Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science最新文献_第8页

Investigation of flow field structures induced by cavity geometry in supersonic Mach 2 conditions 超声速2马赫条件下空腔几何诱导的流场结构研究

IF 3.3 2区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science

Pub Date : 2025-08-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2025.111594

Zhong-Xuan He, Zhi-Jun Liao, Ho-Tse Huang, Szu-I Yeh

This study utilizes particle image velocimetry (PIV) to analyze the flow field dynamics in cavity flame holders with varying geometries, emphasizing the quantitative effects of shear layer impingement location and cavity geometry on recirculation zone behavior. Experimental findings reveal that reducing the aft ramp angle weakens high-speed reverse flow near the bottom of the cavity, promoting increased circulation values and a more stable flow structure through the suppression of small-scale vortices. Moreover, as the cavity length-to-depth ratio (L/D) increases, the shear layer impingement location shifts further toward the cavity bottom, causing the primary recirculation zone to diminish or vanish. Concurrently, the secondary recirculation zone expands, leading to a decrease in both average vorticity and circulation values. Enhanced positive axial flow is also observed within the cavity, attributed to the interaction between the shear layer and three-dimensional flow dynamics. This study offers new insights into the transient flow behavior within cavities under supersonic conditions, emphasizing the role of shear layer impingement and recirculation characteristics. The findings provide valuable guidance for the design of cavity-based flameholders, bridging the gap between fundamental flow understanding and practical scramjet combustor applications.

本研究利用粒子图像测速技术（PIV）分析了不同几何形状的腔内火焰架的流场动力学，重点研究了剪切层撞击位置和腔内几何形状对再循环区行为的定量影响。实验结果表明，减小尾部坡道角可以减弱腔底附近的高速逆流，通过抑制小尺度涡促进循环值的增加和流动结构的稳定。此外，随着空腔长深比（L/D）的增加，剪切层冲击位置进一步向空腔底部移动，导致初级再循环区减小或消失。同时，二次再循环区扩大，导致平均涡度和环流值下降。由于剪切层和三维流动动力学之间的相互作用，在腔内也观察到增强的正轴流。该研究为超声速条件下腔内瞬态流动行为提供了新的见解，强调了剪切层撞击和再循环特性的作用。研究结果为基于腔的火焰支架的设计提供了有价值的指导，弥合了基本流动理解与实际超燃冲压发动机燃烧室应用之间的差距。

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引用次数: 0

An experimental study on the oscillation dynamics of wind-driven droplets at the verge of shedding 风致液滴脱落边缘振荡动力学的实验研究

IF 3.3 2区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science

Pub Date : 2025-08-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2025.111593

Zichen Zhang , Xueqin Bu , Guiping Lin , Liang Wang , Jiayi Bao

An experimental investigation was conducted to explore the dynamics of droplet oscillation for wind-driven droplets. Droplet profiles and velocity fields in the symmetry plane of the droplets were measured using time-resolved particle image velocimetry (PIV) and high-speed imaging techniques. These measurements enabled analysis of the droplet oscillation dynamics. The eigenfrequencies of the droplet oscillation, velocity fluctuations in droplet wake, and the natural oscillation were measured. It was found that droplet oscillation is a self-excited oscillation rather than a vortex-induced oscillation. Due to the self-excited oscillation, the eigenfrequency of wind-driven droplets coincides with the eigenfrequency of the natural oscillation. Furthermore, the self-excited oscillation leads to periodic velocity fluctuations in the shear layer, resulting in a frequency that closely matches that of the droplet oscillation. Velocity fluctuations diminish with the cessation of droplet oscillation for high-viscosity droplets. Based on the oscillation characteristics, a dynamic model of droplet oscillation was developed to address the research gap. The oscillation characteristics of the droplet centroid predicted by the developed model are consistent with the experimental results.

对风驱动液滴的振荡动力学进行了实验研究。采用时间分辨粒子图像测速（PIV）和高速成像技术测量了液滴对称面上的液滴轮廓和速度场。这些测量使液滴振荡动力学分析成为可能。测量了液滴振荡的特征频率、液滴尾迹的速度波动以及液滴的自然振荡。结果表明，液滴振荡是一种自激振荡，而不是涡激振荡。由于自激振荡，风滴的本征频率与自然振荡的本征频率重合。此外，自激振荡导致剪切层的周期性速度波动，导致其频率与液滴振荡的频率密切匹配。对于高粘度液滴，速度波动随着液滴振荡的停止而减小。基于液滴振荡特性，建立了液滴振荡动力学模型，弥补了研究空白。该模型预测的液滴质心振荡特性与实验结果吻合较好。

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引用次数: 0

Study on the spreading and splashing characteristics of droplets impacting a high-speed rotating surface 冲击高速旋转表面的液滴扩散与飞溅特性研究

IF 3.3 2区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science

Pub Date : 2025-08-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2025.111591

Zhengnan Yang , Yulong Li

In the field of aero engines, droplet impact on compressor blades is a common phenomenon that holds significant importance for research. During the mass injection of pre-compressor cooling, a large number of droplets are injected into the intake duct. The droplets that do not evaporate inevitably collide with the compressor blades, affecting their performance and influencing the wet compression process. Therefore, it is essential to study the impact of droplets on rotating surfaces. This paper experimentally investigated the droplet impact process on a rotating surface, considering the effects of impact velocity, rotational speed, and the radius of the impact location. The condition with high rotational speed was investigated especially. Key observations included asymmetric spreading, splashing, and the generation of secondary droplets. The results indicated that varying rotational speeds led to different outcomes following droplet impact. At lower rotational speeds, droplets deposited on the surface and undergo asymmetric spreading. In contrast, at higher rotational speeds, droplets splashed and broke up, producing secondary droplets. Through statistical analysis, the average diameter of the secondary droplets generated by impact on the rotating surface was in the range between 0.08 and 0.25 times the diameter of initial droplet. The correlations for the diameter distribution parameters and the average diameter of the secondary droplets have been proposed.

在航空发动机领域，液滴冲击压气机叶片是一种常见的现象，具有重要的研究意义。在预压气机冷却质量喷射过程中，大量液滴被喷射到进气管道中。未蒸发的液滴不可避免地与压气机叶片发生碰撞，影响其性能，影响湿压缩过程。因此，研究液滴对旋转表面的影响是十分必要的。实验研究了液滴在旋转表面上的撞击过程，考虑了撞击速度、转速和撞击位置半径的影响。重点研究了高转速工况。主要观察结果包括不对称扩散、飞溅和二次液滴的产生。结果表明，不同的转速会导致液滴撞击后的不同结果。在较低的转速下，液滴沉积在表面并进行不对称扩散。相反，在更高的转速下，液滴飞溅和破裂，产生二次液滴。经统计分析，撞击旋转表面产生的二次液滴平均直径在初始液滴直径的0.08 ~ 0.25倍之间。提出了二次液滴直径分布参数与平均粒径的关系。

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引用次数: 0

Scaling mean velocity and Reynolds stress of a turbulent boundary layer submitted to an adverse pressure gradient 标度紊流边界层在逆压梯度作用下的平均速度和雷诺应力

IF 3.3 2区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science

Pub Date : 2025-08-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2025.111578

J.M. Foucaut , C. Arrive , C. Cuvier , J.C. Monnier , C.E. Willert , J. Soria

Despite considerable progress in understanding zero pressure gradient boundary layers, turbulence in adverse pressure gradient (APG) boundary layers remains less well understood, particularly in high Reynolds number flows. Unfavorable pressure gradient regions are commonly encountered in industrial applications, but turbulence models often lack the physical basis necessary for reliable predictions in these flows. This study focuses on analyzing the effects of adverse pressure gradient on boundary layer scaling, essential for predicting flow characteristics and validating turbulence models. Building on recent advances in experimental methods and using large-scale particle image velocimetry (PIV), the research aims to provide an analysis of turbulent boundary layer flows in APG. Experiments have been carried out in a wind tunnel using inclined plates to induce pressure gradients at an angle of

- 8^{\circ}

, complementing an existing database obtained at

- 5^{\circ}

(see Cuvier et al., 2017) and offering new insights into flow behavior. An analysis of the literature has enabled the authors to compare various scaling approaches and to propose a scaling that is suitable for both mean velocity and Reynolds stress.

尽管在了解零压力梯度边界层方面取得了相当大的进展，但对逆压梯度（APG）边界层中的湍流仍然知之甚少，特别是在高雷诺数流动中。在工业应用中，通常会遇到不利的压力梯度区域，但湍流模型往往缺乏对这些流动进行可靠预测所需的物理基础。本研究的重点是分析逆压梯度对边界层尺度的影响，这对预测流动特性和验证湍流模型至关重要。基于实验方法的最新进展，利用大尺度粒子图像测速技术（PIV），本研究旨在对APG湍流边界层流动进行分析。我们在风洞中进行了实验，利用倾斜板在- 8°角处诱导压力梯度，补充了在- 5°角处获得的现有数据库（见Cuvier et al., 2017），并提供了对流动行为的新见解。对文献的分析使作者能够比较各种标度方法，并提出适用于平均速度和雷诺应力的标度。

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引用次数: 0

Mach–Zehnder interferometry for fluid physics experiments involving contact lines and phase change 涉及接触线和相位变化的流体物理实验的马赫-曾德尔干涉测量

IF 3.3 2区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science

Pub Date : 2025-08-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2025.111579

Senthil Kumar Parimalanathan , Pierre Colinet , Alexey Rednikov , Adam Chafai , Yannis Tsoumpas , Hosein Sadafi , Loucine Mekhitarian , Christophe Wylock , Benjamin Sobac , Sam Dehaeck

Mach–Zehnder interferometry is a powerful optical technique for investigating thermo-fluidic phenomena, particularly in experiments involving contact line and phase change measurements. This study presents a comprehensive experimental framework leveraging Mach–Zehnder interferometry to analyze liquid film thickness profiles, vapor concentration fields (vapor clouds), and concentration fields in a Hele-Shaw cell. The technique is applied to sessile droplet profilometry on transparent substrates, revealing wetting dynamics, contact angle evolution, and Marangoni-driven flows and instabilities in spreading and evaporating droplets. Apart from volatile pure droplets, where the thermal Marangoni effect may be essential on account of evaporative cooling, the study also explores the role of solutal Marangoni stresses in hygroscopic binary mixtures. Additionally, vapor interferometry is employed to quantify the concentration field above evaporating droplets and liquid pools, demonstrating the method’s capability for non-invasive measurement of evaporation rates. We also showcase the application of interferometry in

{CO}_{2}

dissolution studies within Hele-Shaw cells. The results highlight the versatility of Mach–Zehnder interferometry in capturing all those complex phenomena, offering valuable insights for the study of evaporation, wetting, and mass transport in confined geometries.

马赫-曾德干涉测量法是一种强大的光学技术，用于研究热流体现象，特别是在涉及接触线和相变测量的实验中。本研究提出了一个综合的实验框架，利用马赫-曾德干涉法来分析Hele-Shaw电池中的液膜厚度分布、蒸汽浓度场（蒸汽云）和浓度场。该技术被应用于透明基底上的液滴轮廓测量，揭示了湿润动力学、接触角演变、马兰戈尼驱动的流动和液滴扩散和蒸发的不稳定性。除了挥发性纯液滴之外，由于蒸发冷却，热马兰戈尼效应可能是必不可少的，该研究还探索了溶质马兰戈尼应力在吸湿二元混合物中的作用。此外，采用水蒸气干涉法对蒸发液滴和液池上方的浓度场进行了量化，证明了该方法具有无创测量蒸发速率的能力。我们还展示了干涉测量法在Hele-Shaw细胞内CO2溶解研究中的应用。结果突出了马赫-曾德尔干涉测量法在捕获所有这些复杂现象方面的通用性，为研究密闭几何中的蒸发、润湿和质量传输提供了有价值的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Experimental analysis of liquid ammonia spray with different orifice diameter under marine engine conditions 船用发动机工况下不同孔径液氨喷雾的实验分析

IF 3.3 2区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science

Pub Date : 2025-08-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2025.111580

Xiao Liu , Xiaolei Zhang , Xiaoxin Yao , Zuohua Huang , Chenglong Tang

The application of ammonia in high-power marine engines has been receiving more attention on achieving zero-carbon emission goals. Due to the unique flashing boiling characteristics of ammonia, the influence of orifice diameter on its spray characteristics needs further research. Present study presents a comprehensive experimental analysis of liquid ammonia spray macroscopic characteristics using three injector orifice diameters (0.15 mm, 0.3 mm, and 0.45 mm) under high-pressure conditions (injection pressure up to 100 MPa, ambient pressure up to 6 MPa). The results show that ambient pressure exerts a more pronounced influence on spray characteristics than injection pressure. Notably, flash boiling significantly enhances radial spray expansion, particularly causing substantial axial momentum loss in sprays from larger orifice diameter. In non-flash boiling region, although the spray from small orifice diameter develops rapidly at the initial stage, the spray from large orifice diameter exhibits superior performance in penetration distance, velocity and area during later stages. Based on these experimental results, a developed prediction model on spray tip penetration is proposed and verified to be well applicable to different orifice diameters, which provides a reference for orifice diameter optimization. According to the predicted fuel–air mixing degree of spray analyzed through equivalent ratio calculation, present results indicate 0.3 mm orifice diameter is optimal for flash boiling conditions, whereas a 0.45 mm diameter proves more effective for non-flash boiling and high-pressure marine engine operations. These findings offer significant contributions to the design and optimization of ammonia-fueled marine propulsion systems, advancing the development of sustainable maritime technologies.

为了实现零碳排放目标，氨在大功率船用发动机中的应用越来越受到关注。由于氨具有独特的闪沸特性，孔口直径对其喷雾特性的影响有待进一步研究。在高压条件下（喷射压力达100 MPa，环境压力达6 MPa），采用三种喷嘴孔径（0.15 mm、0.3 mm和0.45 mm）对液氨喷雾宏观特性进行了综合实验分析。结果表明，环境压力比喷射压力对喷雾特性的影响更为显著。值得注意的是，闪速沸腾显著增强了径向喷雾膨胀，特别是在较大孔径的喷雾中造成了大量的轴向动量损失。在非闪蒸区，小孔直径的喷雾在初始阶段发展较快，但大孔直径的喷雾在后期的穿透距离、速度和面积上表现优异。在此基础上，提出了一种喷雾头侵彻预测模型，并验证了该模型在不同孔径下的适用性，为孔径优化提供了参考依据。通过等效比计算分析预测喷雾的燃油空气混合程度，结果表明，在闪速沸腾工况下，0.3 mm孔径最优，而在非闪速沸腾和高压船用发动机工况下，0.45 mm孔径更为有效。这些发现为氨燃料船舶推进系统的设计和优化提供了重要贡献，推动了可持续海事技术的发展。

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引用次数: 0

A mechanistic predictive model for pressure drop and void fraction calculation in two-phase flows and annular flow regime 两相流和环空流中压降和空隙率计算的力学预测模型

IF 3.3 2区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science

Pub Date : 2025-08-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2025.111590

A.W. Mauro, A.F. Passarelli, F. Pelella, L. Viscito

This paper presents a mechanistic model for predicting the pressure gradient and other relevant flow characteristics during annular two-phase flow, by introducing a novel physical interpretation of the enhancement of the friction factor at the vapor–liquid interface, as a function of the liquid to vapor core inertia forces ratio. This interpretation is demonstrated to be consistent with literature relating the interfacial friction factor to the equivalent sand roughness. An experimental database, consisting of 6377 annular flow data points, has been used to enlarge the range of operating conditions with mass velocities from 99 to 2000 kg m^-2s⁻¹, tube diameters from 0.5 to 14.0 mm, reduced pressures from 0.0363 to 0.6896 and frictional pressure drop values from 0.3 to 1332 kPa/m. The proposed method is able to predict pressure gradients with a mean absolute percentage error of 18 % and 83 % of data points falling within a ± 30 % error range. The method allows also the calculation of the void fraction with a good agreement with the Rouhani-Axelsson correlation.

本文提出了一个预测环空两相流压力梯度和其他相关流动特性的机制模型，通过引入一种新的物理解释来解释汽液界面摩擦系数的增强，作为液汽核心惯性力比的函数。这一解释被证明与有关界面摩擦系数与等效砂粗糙度的文献一致。利用由6377个环空流量数据点组成的实验数据库，扩大了质量速度从99到2000 kg m-2s−1，管径从0.5到14.0 mm，减压从0.0363到0.6896，摩擦压降从0.3到1332 kPa/m的操作条件范围。该方法能够预测压力梯度，平均绝对百分比误差为18%，83%的数据点误差在±30%的范围内。该方法还允许计算空隙率，与鲁哈尼-阿克塞尔松相关性很好地吻合。

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引用次数: 0

Outlet tube effects on cavitation cloud dynamics and erosion in self-excited waterjets 自激水射流出口管对空化云动力学和冲蚀的影响

IF 3.3 2区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science

Pub Date : 2025-08-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2025.111573

Yan Pan , Zhuoliang Yu , Leonardo P. Chamorro , Fei Ma , Tengfei Cai

Using high-speed imaging and three-dimensional surface morphology analysis, we examined the cavitation cloud dynamics and erosion characteristics of self-excited pulsating cavitating waterjets. Erosion experiments on aluminum specimens were conducted to evaluate the influence of varying outlet tube diameters and lengths on the waterjet’s performance. Mass loss measurements revealed that the erosion capability increased approximately threefold under the optimal outlet tube configuration. Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) of high-speed snapshots identified distinct primary and secondary shedding modes driven by passive acoustic excitation. The presence of an outlet tube was found to enhance the volume and development of the primary cavitation cloud while facilitating the merging of secondary and primary modes. This mode-specific structural evolution leads to a synergistic amplification of cavitation cloud intensity, which governs the enhancement of erosion capacity.

利用高速成像和三维表面形貌分析，研究了自激脉动空化水射流的空化云动力学和侵蚀特性。在铝试件上进行了冲蚀试验，研究了不同出口管径和长度对水射流性能的影响。质量损失测量表明，在最佳出口管配置下，侵蚀能力增加了约三倍。采用正交分解（POD）对高速快照进行分析，确定了被动声激励下不同的初级和次级脱落模式。研究发现，出口管的存在增加了初级空化云的体积和发展，同时促进了次级和初级模式的合并。这种特定模式的结构演化导致了空化云强度的协同放大，从而控制了侵蚀能力的增强。

引用次数: 0

An experimental study on icing distribution and adhesion characteristics of wind turbine blades in saltwater Condition 海水条件下风力发电机叶片结冰分布及粘着特性试验研究

IF 3.3 2区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science

Pub Date : 2025-07-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2025.111575

He Shen , Fupeng Zhang , Yan Li , Wenfeng Guo , Fang Feng

Icing on wind turbine blades reduces output power and poses operational risks due to cold, humid environments in high-latitude coastal regions. Despite increasing studies on offshore wind turbine icing, research in this field remains relatively scarce. This study investigates the temperature effects on ice distribution and adhesion strength of glass fiber-reinforced plastic (GFRP) blade surfaces under freshwater and saltwater (1 g/L) conditions through icing wind tunnel tests and ice adhesion measurements. Results show that at −4 ℃, the blade’s lower surface forms icicles through water runback effects, while saltwater significantly suppresses icicle growth. Decreasing temperatures induce ice-type transitions from glaze to mixed and then rime ice, with the ice profile evolving from irregular to quasi-aerodynamic shapes. Saltwater ice exhibits smoother surfaces than freshwater ice, but differences diminish at −16 ℃. Ice adhesion strength increases with decreasing temperature but shows decelerating growth rates. Freshwater ice demonstrates 2.5–––4.7 times higher adhesion strength than saltwater ice at equivalent temperatures. These findings provide critical insights into the icing research of coastal wind turbine blades.

由于高纬度沿海地区寒冷潮湿的环境，风力涡轮机叶片结冰会降低输出功率，并带来运行风险。尽管对海上风电机组结冰的研究越来越多，但这一领域的研究相对较少。通过结冰风洞试验和冰附着测量，研究了淡水和盐水（1 g/L）条件下温度对玻璃钢叶片表面冰分布和粘附强度的影响。结果表明：在−4℃时，叶片下表面通过水倒流效应形成冰柱，而盐水明显抑制冰柱的生长；随着温度的降低，冰型从釉状冰转变为混合冰，然后是霜状冰，冰的轮廓从不规则形状演变为准空气动力学形状。盐水冰的表面比淡水冰光滑，但在- 16℃时差异减小。冰的黏附强度随温度的降低而增加，但增长速度减慢。在相同温度下，淡水冰的粘附强度是盐水冰的2.5 - 4.7倍。这些发现为沿海风力涡轮机叶片结冰研究提供了重要的见解。

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引用次数: 0

On the role of parasitic convection for the heat transport in stratified thermal energy storages: Experiments and numerical simulation 寄生对流在分层热能储存热传输中的作用：实验与数值模拟

IF 3.3 2区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science

Pub Date : 2025-07-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2025.111568

Clemens Naumann, Nicolas Stark, Christian Cierpka

Parasitic convection in stratified thermal energy storages (TES) in the form of counter-directed near-wall flows adjacent to the vertical storage tank side wall can significantly impact the overall storage efficiency due to mixing of both fluid layers. This study directly characterizes the heat transport caused by parasitic convection for stratified TES using a combined experimental and numerical approach in a model experiment. Simultaneous 2D two-color planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF) and Particle Tracking Velocimetry (PTV) measurements are conducted to characterize the near-wall temperature and velocity fields and thus allow for a direct calculation of the heat transport in real systems. Additionally, a 2D CFD simulation of the TES is set up and the results are validated against the experimental data. The comparison shows similar near-wall temperature and velocity fields, although minor deviations occur due to non-ideal boundary conditions and optical aberrations in the experiments. The concept of the dimensionless heat flux in stratified TES systems based on the simultaneous velocity and temperature data is introduced to characterize the heat transport caused by parasitic convection as the ratio of its advective and diffusive part. The results indicate that the heat transport is advection-dominated, with the near-wall flow velocity being the key influencing parameter, whereas local temperature differences within the thermal boundary layer exhibit negligible impact. The maximum deviation in the dimensionless heat flux between simulation and experiment of 6 % shows that the CFD model is able to forecast parasitic convection in stratified TES. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms driving parasitic convection and its role in thermal energy storage performance and can thus be used to optimize future systems.

在分层式储热系统（TES）中，由于两层流体的混合，寄生对流在垂直储罐侧壁附近以反方向近壁流动的形式存在，会显著影响整体储热效率。本研究在模型实验中采用实验和数值相结合的方法直接表征了分层TES寄生对流引起的热传输。同时进行二维双色平面激光诱导荧光（PLIF）和粒子跟踪测速（PTV）测量来表征近壁温度和速度场，从而允许在实际系统中直接计算热输运。此外，建立了TES的二维CFD模拟，并与实验数据进行了验证。结果表明，实验中由于非理想边界条件和光学像差的影响，温度场和速度场存在较小的偏差。引入分层TES系统中基于同时速度和温度数据的无因次热流密度的概念，将寄生对流引起的热传输表征为其平流部分和扩散部分的比值。结果表明：热输运以平流为主，近壁面流动速度是主要影响参数，而热边界层内局部温差的影响可以忽略不计。无因次热流密度与实验值的最大偏差为6%，表明CFD模型能够较好地预测分层TES中的寄生对流。这些发现为寄生对流的驱动机制及其在热能储存性能中的作用提供了新的见解，因此可以用于优化未来的系统。

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引用次数: 0