Henriette Farkas,Inmaculada Martinez-Saguer,Konrad Bork,Anastasios E Germenis,Anete S Grumach,Hanga Réka Horváth,Andrea Luczay,Andrea Zanichelli,Markus Magerl,Stephen Betschel,Emel Aygören-Pürsün,Jonathan A Bernstein,Isabelle Boccon-Gibod,Teresa Caballero,Mauro Cancian,Sandra Christiansen,Danny M Cohn,Francisco Contreras,Sansanee Craig,Camelia Isaic,Ankur Jindal,Constance H Katelaris,Hilary J Longhurst,Andrew MacGinnitie,Jonny Peter,Grzegorz Porebski,Avner Reshef,Dinh Van Nguyen,Bruce Zuraw,Anthony J Castaldo,Henrik Balle Boysen,Timothy Craig,
Hereditary angioedema (HAE) with C1 inhibitor deficiency is a rare disease characterized by unpredictable episodes of tissue swelling (angioedema), which, in most cases, occur first under the age of 18 years, and entail a significant burden of disease not only for the patients but also for their families. Clinical symptoms of HAE are not specific, which may cause difficulties in differential diagnosis. Additionally, if not appropriately treated, HAE attacks can be life-threatening. The international HAE guidelines published so far have focused mainly on adults. A guideline that refers to the age-specific characteristics of pediatric patients, both in terms of diagnosis and management, was therefore needed. The International Steering Committee and Taskforce developed recommendations and provided evidence-based grading based on expert opinion and strength of evidence. Recommendations were presented to, discussed, and electronically voted by healthcare professionals during the 14th C1 Inhibitor Deficiency and Angioedema Workshop in Budapest, Hungary, 2025. This international guideline will ensure early diagnosis, standardized and up-to-date treatment, and promote the availability of effective therapies for all pediatric patients affected with this rare disease. It also draws attention to the importance of establishing HAE centers and registries, which solicit specialist care and research of the disease.
{"title":"International Guideline on the Diagnosis and Management of Pediatric Patients With Hereditary Angioedema.","authors":"Henriette Farkas,Inmaculada Martinez-Saguer,Konrad Bork,Anastasios E Germenis,Anete S Grumach,Hanga Réka Horváth,Andrea Luczay,Andrea Zanichelli,Markus Magerl,Stephen Betschel,Emel Aygören-Pürsün,Jonathan A Bernstein,Isabelle Boccon-Gibod,Teresa Caballero,Mauro Cancian,Sandra Christiansen,Danny M Cohn,Francisco Contreras,Sansanee Craig,Camelia Isaic,Ankur Jindal,Constance H Katelaris,Hilary J Longhurst,Andrew MacGinnitie,Jonny Peter,Grzegorz Porebski,Avner Reshef,Dinh Van Nguyen,Bruce Zuraw,Anthony J Castaldo,Henrik Balle Boysen,Timothy Craig, ","doi":"10.1111/all.70207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/all.70207","url":null,"abstract":"Hereditary angioedema (HAE) with C1 inhibitor deficiency is a rare disease characterized by unpredictable episodes of tissue swelling (angioedema), which, in most cases, occur first under the age of 18 years, and entail a significant burden of disease not only for the patients but also for their families. Clinical symptoms of HAE are not specific, which may cause difficulties in differential diagnosis. Additionally, if not appropriately treated, HAE attacks can be life-threatening. The international HAE guidelines published so far have focused mainly on adults. A guideline that refers to the age-specific characteristics of pediatric patients, both in terms of diagnosis and management, was therefore needed. The International Steering Committee and Taskforce developed recommendations and provided evidence-based grading based on expert opinion and strength of evidence. Recommendations were presented to, discussed, and electronically voted by healthcare professionals during the 14th C1 Inhibitor Deficiency and Angioedema Workshop in Budapest, Hungary, 2025. This international guideline will ensure early diagnosis, standardized and up-to-date treatment, and promote the availability of effective therapies for all pediatric patients affected with this rare disease. It also draws attention to the importance of establishing HAE centers and registries, which solicit specialist care and research of the disease.","PeriodicalId":122,"journal":{"name":"Allergy","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146089059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Christiane Hilger,Bulent E Sekerel,Marianne van Hage,Wolfgang Hemmer,Jon R Konradsen
{"title":"Algorithms in Allergy: Molecular Allergology in the Context of Animal Allergy.","authors":"Christiane Hilger,Bulent E Sekerel,Marianne van Hage,Wolfgang Hemmer,Jon R Konradsen","doi":"10.1111/all.70234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/all.70234","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":122,"journal":{"name":"Allergy","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146044562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marina Labella,Kathleen Marquis,Olivia McWhorter,Kylie Marie Besz,Donna Marie Lynch,Mariana Castells
{"title":"Elevated Tryptase and Hereditary Alpha Tryptasemia in Drug Hypersensitivity and Desensitization.","authors":"Marina Labella,Kathleen Marquis,Olivia McWhorter,Kylie Marie Besz,Donna Marie Lynch,Mariana Castells","doi":"10.1111/all.70226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/all.70226","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":122,"journal":{"name":"Allergy","volume":"179 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146044561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E Hamelmann,B Schaub,K Beyer,K Blümchen,M Gerstlauer,M V Kopp,L Lange,S Lau,N Maison,H Ott,S M Schmidt,T Spindler,C Traidl-Hoffmann,C Vogelberg
BACKGROUNDAtopic diseases-including atopic dermatitis (AD), food allergy (FA), allergic rhinitis (AR), and asthma-are the most common chronic conditions in childhood and adolescence, affecting up to 30% of the global population. In Germany alone, more than 2.1 million children and adolescents are affected. These conditions frequently coexist and share common genetic, environmental, dietary, and microbial risk factors.METHODSA comprehensive literature review was conducted, and a multidisciplinary Task Force of the German Society for Pediatric Allergology and Environmental Medicine (GPA) and the German Society for Allergology and Clinical Immunology (DGAKI) developed consensus-based algorithms for early risk assessment and recognition of allergies in children in already existing preventive medical check-ups. The approach emphasizes stepwise risk assessment, including family history, environmental exposures, and early clinical signs such as recurrent wheezing.RESULTSFor children identified as at risk for or with early clinical signs of atopy, targeted diagnostic steps are recommended that follow the national/international guidelines for the management of the suspected atopic disease. This may include general and specific recommendations for nutrition, measurement of specific sensitization and selected biomarkers, if indicated and recommended by the guidelines. Routine allergy testing in asymptomatic children is not recommended. The algorithms are designed to be embedded into routine pediatric check-ups, enabling systematic and early identification of children at increased risk or with early clinical signs of atopic diseases. Early recognition and management can reduce disease severity, improve quality of life, and decrease healthcare costs.CONCLUSIONStructured programs for early risk assessment and recognition of allergies in children are currently lacking but can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits. Integration into routine pediatric preventive examinations, supported by standardization, interdisciplinary collaboration, and sustainable funding, offers a promising strategy to improve long-term outcomes for affected children and their families.
{"title":"Early Risk Assessment and Recognition of Allergies in Children: Rationale, Methodology, and Proposed Algorithms.","authors":"E Hamelmann,B Schaub,K Beyer,K Blümchen,M Gerstlauer,M V Kopp,L Lange,S Lau,N Maison,H Ott,S M Schmidt,T Spindler,C Traidl-Hoffmann,C Vogelberg","doi":"10.1111/all.70224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/all.70224","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDAtopic diseases-including atopic dermatitis (AD), food allergy (FA), allergic rhinitis (AR), and asthma-are the most common chronic conditions in childhood and adolescence, affecting up to 30% of the global population. In Germany alone, more than 2.1 million children and adolescents are affected. These conditions frequently coexist and share common genetic, environmental, dietary, and microbial risk factors.METHODSA comprehensive literature review was conducted, and a multidisciplinary Task Force of the German Society for Pediatric Allergology and Environmental Medicine (GPA) and the German Society for Allergology and Clinical Immunology (DGAKI) developed consensus-based algorithms for early risk assessment and recognition of allergies in children in already existing preventive medical check-ups. The approach emphasizes stepwise risk assessment, including family history, environmental exposures, and early clinical signs such as recurrent wheezing.RESULTSFor children identified as at risk for or with early clinical signs of atopy, targeted diagnostic steps are recommended that follow the national/international guidelines for the management of the suspected atopic disease. This may include general and specific recommendations for nutrition, measurement of specific sensitization and selected biomarkers, if indicated and recommended by the guidelines. Routine allergy testing in asymptomatic children is not recommended. The algorithms are designed to be embedded into routine pediatric check-ups, enabling systematic and early identification of children at increased risk or with early clinical signs of atopic diseases. Early recognition and management can reduce disease severity, improve quality of life, and decrease healthcare costs.CONCLUSIONStructured programs for early risk assessment and recognition of allergies in children are currently lacking but can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits. Integration into routine pediatric preventive examinations, supported by standardization, interdisciplinary collaboration, and sustainable funding, offers a promising strategy to improve long-term outcomes for affected children and their families.","PeriodicalId":122,"journal":{"name":"Allergy","volume":"88 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146044564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The modulation of immune responses and tissue regeneration by postbiotics is a rapidly advancing area in skin care. Here, we show that whole-cell postbiotics derived from Bifidobacterium breve, Limosilactobacillus reuteri, and Ligilactobacillus salivarius, along with nicotinamide (NAM), enhance keratinocyte growth, differentiation, and skin epithelial barrier integrity in ex vivo human skin, as determined by electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), multiomics, and machine learning. B. breve promoted keratinocyte differentiation and suppressed inflammatory pathways, while L. reuteri and L. salivarius primarily reduced inflammatory pathways. Although NAM downregulated keratinocyte differentiation, it exerted anti-inflammatory effects. Machine learning analyses linked EIS changes to certain genes, highlighting strain-specific mechanisms. In addition, B. breve, L. reuteri, and NAM mitigated a common skin cleanser-induced skin epithelial damage, further supporting their therapeutic potential. In conclusion, integrating skin barrier measurements with omics and machine learning enabled the dissection of essential anti-inflammatory and keratinocyte differentiation mechanisms and genes of a strengthened skin barrier.
{"title":"Postbiotics and Nicotinamide Utilize Distinct Mechanisms to Improve Skin Barrier Integrity, Inflammation, and Keratinocyte Differentiation.","authors":"Yagiz Pat,Duygu Yazici,Huseyn Babayev,Sena Ardicli,Xiangting Bu,Sheri Simmons,Anthony Almada,Christine Avena,Tye Jensen,Raja Dhir,Patrick Westermann,Asuncion Garcia-Sanchez,Manru Li,Ozge Ardicli,Can Zeyneloglu,Marco Pane,Angela Amoruso,Christoph Messner,Ismail Ogulur,Yasutaka Mitamura,Mubeccel Akdis,Cezmi A Akdis","doi":"10.1111/all.70225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/all.70225","url":null,"abstract":"The modulation of immune responses and tissue regeneration by postbiotics is a rapidly advancing area in skin care. Here, we show that whole-cell postbiotics derived from Bifidobacterium breve, Limosilactobacillus reuteri, and Ligilactobacillus salivarius, along with nicotinamide (NAM), enhance keratinocyte growth, differentiation, and skin epithelial barrier integrity in ex vivo human skin, as determined by electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), multiomics, and machine learning. B. breve promoted keratinocyte differentiation and suppressed inflammatory pathways, while L. reuteri and L. salivarius primarily reduced inflammatory pathways. Although NAM downregulated keratinocyte differentiation, it exerted anti-inflammatory effects. Machine learning analyses linked EIS changes to certain genes, highlighting strain-specific mechanisms. In addition, B. breve, L. reuteri, and NAM mitigated a common skin cleanser-induced skin epithelial damage, further supporting their therapeutic potential. In conclusion, integrating skin barrier measurements with omics and machine learning enabled the dissection of essential anti-inflammatory and keratinocyte differentiation mechanisms and genes of a strengthened skin barrier.","PeriodicalId":122,"journal":{"name":"Allergy","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146021557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ola Grimsholm,Mohammed Zghaebi,Bita Hambrecht,Tanja Kalic,Christopher C Udoye,Rudolf Manz,Barbara Bohle,Katarzyna M Sitnik,Julia Eckl-Dorna,Heimo Breiteneder
Allergic diseases are on the rise worldwide, driven by respiratory epithelial barrier dysfunction that promotes sensitization to inhalant allergens such as pollen, dust mites, pet dander, and fungal spores. These antigens trigger IgE-mediated immune responses that lead to diseases such as allergic rhinitis (AR) and asthma. B cells play a central role by producing allergen-specific IgE, presenting antigens, releasing cytokines, and forming memory B cells (MBCs). Their differentiation into IgE-secreting plasma cells (PCs) mainly relies on T cell help, germinal center (GC) reactions, and/or extrafollicular responses and class switch recombination (CSR), which makes them important therapeutic targets. The nasal mucosa, as the first point of contact for allergens, acts both as a barrier and as an immunological site. In AR, IL-13-driven goblet cell hyperplasia and overproduction of mucus compromise the integrity of the barrier. Although the nasal microbiome can influence the immune response, its role in atopy remains unclear. Local B cell activity, including extrafollicular IgE production and ectopic GCs, enhances mucosal immunity. Epithelial cells detect allergens via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and release alarmins (IL-25, IL-33, TSLP), which can trigger type 2 inflammation. Proteases from allergens such as house dust mites (HDM) disrupt epithelial junctions, while pollutants, smoke, microplastics, and allergen-derived metabolites further modulate immune activation. Allergens are transported to the lymph nodes by the passive flow to follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) or by active uptake by interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 4-dependent conventional type 2 DCs, which activate T follicular helper (TFH) cells to drive IgE responses. Advanced lymphoid organoids that mimic the microenvironment of GCs offer promising models for the study of allergic sensitization but require improved standardization.
{"title":"Allergic Sensitization to Inhalant Allergens in the Upper Respiratory Tract-the B Cell Side.","authors":"Ola Grimsholm,Mohammed Zghaebi,Bita Hambrecht,Tanja Kalic,Christopher C Udoye,Rudolf Manz,Barbara Bohle,Katarzyna M Sitnik,Julia Eckl-Dorna,Heimo Breiteneder","doi":"10.1111/all.70229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/all.70229","url":null,"abstract":"Allergic diseases are on the rise worldwide, driven by respiratory epithelial barrier dysfunction that promotes sensitization to inhalant allergens such as pollen, dust mites, pet dander, and fungal spores. These antigens trigger IgE-mediated immune responses that lead to diseases such as allergic rhinitis (AR) and asthma. B cells play a central role by producing allergen-specific IgE, presenting antigens, releasing cytokines, and forming memory B cells (MBCs). Their differentiation into IgE-secreting plasma cells (PCs) mainly relies on T cell help, germinal center (GC) reactions, and/or extrafollicular responses and class switch recombination (CSR), which makes them important therapeutic targets. The nasal mucosa, as the first point of contact for allergens, acts both as a barrier and as an immunological site. In AR, IL-13-driven goblet cell hyperplasia and overproduction of mucus compromise the integrity of the barrier. Although the nasal microbiome can influence the immune response, its role in atopy remains unclear. Local B cell activity, including extrafollicular IgE production and ectopic GCs, enhances mucosal immunity. Epithelial cells detect allergens via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and release alarmins (IL-25, IL-33, TSLP), which can trigger type 2 inflammation. Proteases from allergens such as house dust mites (HDM) disrupt epithelial junctions, while pollutants, smoke, microplastics, and allergen-derived metabolites further modulate immune activation. Allergens are transported to the lymph nodes by the passive flow to follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) or by active uptake by interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 4-dependent conventional type 2 DCs, which activate T follicular helper (TFH) cells to drive IgE responses. Advanced lymphoid organoids that mimic the microenvironment of GCs offer promising models for the study of allergic sensitization but require improved standardization.","PeriodicalId":122,"journal":{"name":"Allergy","volume":"142 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146033964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Harold Wilson-Morkeh,Lior Seluk,Philipp Bosch,Carolina Aguiar,Jens Thiel,Bernhard Hellmich,Michael E Wechsler,Salman Siddiqui
Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) is a rare and potentially life-threatening systemic, inflammatory disease with multi-organ manifestations, variable presentation and complex pathology. Multiple interconnected immunological pathways are implicated in EGPA pathology, including a type-2 immune response driving predominantly eosinophilic inflammation, B-cell mediated autoimmunity, neutrophil activation, and the generation of pathogenic anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, all of which can contribute to tissue/organ damage. High-dose glucocorticoids are the mainstay treatment for EGPA, but over the past two decades the development of biologic treatments targeting interleukin (IL)-5, eosinophils and B-cells has revitalized the treatment landscape. Mepolizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody that specifically targets IL-5, and benralizumab, which targets the IL-5 receptor (IL-5Rα), are both approved for the treatment of patients with non-severe relapsing or refractory EGPA. In Phase III trials, these biologics have demonstrated favorable safety profiles and efficacy, with treatment leading to remission induction, remission maintenance, and oral glucocorticoid sparing benefits. However, as understanding of the full complexity of EGPA pathogenesis improves, new treatment targets are emerging. Consequently, understanding key pathogenic mechanisms at the patient level, enabling a more tailored treatment approach, is an important goal for future research.
{"title":"Targeting Immunologic Pathways in Eosinophilic Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis: Translating Emerging Evidence Into Clinical Practice.","authors":"Harold Wilson-Morkeh,Lior Seluk,Philipp Bosch,Carolina Aguiar,Jens Thiel,Bernhard Hellmich,Michael E Wechsler,Salman Siddiqui","doi":"10.1111/all.70215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/all.70215","url":null,"abstract":"Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) is a rare and potentially life-threatening systemic, inflammatory disease with multi-organ manifestations, variable presentation and complex pathology. Multiple interconnected immunological pathways are implicated in EGPA pathology, including a type-2 immune response driving predominantly eosinophilic inflammation, B-cell mediated autoimmunity, neutrophil activation, and the generation of pathogenic anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, all of which can contribute to tissue/organ damage. High-dose glucocorticoids are the mainstay treatment for EGPA, but over the past two decades the development of biologic treatments targeting interleukin (IL)-5, eosinophils and B-cells has revitalized the treatment landscape. Mepolizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody that specifically targets IL-5, and benralizumab, which targets the IL-5 receptor (IL-5Rα), are both approved for the treatment of patients with non-severe relapsing or refractory EGPA. In Phase III trials, these biologics have demonstrated favorable safety profiles and efficacy, with treatment leading to remission induction, remission maintenance, and oral glucocorticoid sparing benefits. However, as understanding of the full complexity of EGPA pathogenesis improves, new treatment targets are emerging. Consequently, understanding key pathogenic mechanisms at the patient level, enabling a more tailored treatment approach, is an important goal for future research.","PeriodicalId":122,"journal":{"name":"Allergy","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146021558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Courtney M Jackson,Maria Carmen Collado,David C Dallas,Richard A Insel,Andrew J Macpherson,Debra J Palmer,Antti E Seppo,Valerie Verhasselt,Kirsi M Järvinen
Human milk is a rich source of immunomodulatory factors that influence the development of the infant immune system, including susceptibility to allergic diseases. Among these components, milk antibodies have been extensively studied for their role in protecting against infections; however, their potential contribution to allergy prevention may be equally important. The mechanisms of protection include allergen exclusion, enhanced and targeted antigen presentation, immune modulation via shaping of the infant gut microbiome, and direct regulation of gut immune responses. This review summarizes current evidence on the secretion of human milk antibodies, highlights what is known and what remains unclear about their role in allergy prevention and outlines the need for further research to develop antibody-based strategies for early allergy prevention.
{"title":"An Old Story Back: Human Milk Antibodies' Protective Roles Against Allergy Development.","authors":"Courtney M Jackson,Maria Carmen Collado,David C Dallas,Richard A Insel,Andrew J Macpherson,Debra J Palmer,Antti E Seppo,Valerie Verhasselt,Kirsi M Järvinen","doi":"10.1111/all.70218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/all.70218","url":null,"abstract":"Human milk is a rich source of immunomodulatory factors that influence the development of the infant immune system, including susceptibility to allergic diseases. Among these components, milk antibodies have been extensively studied for their role in protecting against infections; however, their potential contribution to allergy prevention may be equally important. The mechanisms of protection include allergen exclusion, enhanced and targeted antigen presentation, immune modulation via shaping of the infant gut microbiome, and direct regulation of gut immune responses. This review summarizes current evidence on the secretion of human milk antibodies, highlights what is known and what remains unclear about their role in allergy prevention and outlines the need for further research to develop antibody-based strategies for early allergy prevention.","PeriodicalId":122,"journal":{"name":"Allergy","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146014693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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