:接近湍流边界层的影响
IF 3.2 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-06-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2024.111255
Yunpeng Xue , Yongling Zhao , Shuo-Jun Mei , Yuan Chao , Jan Carmeliet

Turbulent boundary layer inflow is a critical factor in urban climate research, shaping canyon flow dynamics, air ventilation patterns, and heat flux distribution. In numerical simulation studies, it serves as a fundamental inflow boundary condition, profoundly influencing overall results. In this study, simultaneous Particle Image Velocimetry and Laser-Induced Fluorescence (PIV-LIF) measurements are utilized within a large closed-circuit water tunnel. This approach allows comprehensive flow data to be gathered under varied flow and thermal conditions, encompassing a spectrum of Richardson numbers ranging from 0.01 to 1.34. The investigation aims to elucidate the effects of turbulent boundary layer flows on heat transfer mechanisms and flow behaviours within a two-dimensional street canyon model with a unit aspect ratio. The analysis reveals distinct heat and fluid flow characteristics, highlighting the interplay between thermal conditions and flow dynamics. The three chosen turbulent boundary layer flows demonstrate unique influences on flow characteristics and heat removal capacity. Significant variations in ventilation rates are observed, with a maximum difference of 80% among the tested boundary layer flows. Additionally, the most pronounced variation in heat removal capacity is approximately 45%. Thicker boundary layers with lower velocities near the canyon exhibit reduced ventilation and heat removal capabilities. Furthermore, the investigation reveals that varied turbulence inlet profiles result in diverse fluctuating features at the canyon roof level, with a comparatively lesser impact on the deeper regions of the canyon.

湍流边界层流入是城市气候研究中的一个关键因素,它影响着峡谷流动动力学、空气通风模式和热通量分布。在数值模拟研究中,它是一个基本的流入边界条件,对整体结果影响深远。在本研究中,在一个大型闭路水隧道内同时进行了粒子图像测速仪和激光诱导荧光(PIV-LIF)测量。通过这种方法,可以在不同的流动和热条件下收集全面的流动数据,包括从 0.01 到 1.34 的理查德森数谱。这项研究旨在阐明湍流边界层流动对具有单位长宽比的二维街道峡谷模型中传热机制和流动行为的影响。分析揭示了不同的热量和流体流动特征,突出了热量条件和流动动力学之间的相互作用。所选的三种湍流边界层流对流动特性和热量去除能力产生了独特的影响。在测试的边界层流动中,通风率存在显著差异,最大差异达 80%。此外,散热能力的最大差异约为 45%。峡谷附近较厚、速度较低的边界层显示出较低的通风和散热能力。此外,研究还发现,不同的湍流入口剖面会导致峡谷顶层出现不同的波动特征,而对峡谷深层区域的影响相对较小。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of the gap ratio on the flow field structures and the aerodynamic performance of an airfoil with ridge ice 间隙比对带脊冰翼面的流场结构和气动性能的影响
IF 3.2 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-06-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2024.111256
Chengyi Zheng , Zheyan Jin , Zhigang Yang , Lei Yu

Under SLD icing conditions, the ridge ice may appear on the surface of aircraft, which led to the significant aerodynamic deterioration and affected aircraft flight safety. The present study experimentally investigated the effects of the gap ratio on the flow field structures and aerodynamic performance of an airfoil with ridge ice. Detailed measurements were performed in a low-speed reflux wind tunnel by utilizing the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique and a high-sensitivity six-component balance. The results showed that the maximum lift coefficient, stall angle, and maximum pitch moment coefficient of the airfoil increased as the gap ratio enlarged. At AOA = 10 deg, the separation bubble length decreased by 77 % when the gap ratio changed from 0 to 0.1. Meanwhile, the separation bubble length decreased by 68 % when the gap ratio changed from 0.1 to 0.3. Besides, as the increase of the gap ratio, the average vorticity, turbulent kinetic energy, and Reynolds shear stress in the selected region above the airfoil decreased, while the average velocity increased. In addition, the gap ratio did not have an apparent effect on the transition onset positions and the maximum spanwise vorticity in the flow field.

在 SLD 结冰条件下,飞机表面可能出现脊冰,导致气动性能显著下降,影响飞机的飞行安全。本研究通过实验研究了间隙比对带脊冰机翼流场结构和气动性能的影响。在低速回流风洞中,利用粒子图像测速仪(PIV)技术和高灵敏度六分量天平进行了详细测量。结果表明,机翼的最大升力系数、失速角和最大俯仰力矩系数随着间隙比的增大而增大。当 AOA = 10 度时,当间隙比从 0 变为 0.1 时,分离气泡长度减少了 77%。同时,当间隙比从 0.1 变为 0.3 时,分离气泡长度减少了 68%。此外,随着间隙比的增大,机翼上方所选区域的平均涡度、湍动能和雷诺切应力减小,而平均速度增大。此外,间隙比对过渡起始位置和流场中的最大跨向涡度没有明显影响。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of ethylene-rich gas temperature on rotating detonation auto-initiation process 富乙烯气体温度对旋转引爆自动起爆过程的影响
IF 3.2 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-06-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2024.111246
Qiaodong Bai, Han Qiu, Jiaxiang Han, Yuwen Wu, Fang Wang, Chunsheng Weng

In this study, the propagation characteristics of a rotating detonation wave (RDW) between ethylene-rich gas and ambient air were investigated experimentally. The traditional pre-detonator initiation method was abandoned in the experiment, but the spontaneous combustion of high-temperature ethylene-rich gas and air was adopted. The RDW auto-initiated through the deflagration-to-detonation transformation (DDT) process. With an increase in the ethylene-rich gas temperature, the modes of RDW propagation appeared as delayed initiation, dual-wave collision, and fluctuating dual-wave collision modes. When the gas temperature was too high, a secondary detonation wave was produced near the head of the rotating detonation chamber (RDC), which affected the propagation efficiency and stability of the RDW. The increase in gas temperature expanded the equivalence ratio range of auto-initiation, which was due to the higher gas temperature, and more highly active components were precipitated.

本研究通过实验研究了富乙烯气体与环境空气之间旋转爆轰波(RDW)的传播特性。实验中摒弃了传统的预引爆器起爆方法,而是采用了高温富乙烯气体与空气自燃的方法。RDW 通过爆燃到引爆转化(DDT)过程自动启动。随着富乙烯气体温度的升高,RDW 的传播模式出现了延迟引发模式、双波碰撞模式和波动双波碰撞模式。当气体温度过高时,在旋转起爆室(RDC)头部附近会产生二次起爆波,从而影响 RDW 的传播效率和稳定性。气体温度升高扩大了自动起爆的当量比范围,这是由于气体温度升高,析出了更多的高活性成分。
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引用次数: 0
Experimental analysis on the flow patterns and conversion mechanisms of condensing flow with non-azeotropic mixtures in spiral tube 螺旋管内非各向同性混合物冷凝流的流动模式和转换机制的实验分析
IF 3.2 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-06-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2024.111245
Zhongyun Tian , Wenke Zheng , Jiwei Guo , Yaolong Wang , Lei Wang , Jie Chen , Yiqiang Jiang

The flow patterns have a significant impact on the flow and heat transfer characteristics of the working fluid, making it fundamental for the study of complex two-phase flows. To investigate the condensation flow pattern and flow pattern transformation mechanism with mixed hydrocarbon in a spiral tube, a two-phase flow pattern experimental system was designed. The effects of mass flux (196–540 kg/m−2·s−1), vapor quality (0–1), and operating pressure (2–4 MPa) on flow patterns of methane/ethane/propane/isobutane mixed fluid in spiral tubes were analyzed. The results showed that with the increase in vapor quality, flow patterns such as bubbly flow, intermittent flow, wavy-stratified flow, and annular flow were observed in sequence. Additionally, through a comparative analysis of the experimental observations with existing flow pattern maps, a new flow pattern map tailored for the condensation two-phase flow of mixed hydrocarbon working fluids has been established. Based on the influence of inertial force, surface tension, gravity, shear force and other forces, Martinelli number, Soliman We and Soliman Fr are selected for the development of flow pattern conversion criteria. The new flow pattern map accurately predicts the majority of flow patterns.

流态对工作流体的流动和传热特性有重要影响,因此是研究复杂两相流的基础。为了研究混合碳氢化合物在螺旋管中的冷凝流型和流型转化机制,设计了一个两相流型实验系统。分析了质量通量(196-540 kg/m-2-s-1)、蒸汽质量(0-1)和工作压力(2-4 MPa)对甲烷/乙烷/丙烷/异丁烷混合流体在螺旋管中流动模式的影响。结果表明,随着蒸汽质量的增加,依次出现了气泡流、间歇流、波浪分层流和环形流等流动模式。此外,通过将实验观察结果与现有的流动模式图进行对比分析,还建立了一种适合混合碳氢工作流体冷凝两相流的新流动模式图。根据惯性力、表面张力、重力、剪切力和其他力的影响,选取马氏数、索利曼 We 和索利曼 Fr 作为流型转换标准。新的流动模式图能准确预测大多数流动模式。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of elevated crossflow temperature on jet primary atomization 横流温度升高对射流一次雾化的影响
IF 3.2 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-06-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2024.111254
Zhao Gao, Yuying Liu, Guanghai Liu, Quan Zhang

Liquid jet in hot gas crossflow is widely employed in industrial combustion devices, especially in the propulsion systems. In this work, the effect of elevated crossflow temperature on the primary atomization of a liquid jet is experimentally investigated, including breakup regime, surface wavelength, column breakup height, and near-field trajectory. The experiments are conducted at crossflow temperatures of 300 K and 500 K, with gas Weber number ranging from 8.82 to 67.55 and momentum flux ratio from 10 to 50. The gas Weber number and momentum flux ratio are kept constant via increasing the crossflow velocity when crossflow temperature increases. The results show that the elevated crossflow temperature weakens surface breakup, particularly at high momentum flux ratios, which makes the transition of breakup regime from column breakup to surface breakup require higher gas Weber number or momentum flux ratio. Besides, the elevated crossflow temperature leads to a slight increase in surface wavelength, column breakup height and near-field trajectory, with the increase in trajectory being more pronounced at lower gas Weber numbers. Finally, an empirical correlation for the near-field trajectory is obtained, including the effects of crossflow temperature, gas Weber number, and momentum flux ratio.

热气横流中的液体射流广泛应用于工业燃烧装置,尤其是推进系统。在这项工作中,实验研究了横流温度升高对液体射流一次雾化的影响,包括破裂机制、表面波长、液柱破裂高度和近场轨迹。实验在 300 K 和 500 K 的横流温度下进行,气体韦伯数为 8.82 至 67.55,动量通量比为 10 至 50。当横流温度升高时,通过增加横流速度来保持气体韦伯数和动量通量比不变。结果表明,横流温度升高会减弱表面破裂,尤其是在高动量通量比的情况下,这使得破裂机制从柱体破裂过渡到表面破裂需要更高的气体韦伯数或动量通量比。此外,横流温度升高会导致表面波长、柱体破裂高度和近场轨迹略有增加,在气体韦伯数较低时,轨迹的增加更为明显。最后,得出了近场轨迹的经验相关性,包括横流温度、气体韦伯数和动量通量比的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Heat and mass transfer mechanistic investigation of wall intervention on spray ignition characteristics under aviation piston engine-like conditions 在类似航空活塞发动机的条件下,壁面干预对喷雾点火特性的传热和传质机理研究
IF 3.2 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-06-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2024.111247
Dongfang Wang , Qiming Ouyang , Yikai Li , Jilin Lei , Yue Lou , Zhongjie Shi , Ziming Yang

The interaction between spray and walls significantly influences the mixture formation and ignition characteristics in aviation piston engines, primarily due to the dynamics of heat and mass transfer. To elucidate the wall’s influence on the impingement spray ignition process and reconcile discrepancies in the extant literature, we conducted a comprehensive suite of optical experiments encompassing free and impinging sprays with wide ambient temperature conditions (680 to 1200 K). Numerical simulations were utilized to dissect the flow field’s distribution patterns, as well as heat and mass transfer dynamics. Our investigation reveals that impinging sprays exhibit markedly shorter ignition delay times than free sprays under comparable conditions, with this divergence becoming more pronounced at lower ambient temperatures. Notably, impingement sprays are capable of auto-ignition at reduced ambient temperatures. The spray-wall interaction effect accelerates the accumulation of heat from the low-temperature reaction, facilitating swifter attainment of the threshold temperature for the high-temperature reaction. This is attributable to the generation of a higher quantity of high-temperature mixtures with a diminished local equivalence ratio. The disparity in the ignition delay times between impinging and free sprays is exacerbated by the elevated heat demand for the transition from low-temperature reaction to high-temperature reaction at lower ambient temperature conditions, predominantly driven by the exothermic nature of low-temperature reaction.

在航空活塞发动机中,喷雾和壁面之间的相互作用对混合气的形成和点火特性有很大影响,这主要是由于热量和质量的动态传递。为了阐明壁面对撞击喷雾点火过程的影响并协调现有文献中的差异,我们进行了一整套光学实验,包括自由喷雾和撞击喷雾,以及宽环境温度条件(680 至 1200 K)。我们利用数值模拟来剖析流场的分布模式以及传热和传质动力学。我们的研究发现,在可比条件下,撞击喷雾的点火延迟时间明显短于自由喷雾,而且在环境温度较低时,这种差异变得更加明显。值得注意的是,撞击喷雾能够在较低的环境温度下自动点火。喷壁相互作用效应加速了低温反应的热量积累,有利于更快地达到高温反应的临界温度。这是因为产生了更多的高温混合物,而这些混合物的局部等效比降低了。在较低的环境温度条件下,从低温反应过渡到高温反应所需的热量增加,加剧了撞击喷射和自由喷射之间点火延迟时间的差异。
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引用次数: 0
A Study of spatiotemporal features of sweeping jets acting on afterbody vortices using low-operation-rate stereo PIV 利用低运行速率立体 PIV 研究作用于后机身涡流的扫掠射流的时空特征
IF 3.2 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-06-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2024.111244
Xiaodong Chen , Shan Zhong , Ozgun Ozer , Andrew Kennaugh , Tanghong Liu , Guangjun Gao

Although low-operation-rate particle image velocimetry (PIV) provides a good spatial accuracy in measurements at relatively affordable costs, it faces some challenges in capturing unsteady features of oscillatory flow. In this paper, a single sweeping jet actuated to control afterbody vortices from a 30 slanted-base cylinder is investigated at a Reynolds number of 87,000. Phase-locked stereo PIV measurements combining triggering reference obtaining and real-time processing via field programmable gate array (FPGA) are leveraged to reveal the unsteady characteristics of the sweeping jet. The examined cases show that the phase-locked method can well identify jet’s spatiotemporal development process in each oscillation cycle. A sinusoidal-like interaction along phases between the jet and the afterbody vortex can be reasonably detected. At each moment, coherent small vortical structures form at the upper and bottom jet/ambient interfaces, which are caused by Kelvin-Helmholtz instability. Since the induced vortex has the same rotation direction as the afterbody vortex on each side, they merge with each other as the jet approaches the vortex, causing an increase in vorticity. Meanwhile, the sweeping jet’s intrusion into the vortex region induces a rise in turbulent kinetic energy in that area, causing turbulence ingestion of the vortex which weakens the velocity gradient. The sweeping behavior of the jet dominates the afterbody vortex to meander as the jet pushes its way underneath the vortex. The findings of this study provide encouraging evidence for future applications of sweeping jets in control of afterbody vortices.

虽然低操作速率粒子图像测速仪(PIV)能以相对低廉的成本提供良好的空间测量精度,但它在捕捉振荡流的非稳态特征方面面临一些挑战。本文研究了在雷诺数为 87,000 的条件下,为控制来自 30◦ 斜底气缸的后体涡流而驱动的单一扫掠射流。通过现场可编程门阵列 (FPGA) 结合触发参考获取和实时处理的锁相立体 PIV 测量,揭示了横扫射流的不稳定特性。研究结果表明,锁相法能够很好地识别喷气机在每个振荡周期中的时空发展过程。可以合理地检测到喷流与后体涡旋之间沿相位的正弦交互作用。在每一时刻,上、下喷流/环境界面上都会形成由开尔文-赫尔姆霍兹不稳定性引起的相干小涡旋结构。由于诱导漩涡与两侧的后体漩涡具有相同的旋转方向,因此当射流接近漩涡时,它们会相互融合,导致涡度增加。同时,横扫射流侵入涡旋区域会导致该区域的湍流动能上升,造成涡旋的湍流吞噬,从而减弱速度梯度。当射流从涡旋下方推进时,射流的横扫行为会主导后体涡旋的蜿蜒曲折。这项研究的结果为今后在控制后机身涡流中应用扫掠射流提供了令人鼓舞的证据。
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引用次数: 0
Experimental study of liquid–liquid dispersion patterns in T-inlet microchannels with different junction angles 不同交界角 T 型入口微通道中液液分散模式的实验研究
IF 3.2 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-05-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2024.111243
Wang Cao , Qingjun Yang , Dongsheng Yang , Xuan Wang , Qi Mao

Liquid-liquid two-phase flow in T-inlet microchannels with different junction angles (θ = 30°, 60°, 90°, 120° and 150°) was investigated experimentally. Four flow regimes of the dispersed phase were identified, i.e., parallel flow, jetting, dripping and squeezing, and the distribution of flow regimes for the dispersed phase corresponding to variations in the junction angle was plotted. The consequences of varying junction angle and flow conditions in the squeezing regime on the generated droplet size were analyzed. The results indicate that low capillary number and large flow rate ratio are conducive to the formation of large-size droplets. For constant flow conditions, junction angle θ = 90° is detrimental to the formation of squeezing microdroplets. The increase in microchannel junction angle causes the droplet size to decrease until θ > 90°, where the droplet size increases with the junction angle. On the basis of experimental results, the scaling law correlation equations containing the junction angle for predicting the droplet length and droplet volume are proposed, respectively. The predicted values match well with the experimental data. The results of this work contribute to the enhancement of the monodispersity of microdroplets and the precise control over a wide range of the generated droplet size by adjusting the junction angle.

实验研究了不同交角(θ = 30°、60°、90°、120°和 150°)的 T 型入口微通道中的液液两相流。确定了分散相的四种流态,即平行流、喷射流、滴流和挤压流,并绘制了与交界角变化相对应的分散相流态分布图。分析了不同的交界角和挤压状态下的流动条件对产生的液滴大小的影响。结果表明,低毛细管数和大流速比有利于形成大尺寸液滴。在恒流条件下,交界角 θ = 90° 不利于挤压微液滴的形成。微通道交界角的增大导致液滴尺寸减小,直到 θ > 90°,液滴尺寸随交界角增大而增大。在实验结果的基础上,分别提出了预测液滴长度和液滴体积的包含交界角的缩放定律相关方程。预测值与实验数据非常吻合。这项工作的结果有助于提高微液滴的单分散性,并通过调整交界角在较大范围内精确控制生成的液滴大小。
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引用次数: 0
A synthetic Schlieren method for laboratory measuring density profiles of a stratified fluid 实验室测量分层流体密度曲线的合成席里伦方法
IF 3.2 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-05-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2024.111242
Huixin Li , Haihan Liu , Duo Xu

A synthetic Schlieren method is developed to measure the density field of a stratified fluid. A transparent sheet of background markers is attached on one side of a tank which is made of acrylic plates, and a camera is positioned on the opposite side of the tank. The markers are virtually displaced due to light refraction in the stratified fluid in the tank, in reference to those from the water tank. The governing equation is derived based on the observation that the marker displacements depend on the light refraction at the interface of media, the refractive indices of the transparent liquids and their spatial gradient. The density of the fluid is associated with the refractive index via the relationship obtained in a calibration process. We solve this governing equation, an over-determined system with only the target variable unknown, using the optimization method. We examine the present method by performing laboratory experiments for two cases of the density stratification, i.e., a linear stratification and a pycnocline. We also carry out ray tracing simulations of three characteristic density profiles (i.e., a linear stratification, a nonlinear stratification and a pycnocline). The present method is compared with the method of solving the Poisson equation in detail, emphasizing the difference between the two methods. Measurement uncertainty is discussed at last.

我们开发了一种合成 Schlieren 方法来测量分层流体的密度场。在丙烯酸板制成的水箱的一侧贴上透明的背景标记片,并在水箱的另一侧安装摄像头。由于光在水箱中的分层流体中发生折射,标记实际上与水箱中的标记发生了位移。根据标记位移取决于介质界面的光折射、透明液体的折射率及其空间梯度这一观察结果,可以推导出控制方程。通过校准过程中获得的关系,液体的密度与折射率相关联。我们使用优化方法来求解这个控制方程,这是一个超定系统,只有目标变量是未知的。我们通过对密度分层的两种情况,即线性分层和跃层,进行实验室实验来检验本方法。我们还对三种特征密度剖面(即线性分层、非线性分层和跃层)进行了射线追踪模拟。我们将本方法与求解泊松方程的方法进行了详细比较,强调了两种方法之间的差异。最后讨论了测量的不确定性。
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引用次数: 0
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