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Characterization of the Entomopathogenic Fungal Species Conoideocrella luteorostrata on the Scale Insect Pest Fiorinia externa Infesting the Christmas Tree Abies fraseri in the USA 美国圣诞树冷杉(Abies fraseri)蚧虫Fiorinia侵染昆虫病原真菌的研究
IF 1.4 4区 农林科学 Q3 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-04-12 DOI: 10.1653/024.105.0103
Hector Urbina, M. Ahmed
Abstract We characterized the entomopathogenic fungal species, Conoideocrella luteorostrata (Zimm.) D. Johnson, G.H. Sung, Hywel-Jones & Spatafora (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae), on the elongate hemlock scale, Fiorinia externa Ferris (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), infesting Fraser fir Christmas tree, Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir (Pinaceae). Fraser fir Christmas trees that were cultivated in Michigan, North Carolina, and Virginia were intercepted in Florida during plant inspection. This study is based on the isolation in pure culture, and morphological and molecular characterization using a 4-locus (ITS, LSU, SSU, tef1) and represents the first record of C. luteorostrata on F. externa. In addition, we reviewed all previously reported natural enemies of F. externa in the USA, discussed their potential as biological control agents, and concluded the need to explore a new natural enemy of F. externa. We recommend using C. luteorostrata as a biocontrol agent for F. externa. We also suggest that our isolate could be a source of new uncharacterized active compounds and could be used in the biological control of whiteflies and scale insects, as demonstrated in other C. luteorostrata strains. We also discussed the importance of investigating biological control agents in pest and pathogen interception samples.
摘要我们对昆虫病原真菌Conoideoccella luteorostrata(Zimm.)D.Johnson、G.H.Sung、Hywel Jones和Spatafora(Hypocreales:Clavicipitaceae)、Fiorinia externa Ferris(半翅目:双蜘蛛科)、Fraser fir圣诞树、Abies fraseri(Pursh)Poir(Pinaceae)进行了鉴定。密歇根州、北卡罗来纳州和弗吉尼亚州种植的弗雷泽冷杉圣诞树在佛罗里达州的植物检查中被拦截。本研究基于纯培养中的分离,以及使用4-位点(ITS、LSU、SSU、tef1)的形态学和分子表征,代表了C.luteorostrata在F.externa上的第一个记录。此外,我们还回顾了美国所有先前报道的F.externa天敌,讨论了它们作为生物控制剂的潜力,并得出了探索一种新的F.extena天敌的必要性。我们建议使用C.luteorostrata作为F.externa的生物防治剂。我们还认为,我们的分离物可能是新的未表征活性化合物的来源,并可用于白蝇和介壳虫的生物防治,正如在其他C.luteorostrata菌株中所证明的那样。我们还讨论了在害虫和病原体截留样品中研究生物防治剂的重要性。
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引用次数: 1
Black Cherry as A Host Plant For Stink Bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Agroecosystems in Georgia, USA 黑樱桃作为美国乔治亚州农业生态系统中臭蝽(半翅目:蝽科)的寄主植物
IF 1.4 4区 农林科学 Q3 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-04-12 DOI: 10.1653/024.105.0112
P. G. Tillman, T. Cottrell, E. Grabarczyk
Abstract Stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) are polyphagous pests that disperse from woodland habitats into crops following food availability. Black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.; Rosaceae) is common in the southeast US. In this 3-yr study, our principal objective was to determine if black cherry acts as a reproductive host as well as a source of food for stink bugs in woodland habitats adjacent to crops in Georgia, USA. Each yr, black cherry trees were examined visually for stink bug species and stages in addition to using pheromone-baited canopy and ground traps to capture them. In 2016, we compared the number of stink bugs captured in canopy traps versus ground-based traps. Chinavia hilaris Say, Euschistus servus (Say), Euschistus tristigmus (Say), and Nezara viridula (L.) (all Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) were detected in traps each yr of the study. Total number of stink bugs was significantly higher in ground traps (1.53 ± 0.07) compared to canopy traps (0.71 ± 0.07) in the 2016 test. Only C. hilaris (99.2%) and N. viridula (0.8%) were found on trees during visual sampling. Over both types of sampling methods, egg masses, most instars, and both sexes of adults of C. hilaris were detected in black cherry. The nymph to adult ratio for this species was 1:1 in traps and nymph biased in visual samples. Anastatus reduvii (Howard) (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) (44%), Trissolcus edessae Fouts (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) (35%), and Ooencyrtus sp. (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) (21%) emerged from C. hilaris egg masses. The nymph to adult ratio for N. viridula was adult biased. Both nymphs and adults of E. servus and E. tristigmus were captured in traps; however, the majority of individuals were adults. We conclude that black cherry is a significant reproductive host and a food source for C. hilaris. However, our results indicate that it serves as a food source more so than a reproductive host for the other 3 stink bug species.
摘要臭蝽(半翅目:蝽科)是一种多食性害虫,在食物供应后从林地栖息地扩散到作物中。黑樱桃(Prunus serotina Ehr.;Rosaceae)在美国东南部很常见。在这项为期3年的研究中,我们的主要目标是确定黑樱桃是否是繁殖宿主,以及美国乔治亚州与作物相邻的林地栖息地中蝽的食物来源。每年,除了使用信息素引诱的树冠和地面陷阱捕捉黑樱桃树外,还对其进行了蝽种类和阶段的视觉检查。2016年,我们比较了树冠诱捕器和地面诱捕器捕获的蝽的数量。在研究的每一年的诱捕器中都检测到了中华鳖(Chinavia hilaris Say)、服务扁尾蠊(Euscitus servus)(Say),三尖扁尾蝽(Euschistus tristigmus)(Say)和绿色扁尾蠊(Nezara viridula)(均为半翅目:Pentatomicae)。在2016年的测试中,地面诱捕器中的蝽总数(1.53±0.07)明显高于树冠诱捕器(0.71±0.07。在视觉采样过程中,仅在树上发现了肺门梭菌(99.2%)和绿色猪笼草(0.8%)。在这两种采样方法中,在黑樱桃中都检测到了肺门梭菌的卵块、大多数龄期和成虫的两性。该物种的若虫与成虫的比例在诱捕器中为1:1,在视觉样本中若虫偏向。无尾虫(Howard)(膜翅目:真翅目)(44%)、三尖虫(膜翅目:Scelionidae)(35%)和Ooencyrtus sp。绿尾蠊若虫与成虫的比例存在成虫偏误。servus和tristigmus的若虫和成虫都被诱捕器捕获;然而,大多数人都是成年人。我们的结论是,黑樱桃是一个重要的繁殖宿主和一个食物来源。然而,我们的研究结果表明,对于其他3种蝽来说,它更像是一种食物来源,而不是繁殖宿主。
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引用次数: 3
Tenuipalpus uvae (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) and Calophya spondiadis (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), pests of Spondias in Florida, USA
IF 1.4 4区 农林科学 Q3 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-04-12 DOI: 10.1653/024.105.0113
R. Duncan, J. Peña, D. Carrillo
Summary Two main pests were found attacking purple mombin or Spanish plum, Spondias purpurea (Sapindales: Anacardiaceae) in Homestead, Florida, USA: Tenuipalpus uvae De Leon (Acari: Tenuipalpidae), a flat mite damaging the leaves, and the spondias psyllid, Calophya spondiadis Burkhardt & Mendez (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) feeding on the flowers, fruitlets, and tender expanding leaves. Tenuipalpus uvae populations are composed principally of females. Female longevity was 13.1 ± 2.0 d and unmated females oviposited 5.0 ± 1.0 eggs in their lifetime. On average, eclosure time for eggs from laboratory-reared unmated females was 10.2 ± 0.1 d, and developmental times for the larva, protonymph, and deutonymph were 6.6 ± 0.4 d, 5.7 ± 0.2 d, and 6.8 ± 0.7 d, respectively. In a survey of S. purpurea leaflets, the upper surface had a significantly higher number of nymph and adult mites (6.43 ± 0.60) than the lower surface (2.29 ± 0.35). Calophya spondiadis laid their eggs on flowers at first, because these were the first to sprout in Jan, and they were heavily infested by the end of Mar with an average of 10.9 ± 1.5 eggs and 9.6 ± 1.1 nymphs per flower. Few eggs or nymphs (0.17 ± 0.17 and 0.08 ± 0.08, respectively) were found per fruit; nonetheless, the fruit did have multiple punctures or necrotic spots (16.7 ± 4.3 per fruit), likely acquired as nymphs fed on the flowers and their ovaries. Significantly more eggs were found on the upper surface of the leaves and the petiole portion adjacent to each leaflet than the underside of the leaves, and most nymphs migrated to the undersides. The feeding damage resulted in black, necrotic spots that became brown pits as the leaves matured and hardened.
在美国佛罗里达州Homestead发现了两种主要的害虫:一种是破坏叶子的扁平螨,一种是破坏叶子的刺螨(Tenuipalpus uvae De Leon);另一种是以花、果实和幼嫩的叶子为食的刺螨(Spondias spondiadis Burkhardt & Mendez),半翅目:刺螨科。小叶蛛种群主要由雌性组成。雌虫寿命为13.1±2.0 d,未交配雌虫一生产卵5.0±1.0个。实验饲养的未交配雌虫卵的平均闭合时间为10.2±0.1 d,幼虫、原淋巴细胞和双淋巴细胞的发育时间分别为6.6±0.4 d、5.7±0.2 d和6.8±0.7 d。在紫荆小叶调查中,上表面的若虫和成螨数量(6.43±0.60)明显高于下表面的(2.29±0.35)。1月花最早发芽,因此棘球蛾先在花上产卵,到3月底侵染严重,平均每花产卵10.9±1.5个,雌雄虫9.6±1.1个。每果卵或若虫数较少(分别为0.17±0.17和0.08±0.08);尽管如此,果实确实有多个刺穿或坏死点(每个果实16.7±4.3),可能是若虫以花和子房为食而获得的。在叶的上表面和叶柄处发现的卵明显多于叶的下侧,并且大多数若虫迁移到叶的下侧。取食损害导致黑色坏死斑点,随着叶片成熟和变硬而变成棕色坑。
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引用次数: 0
Genetic and Chemical Profiling of Solenopsis spp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Intercepted in Hawaii 夏威夷茧蜂的遗传和化学特征(膜翅目:蚁科)
IF 1.4 4区 农林科学 Q3 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-04-12 DOI: 10.1653/024.105.0114
M. Ascunce, R. V. Vander Meer, Satya Chinta, Cassandra S. Ogura-Yamada, D. Oishi
Summary Ants intercepted by the Hawaii Department of Agriculture in 2018 and 2019 identified as Solenopsis spp., and possibly S. invicta, were submitted to the United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Imported Fire Ant and Household Insects Research Unit for further taxonomic assessment using genetic and chemical methods. The 2018 sample consisted of 1 worker ant, and the 2019 sample consisted of 3 worker ants. Thoraces were used for genetic assessment and gasters were used for venom analyses. It was determined readily from genetic and chemical analyses that the intercepted ants were not S. invicta or S. richteri. Mitochondrial COX1 gene sequences were compared with previously published data from Solenopsis species. The closest match for the 2018 sample was S. xyloni, which is native to the shipment's origin (San Diego, California, USA). The 2 major alkaloids found were characteristic of the S. geminata species group. In addition, the alkaloid ratio closely matched that of S. xyloni. Therefore, the alkaloid analysis of the 2018 intercepted ant concurs with the genetic data that the ant was an S. xyloni worker. The COX1 gene sequences of the 2019 interceptions most closely matched S. geminata. The corresponding venom alkaloid profile also eliminated S. invicta and S. richteri as possibilities. However, 1 major alkaloid was unusual (Fig. 2) and normally is found only in trace amounts. We suggest the 2019 specimens are an unusual variant of S. geminata.
摘要夏威夷农业部在2018年和2019年截获的蚂蚁被确认为索氏蚁属,可能还有隐球菌,已提交给美国农业部医学、农业和兽医昆虫学农业研究服务中心,进口火蚁和家用昆虫研究单位,使用遗传和化学方法进行进一步的分类评估。2018年的样本包括1只工蚁,2019年的样本由3只工蚁组成。胸腔用于基因评估,胃用于毒液分析。从基因和化学分析中很容易确定,被拦截的蚂蚁不是隐球菌或里氏杆菌。将线粒体COX1基因序列与先前发表的索氏菌物种的数据进行比较。与2018年样本最匹配的是原产于该批货物(美国加利福尼亚州圣地亚哥)的梭梭。发现的2种主要生物碱具有双子花属植物群的特征。此外,生物碱的比例与梭梭的生物碱比例非常接近。因此,对2018年被截获的蚂蚁的生物碱分析与该蚂蚁是一名梭梭工蚁的遗传数据一致。2019年截获的COX1基因序列与双子花最接近。相应的毒液生物碱图谱也排除了隐球菌和毛滴虫的可能性。然而,1种主要生物碱是不寻常的(图2),通常只在微量中发现。我们认为,2019年的标本是双子星的一个不寻常的变种。
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引用次数: 0
Red Imported Fire Ant, Solenopsis invicta (Burden) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), Abundance and Arthropod Community Diversity Affected by Pasture Management 受牧场管理影响的红色进口火蚁、无翅Solenopsis invicta(负担)(膜翅目:蚁科)、数量和节肢动物群落多样性
IF 1.4 4区 农林科学 Q3 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-04-12 DOI: 10.1653/024.105.0108
Ryan B. Schmid, J. Lundgren
Abstract The red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta (Buren) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), is one of the most prolific invasive species in the southeastern US. These invaders preferentially colonize highly disturbed land and grassland habitat. Management of livestock in pasture systems can have a profound impact on the level of disturbance in grassland habitats, and we hypothesized that adaptive multi-paddock pasture management would significantly increase S. invicta abundance in southeastern US pastures where arthropod diversity would decrease as S. invicta abundance increases. We studied the effects that adaptive multi-paddock pasture management systems (based on stocking density, rotation frequency, and insecticide/anthelmintic [wormer] application rates) have on fire ant mound abundance and arthropod diversity for the soil, foliar, and dung communities. Solenopsis invicta mounds and mound areas were documented along transect lines in 6 pastures. Soil and foliar arthropod communities were collected along the same transect lines, and dung communities were sampled from pats within the pasture system. Pastures managed under adaptive multi-paddock practices had 3.4× more S. invicta mounds and 4.6× more mound area than their conventionally managed counterparts. However, arthropod diversity did not correlate with S. invicta abundance in any of the 3 arthropod communities sampled. This study shows adaptive multi-paddock pasture management can increase S. invicta mound abundance, but arthropod communities in adaptive multi-paddock pastures do not suffer decreased diversity from increased abundance of S. invicta.
红火蚁(Solenopsis invicta, Buren)(膜翅目:蚁科)是美国东南部最多产的入侵物种之一。这些入侵者优先在高度受干扰的土地和草地栖息地定居。放牧系统中牲畜的管理会对草地生境的干扰程度产生深远的影响,我们假设适应性多围场牧场管理会显著增加美国东南部牧场的invicta丰度,在那里节肢动物多样性会随着invicta丰度的增加而减少。研究了基于放养密度、轮作频率和杀虫剂/驱虫剂施用量的适应性多围场牧场管理制度对土壤、叶面和粪便群落中火蚁丘丰度和节肢动物多样性的影响。沿样线记录了6个牧场的无尾索兰丘和丘区。沿同一样线采集土壤和叶面节肢动物群落,并在放牧系统内取样粪便群落。与传统放牧方式相比,多围场适应性放牧方式下的不可胜草丘增加了3.4倍,丘面积增加了4.6倍。然而,在3个节肢动物群落中,节肢动物多样性与invicta丰度均不相关。本研究表明,适应性多围场牧场管理可以增加invicta群落的丰度,但适应性多围场牧场节肢动物群落的多样性不会因invicta丰度的增加而减少。
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引用次数: 1
Monitoring Spodoptera frugiperda in Benin: assessing the influence of trap type, pheromone blends, and habitat on pheromone trapping 贝宁草地贪夜蛾监测:评估诱捕器类型、信息素混合物和栖息地对信息素诱捕的影响
IF 1.4 4区 农林科学 Q3 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-04-12 DOI: 10.1653/024.105.0111
G. Tepa-Yotto, R. Meagher, Jeannette K. Winsou, Borghéro T. A. Dahoueto, M. Tamò, M. Sæthre, R. Nagoshi
Abstract The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), has now become a pest of global concern. Originally known to be endemic to the Western Hemisphere, its first detection in Africa was followed by spectacular outbreaks and spread to almost all sub-Saharan countries. The rapid incursion of S. frugiperda on maize (Zea mays L.; Poaceae) fields in Africa highlighted a crucial need for a comprehensive assessment of integrated pest management strategies in most smallholder farms. However, these strategies cannot successfully function without efficient monitoring and surveillance efforts. These trapping studies were designed to provide an indication as to whether pheromone trap-lure combinations and simple changes in landscape and agricultural practices might mitigate fall armyworm infestations. Our data show that the commercially available Unitrap was the most effective design for fall armyworm captures among the traps tested. The inexpensive home-made 2 L jar trap was capable of consistently collecting fall armyworm during the first season of relatively moderate fall armyworm density. However, the number of fall armyworm captured by home-made trap were several fold lower than by the Unitrap under all conditions, and almost no fall armyworm was captured during the second season by home-made 2 L jar when fall armyworm density was low. Substantial differences were observed among the pheromone blends with respect to numbers of fall armyworm and non-targets captured. The 4-component blend attracted the most fall armyworm under all conditions. The 2-component blend was the most selective, with no non-target species found during the second season experiments.
摘要秋粘虫草地贪夜蛾(J.E.Smith)(鳞翅目:夜蛾科)已成为全球关注的害虫。它最初被认为是西半球的地方病,在非洲首次被发现后,爆发了壮观的疫情,并蔓延到几乎所有撒哈拉以南国家。草地贪夜蛾对非洲玉米(Zea mays L.;Poacee)田地的快速入侵凸显了对大多数小农户综合虫害管理策略进行全面评估的迫切需要。然而,如果没有有效的监测和监督工作,这些战略就无法成功运作。这些诱捕研究旨在提供信息素-诱捕器-诱饵组合以及景观和农业实践的简单变化是否可以减轻秋季粘虫侵扰的指示。我们的数据显示,在测试的陷阱中,商用Unitrap是捕获秋粘虫最有效的设计。在秋季粘虫密度相对适中的第一个季节,这种廉价的自制2L罐子诱捕器能够持续收集秋季粘虫。然而,在所有条件下,自制诱捕器捕获的秋粘虫数量都比Unitrap低几倍,并且在秋粘虫密度较低的第二季中,自制2L诱捕器几乎没有捕获秋粘虫。在秋粘虫和捕获的非目标数量方面,观察到信息素混合物之间存在显著差异。4组分混合物在所有条件下都能吸引最多的秋季粘虫。双组分混合物是最具选择性的,在第二季实验中没有发现非目标物种。
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引用次数: 6
Cultural Control of Giant Sugarcane Borer, Telchin licus (Lepidoptera: Castniidae), by Soil Mounding to Impede Adult Emergence 用土堆法防治大型甘蔗螟Telchin licus(鳞翅目:甘蔗科)
IF 1.4 4区 农林科学 Q3 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-04-12 DOI: 10.1653/024.105.0104
Alejandro H. Pabón-Valverde, J. Michaud, G. Vargas
Abstract The giant sugarcane borer, Telchin licus (Drury) (Lepidoptera: Castniidae), also known as the banana stem borer, is an economically important pest of sugarcane in eastern Colombia. The presence of larval and pupal stages within stalks makes biological control of this pest difficult, and growers often resort to insecticide applications. Hilling up the soil around the base of plants, or soil mounding, is a cultural practice sometimes used to improve rooting in sugarcane. Because mature larvae cut holes in stalks close to ground level through which they can emerge as an adult, we hypothesized that soil mounding would impede adult emergence, and thus contribute to population reduction. Two experiments were conducted in fields with significant infestations of this pest in Puerto López, Meta, Colombia, during the seasons of adult emergence in this region (Apr–May and Oct–Nov). Manual mounding of soil to a height of 20 cm was tested in the first trial, and mechanized mounding of soil in the second, which also compared 2 mounding heights (10 and 20 cm). In both cases, 2 m row transects of plants were caged to collect emergent adults. Adult emergence was reduced up to 65% in all mounding treatments, whether manual or mechanical, and regardless of mounding height, demonstrating that this cultural practice could be a useful tactic for inclusion in an integrated management program for this pest. However, as with any other cultural practice in pest management, region-wide implementation likely would be required to impact local population densities, and efficacy will depend further on low levels of moth immigration from alternative host plants.
摘要巨大的甘蔗蛀虫Telchin licus(Drury)(鳞翅目:甘蔗科),也称为香蕉茎蛀虫,是哥伦比亚东部甘蔗的一种重要经济害虫。秸秆中幼虫和蛹阶段的存在使这种害虫的生物控制变得困难,种植者经常使用杀虫剂。将植物根部周围的土壤翻坡,或土壤翻丘,是一种文化实践,有时用于提高甘蔗的生根率。由于成熟的幼虫在接近地面的茎上挖洞,通过这些洞它们可以成年,我们假设土壤翻丘会阻碍成年的羽化,从而导致种群减少。在哥伦比亚梅塔的洛佩斯港,在该地区成虫出现的季节(4月至5月和10月至11月),在该害虫严重侵扰的田地里进行了两项实验。在第一次试验中,对20厘米高的土壤进行了人工翻堆,在第二次试验中对土壤进行了机械翻堆,还比较了2个翻堆高度(10和20厘米)。在这两种情况下,2米长的植物样带都被关在笼子里,以收集发芽的成虫。无论是手动还是机械的,无论丘的高度如何,在所有的丘处理中,成虫的羽化率都降低了65%,这表明这种培养方法可能是一种有用的策略,可以纳入这种害虫的综合管理计划。然而,与害虫管理中的任何其他文化实践一样,可能需要在全地区范围内实施,以影响当地的种群密度,其效果将进一步取决于来自替代寄主植物的蛾类迁移水平低。
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引用次数: 2
Effects of Trap Locations, Pheromone Source, and Temperature on Red Palm Weevil Surveillance (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) 诱捕地点、信息素来源和温度对红棕榈象鼻虫监测的影响(鞘翅目:木象科)
IF 1.4 4区 农林科学 Q3 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-04-12 DOI: 10.1653/024.105.0109
Amin N. Al Ansi, Y. Aldryhim, Abdulrahman A. Al Janobi, A. Aldawood
Abstract Pheromone traps play a crucial role in the integrated pest management of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). The objective of this study was to increase the effectiveness of pheromone traps by evaluating the effects of location, temperature, degree of palm fruit fermentation, and pheromone lure source on red palm weevil capture rates. Traps baited with either Ferrolure or Rhylure were positioned in 3 rows and checked twice per wk for 12 wk starting 20 Apr 2019. Overall weekly capture rate per trap varied from 1.25 to 9.00. Those traps that were placed in the shade near infested date palm trees in areas of relatively high soil moisture captured more red palm weevil (9 adults per trap per wk) than traps exposed to direct sunlight (1.25 adults per trap per wk). Additionally, traps placed at the field edge captured more adults than those in the middle of the field. Capture rates were highly negatively correlated with temperature. Ferrolure traps captured significantly more red palm weevils than Rhylure traps. The sex ratio of captured weevils in all traps was female-biased. Results obtained from Y-tube olfactometer assays indicated that the response of red palm weevil adults to 5- and 8 d old fermented date fruits were relatively high (86.7–100%). In kairomone field tests more red palm weevil adults were attracted to traps with 8 d fermented date fruits compared with 5 d old. Our results indicated that placing traps containing Ferrolure, water, and kairomones in red palm weevil preferred sites near the edges of the orchard in moderate air temperatures (22–33 °C) increased the efficacy of pheromone traps.
摘要信息素捕捉器在红棕象甲Rhynchophorus ferrogineus(Olivier)(鞘翅目:弯甲科)的害虫综合治理中发挥着至关重要的作用。本研究的目的是通过评估位置、温度、棕榈果实发酵程度和信息素引诱源对红棕榈象甲捕获率的影响来提高信息素陷阱的有效性。从2019年4月20日开始,用Ferrolure或Rhylure诱饵引诱的陷阱分3排放置,每周检查两次,为期12周。每个捕集器的总周捕获率从1.25到9.00不等。那些放置在土壤湿度相对较高地区受感染的椰枣树附近阴凉处的诱捕器捕获的红棕榈象甲数量(每诱捕器每周9只成虫)多于暴露在阳光直射下的诱捕器(每捕捉器每周1.25只成虫)。此外,设置在田地边缘的陷阱捕获的成年人比那些在田地中间的陷阱更多。捕获率与温度呈高度负相关。铁诱饵诱捕器捕获的红棕榈象甲数量明显多于Rhylure诱捕器。在所有诱捕器中捕获的象鼻虫的性别比例都存在女性偏见。Y-管嗅觉仪测定结果表明,红棕象甲成虫对5日龄和8日龄发酵枣果的反应相对较高(86.7-100%)。在kairomone田间试验中,与5日龄相比,更多的红棕象象甲成虫被8日龄的发酵枣果诱捕器吸引。我们的研究结果表明,在中等空气温度(22-33°C)下,在果园边缘附近的红棕榈象甲首选地点放置含有铁诱饵、水和信息素的诱捕器,可以提高信息素诱捕器的功效。
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引用次数: 2
March 2022 Florida Entomological Society Corporate and Sustaining Members 2022年3月佛罗里达州昆虫学协会企业和可持续发展会员
IF 1.4 4区 农林科学 Q3 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-04-12 DOI: 10.1653/024.105.0116
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引用次数: 0
Evaluation of Abamectin as a Potential Chemical Control for the Lychee Erinose Mite (Acari: Eriophyidae), a New Invasive Pest in Florida 阿维菌素对佛罗里达新入侵害虫荔枝糖螨潜在化学防治效果的评价
IF 1.4 4区 农林科学 Q3 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-04-12 DOI: 10.1653/024.105.0101
A. Revynthi, L. F. Cruz, Maria A. Canon, J. Crane, P. Kendra, C. Mannion, D. Carrillo
Abstract The lychee erinose mite, Aceria litchii (Keifer) (Acari: Eriophyidae), is an important pest of lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.; Sapindaceae) trees. This minute mite prefers to feed on young, new flush causing the formation of galls called “erinea.” Chemical control to protect the new flush is the primary management approach that has been used to control this mite. Aceria litchii was detected recently in Lee County, Florida, USA, and there is an urgent need to identify an acaricide that can control mite populations. Among the acaricides registered for use on lychee in Florida, abamectin was reported to be effective against A. litchii from other parts of the world. However, it remains unknown whether this acaricide can control the mites inside the erinea effectively and protect the new flush. We investigated whether abamectin alone or in combination with an organosilicone surfactant could control an existing mite infestation. Lychee leaflets that had erinea were sprayed with acaricides, then placed on uninfested plants and monitored for symptom development. One mo after placing treated leaflets on uninfested plants, the same treatment was applied to the whole plants and monitored for erinea development on the new flush. Our results showed that none of the treatments were able to control the mites inside the erinea and protect the new flush. The methods described here can be used for more precise evaluations of other acaricides that are urgently needed to control A. litchii in Florida.
摘要荔枝糖螨(Aceria litchii (Keifer))是荔枝(Litchi chinensis Sonn.;无患子科)树。这种微小的螨虫更喜欢以年轻的、新的潮红为食,导致形成被称为“阴毛”的瘿。化学防治是防治该螨的主要方法。最近在美国佛罗里达州Lee县发现了荔枝Aceria,迫切需要确定一种能控制螨种群的杀螨剂。在佛罗里达州注册的用于荔枝的杀螨剂中,据报道阿维菌素对来自世界其他地区的荔枝有效果。然而,这种杀螨剂是否能有效控制阴道内的螨虫,保护新发的红脸,目前还不清楚。我们研究了是否阿维菌素单独或联合有机硅表面活性剂可以控制现有的螨虫侵扰。研究人员在有尿疹的荔枝小叶上喷洒杀螨剂,然后将其放置在未受感染的植株上,监测症状的发展。将处理过的小叶放置在未感染的植株上一个月后,对整个植株进行同样的处理,并监测新植株上的阴茎发育情况。我们的研究结果表明,没有一种治疗方法能够控制阴部内的螨虫并保护新发潮红。本文所描述的方法可用于更精确地评价佛罗里达州荔枝螟防治急需的其他杀螨剂。
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引用次数: 3
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Florida Entomologist
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