Pub Date : 2024-09-30DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2410893
Eti R Sarkar, Suchandan Sikder, Paul Giacomin, Alex Loukas
Introduction: Hookworms infect about half a billion people worldwide and are responsible for the loss of more than two billion disability-adjusted life years. Mass drug administration (MDA) is the most popular preventive approach, but it does not prevent reinfection. An effective vaccine would be a major public health tool in hookworm-endemic areas.
Areas covered: We highlight recent human studies where vaccination with irradiated larvae and repeated rounds of infection-treatment have induced partial protection. These studies have emphasized the importance of targeting the infective larvae to generate immunity to prevent adult worms from maturing in the gut. We summarize the current status of human and animal model vaccine trials.
Expert opinion: Hookworm infection is endemic in resource-poor developing regions where polyparasitism is common, and vaccine cold chain logistics are complex. Humans do not develop sterile immunity to hookworms, and the elderly are frequently overlooked in MDA campaigns. For all these reasons, a vaccine is essential to create long-lasting protection. The lack of a robust animal model to mimic human hookworm infections is a barrier to the discovery and development of a vaccine, however, there have been major recent advances in human challenge studies which will accelerate the process.
{"title":"Hookworm vaccines: current and future directions.","authors":"Eti R Sarkar, Suchandan Sikder, Paul Giacomin, Alex Loukas","doi":"10.1080/14760584.2024.2410893","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14760584.2024.2410893","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Hookworms infect about half a billion people worldwide and are responsible for the loss of more than two billion disability-adjusted life years. Mass drug administration (MDA) is the most popular preventive approach, but it does not prevent reinfection. An effective vaccine would be a major public health tool in hookworm-endemic areas.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>We highlight recent human studies where vaccination with irradiated larvae and repeated rounds of infection-treatment have induced partial protection. These studies have emphasized the importance of targeting the infective larvae to generate immunity to prevent adult worms from maturing in the gut. We summarize the current status of human and animal model vaccine trials.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>Hookworm infection is endemic in resource-poor developing regions where polyparasitism is common, and vaccine cold chain logistics are complex. Humans do not develop sterile immunity to hookworms, and the elderly are frequently overlooked in MDA campaigns. For all these reasons, a vaccine is essential to create long-lasting protection. The lack of a robust animal model to mimic human hookworm infections is a barrier to the discovery and development of a vaccine, however, there have been major recent advances in human challenge studies which will accelerate the process.</p>","PeriodicalId":12326,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Vaccines","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142344473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BACKGROUNDCervical cancer (CC) is one of the most common causes of cancer-related deaths in women. The World Health Organization (WHO) has called for the CC elimination as a public health priority and has urged countries to achieve a 90% vaccine coverage rate of human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination among 15-year-old girls by 2030.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSRegression models were fitted to the WHO HPV vaccine coverage rate data to estimate when the 90% vaccine coverage rate target would be achieved in 22 European countries.RESULTSThe mean vaccine coverage rate of included countries was 62.2% (SD: 18.3). Nine countries (Iceland, Norway, Portugal, Ireland, Hungary, Spain, Sweden, Denmark, and Switzerland) are expected to achieve a 90% vaccine coverage rate by 2030. Six countries (Estonia, Cyprus, Netherlands, France, Germany, and Italy) are expected to reach a 90% vaccine coverage rate between 2030 and 2040 whereas seven countries (Belgium, Bulgaria, Finland, Latvia, Luxembourg, Malta, and Slovenia) are not expected to achieve the 90% vaccine coverage rate target by 2040.CONCLUSIONThe majority of European countries are not on track to achieve 90% vaccine coverage rate by 2030. To achieve this, a significant increase in the annual vaccine coverage rate growth rate is required.
{"title":"Estimating the time required to reach HPV vaccination targets across Europe.","authors":"Ilias Gountas,Mohammed Aman,Deepak Alexander,Robert Hughes,Georgie Weston,Ugne Sabale","doi":"10.1080/14760584.2024.2402535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14760584.2024.2402535","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDCervical cancer (CC) is one of the most common causes of cancer-related deaths in women. The World Health Organization (WHO) has called for the CC elimination as a public health priority and has urged countries to achieve a 90% vaccine coverage rate of human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination among 15-year-old girls by 2030.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSRegression models were fitted to the WHO HPV vaccine coverage rate data to estimate when the 90% vaccine coverage rate target would be achieved in 22 European countries.RESULTSThe mean vaccine coverage rate of included countries was 62.2% (SD: 18.3). Nine countries (Iceland, Norway, Portugal, Ireland, Hungary, Spain, Sweden, Denmark, and Switzerland) are expected to achieve a 90% vaccine coverage rate by 2030. Six countries (Estonia, Cyprus, Netherlands, France, Germany, and Italy) are expected to reach a 90% vaccine coverage rate between 2030 and 2040 whereas seven countries (Belgium, Bulgaria, Finland, Latvia, Luxembourg, Malta, and Slovenia) are not expected to achieve the 90% vaccine coverage rate target by 2040.CONCLUSIONThe majority of European countries are not on track to achieve 90% vaccine coverage rate by 2030. To achieve this, a significant increase in the annual vaccine coverage rate growth rate is required.","PeriodicalId":12326,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Vaccines","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142268865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-13DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2402955
Mary Bausch-Jurken,Rachel S Dawson,Francesca Ceddia,Veronica Urdaneta,Morgan A Marks,Yohei Doi
INTRODUCTIONSince the original COVID-19 vaccines were developed, abundant clinical trial and real-world evidence evaluating the efficacy, effectiveness, and safety of COVID-19 vaccines has been collected. Knowledge of the relative benefits and risks of COVID-19 vaccines is essential for building trust within target populations, ensuring they remain effectively and safely protected against an enduring infectious threat.AREAS COVEREDThis descriptive review discusses the benefits and risks associated with marketed Moderna, Inc. mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines, focusing on their real-world effectiveness and safety profiles in various age groups. Adverse events of interest and potential benefits of vaccination are reviewed, including reduced risk for severe COVID-19 and long-term health outcomes, reduced economic and societal costs, and reduced risk for SARS-CoV-2 transmission.EXPERT OPINIONPost-marketing safety and real-world data for Moderna, Inc. COVID-19 mRNA vaccines strongly support a positive benefit - risk profile favoring vaccination across all age groups. Although COVID-19 is no longer considered a global health pandemic, health risks associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection remain high. Concerted efforts are required to engage communities and maintain protection through vaccination. Continued surveillance of emerging variants and monitoring of vaccine safety and effectiveness are crucial for ensuring sustained protection against SARS-CoV-2.
{"title":"A descriptive review on the real-world impact of Moderna, inc. COVID-19 vaccines.","authors":"Mary Bausch-Jurken,Rachel S Dawson,Francesca Ceddia,Veronica Urdaneta,Morgan A Marks,Yohei Doi","doi":"10.1080/14760584.2024.2402955","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14760584.2024.2402955","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTIONSince the original COVID-19 vaccines were developed, abundant clinical trial and real-world evidence evaluating the efficacy, effectiveness, and safety of COVID-19 vaccines has been collected. Knowledge of the relative benefits and risks of COVID-19 vaccines is essential for building trust within target populations, ensuring they remain effectively and safely protected against an enduring infectious threat.AREAS COVEREDThis descriptive review discusses the benefits and risks associated with marketed Moderna, Inc. mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines, focusing on their real-world effectiveness and safety profiles in various age groups. Adverse events of interest and potential benefits of vaccination are reviewed, including reduced risk for severe COVID-19 and long-term health outcomes, reduced economic and societal costs, and reduced risk for SARS-CoV-2 transmission.EXPERT OPINIONPost-marketing safety and real-world data for Moderna, Inc. COVID-19 mRNA vaccines strongly support a positive benefit - risk profile favoring vaccination across all age groups. Although COVID-19 is no longer considered a global health pandemic, health risks associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection remain high. Concerted efforts are required to engage communities and maintain protection through vaccination. Continued surveillance of emerging variants and monitoring of vaccine safety and effectiveness are crucial for ensuring sustained protection against SARS-CoV-2.","PeriodicalId":12326,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Vaccines","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142268864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-11DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2401839
Mario Rivera-Izquierdo,Arturo Morales-Portillo,Inmaculada Guerrero-Fernández de Alba,Nicolás Francisco Fernández-Martínez,Joan Antoni Schoenenberger-Arnaiz,José Luis Barranco-Quintana,Carmen Valero-Ubierna
INTRODUCTIONMonoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and other biological agents are being increasingly approved in the last years with very different indications. Their highly heterogeneous immunosuppressive effects, mechanisms of action and pharmacokinetics require comprehensive individualized vaccination schedules.AREAS COVEREDVaccination for immunocompromised patients. Prevention and treatment with mAbs and other biological therapies.EXPERT OPINIONCurrent recommendations on vaccine schedules for patients under mAbs or other biological treatments are based on expert opinions and are not individualized according to each vaccine and treatment. No studies are focusing on the high heterogeneity of these agents, that are exponentially developed and used for many different indications. Recent paradigm changes in vaccine development (boosted by the COVID-19 pandemic) and in the mAbs use for prophylactic purposes (changing 'vaccination' by 'immunization' schedules) has been witnessed in the last years. We aimed at collecting all mAbs used for treatment or prevention, approved as of 1 January 2024, by the EMA. Based on available data on mAbs and vaccines, we propose a comprehensive guide for personalizing vaccination. Recent vaccine developments and current population strategies (e.g. zoster vaccination or prophylactic nirsevimab) are discussed. This review aims to be a practical guideline for professionals working in vaccine consultations for immunosuppressed patients.
{"title":"Vaccination strategies for patients under monoclonal antibody and other biological treatments: an updated comprehensive review based on EMA authorizations to January 2024.","authors":"Mario Rivera-Izquierdo,Arturo Morales-Portillo,Inmaculada Guerrero-Fernández de Alba,Nicolás Francisco Fernández-Martínez,Joan Antoni Schoenenberger-Arnaiz,José Luis Barranco-Quintana,Carmen Valero-Ubierna","doi":"10.1080/14760584.2024.2401839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14760584.2024.2401839","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTIONMonoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and other biological agents are being increasingly approved in the last years with very different indications. Their highly heterogeneous immunosuppressive effects, mechanisms of action and pharmacokinetics require comprehensive individualized vaccination schedules.AREAS COVEREDVaccination for immunocompromised patients. Prevention and treatment with mAbs and other biological therapies.EXPERT OPINIONCurrent recommendations on vaccine schedules for patients under mAbs or other biological treatments are based on expert opinions and are not individualized according to each vaccine and treatment. No studies are focusing on the high heterogeneity of these agents, that are exponentially developed and used for many different indications. Recent paradigm changes in vaccine development (boosted by the COVID-19 pandemic) and in the mAbs use for prophylactic purposes (changing 'vaccination' by 'immunization' schedules) has been witnessed in the last years. We aimed at collecting all mAbs used for treatment or prevention, approved as of 1 January 2024, by the EMA. Based on available data on mAbs and vaccines, we propose a comprehensive guide for personalizing vaccination. Recent vaccine developments and current population strategies (e.g. zoster vaccination or prophylactic nirsevimab) are discussed. This review aims to be a practical guideline for professionals working in vaccine consultations for immunosuppressed patients.","PeriodicalId":12326,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Vaccines","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142195989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-08DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2374287
Anastasia Demidova, Laëtitia Douguet, Ingrid Fert, Yu Wei, Pierre Charneau, Laleh Majlessi
Introduction: Persistent infections with the human papilloma viruses, HPV16 and HPV18, are associated with multiple cancers. Although prophylactic vaccines that induce HPV-neutralizing antibodies are effective against primary infections, they have no effect on HPV-mediated malignancies against which there is no approved immuno-therapy. Active research is ongoing on immunotherapy of these cancers.
Areas covered: In this review, we compared the preclinical efficacy of vaccine platforms used to treat HPV-induced tumors in the standard model of mice grafted with TC-1 cells, which express the HPV16 E6 and E7 oncoproteins. We searched for the key words, 'HPV,' 'vaccine,' 'therapy,' 'E7,' 'tumor,' 'T cells' and 'mice' for the period from 2005 to 2023 in PubMed and found 330 publications. Among them, we selected the most relevant to extract preclinical antitumor results to enable cross-sectional comparison of their efficacy.
Expert opinion section: We compared these studies for HPV antigen design, immunization regimen, immunogenicity, and antitumor effect, considering their drawbacks and advantages. Among all strategies used in murine models, certain adjuvanted proteins and viral vectors showed the strongest antitumor effects, with the use of lentiviral vectors being the only approach to result in complete tumor eradication in 100% of experimental individuals while providing the longest-lasting memory.
{"title":"Comparison of preclinical efficacy of immunotherapies against HPV-induced cancers.","authors":"Anastasia Demidova, Laëtitia Douguet, Ingrid Fert, Yu Wei, Pierre Charneau, Laleh Majlessi","doi":"10.1080/14760584.2024.2374287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14760584.2024.2374287","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Persistent infections with the human papilloma viruses, HPV16 and HPV18, are associated with multiple cancers. Although prophylactic vaccines that induce HPV-neutralizing antibodies are effective against primary infections, they have no effect on HPV-mediated malignancies against which there is no approved immuno-therapy. Active research is ongoing on immunotherapy of these cancers.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>In this review, we compared the preclinical efficacy of vaccine platforms used to treat HPV-induced tumors in the standard model of mice grafted with TC-1 cells, which express the HPV16 E6 and E7 oncoproteins. We searched for the key words, 'HPV,' 'vaccine,' 'therapy,' 'E7,' 'tumor,' 'T cells' and 'mice' for the period from 2005 to 2023 in PubMed and found 330 publications. Among them, we selected the most relevant to extract preclinical antitumor results to enable cross-sectional comparison of their efficacy.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion section: </strong>We compared these studies for HPV antigen design, immunization regimen, immunogenicity, and antitumor effect, considering their drawbacks and advantages. Among all strategies used in murine models, certain adjuvanted proteins and viral vectors showed the strongest antitumor effects, with the use of lentiviral vectors being the only approach to result in complete tumor eradication in 100% of experimental individuals while providing the longest-lasting memory.</p>","PeriodicalId":12326,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Vaccines","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141558536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-25DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2345685
P. Hotez, M. Bottazzi, N. Y. Islam, Jungsoon Lee, Jeroen Pollet, Cristina Poveda, U. Strych, S. Thimmiraju, Nestor Uzcategui Araujo, Leroy Versteeg, Daniel Gorelick
INTRODUCTION Zebrafishesrepresent a proven model for human diseases and systems biology, exhibitingphysiological and genetic similarities and having innate and adaptive immunesystems. However, they are underexplored for human vaccinology, vaccinedevelopment, and testing. Here we summarize gaps and challenges. AREAS COVERED Zebrafish models have fourpotential applications: 1) Vaccine safety: The pastsuccesses in using zebrafishes to test xenobiotics could extend to vaccine andadjuvant formulations for general safety or target organs due to the zebrafish embryos'optical transparency. 2) Innate immunity: The zebrafish offers refined ways toexamine vaccine effects through signaling via Toll-like or NOD-like receptors inzebrafish myeloid cells. 3) Adaptive immunity: Zebrafishes produce IgM, IgD,and two IgZ immunoglobulins, but these are understudied, due to a lack of immunologicalreagents for challenge studies. 4) Systems vaccinology: Due to the availabilityof a well-referenced zebrafish genome, transcriptome, proteome, and epigenome,this model offers potential here. EXPERT OPINION It remains unproven whether zebrafishes can beemployed for testing and developing human vaccines. We are still at thehypothesis-generating stage, although it is possible to begin outliningexperiments for this purpose. Throughtransgenic manipulation, zebrafish models could offer new paths for shapinganimal models and systems vaccinology.
{"title":"The zebrafish as a potential model for vaccine and adjuvant development.","authors":"P. Hotez, M. Bottazzi, N. Y. Islam, Jungsoon Lee, Jeroen Pollet, Cristina Poveda, U. Strych, S. Thimmiraju, Nestor Uzcategui Araujo, Leroy Versteeg, Daniel Gorelick","doi":"10.1080/14760584.2024.2345685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14760584.2024.2345685","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION\u0000Zebrafishesrepresent a proven model for human diseases and systems biology, exhibitingphysiological and genetic similarities and having innate and adaptive immunesystems. However, they are underexplored for human vaccinology, vaccinedevelopment, and testing. Here we summarize gaps and challenges.\u0000\u0000\u0000AREAS COVERED\u0000Zebrafish models have fourpotential applications: 1) Vaccine safety: The pastsuccesses in using zebrafishes to test xenobiotics could extend to vaccine andadjuvant formulations for general safety or target organs due to the zebrafish embryos'optical transparency. 2) Innate immunity: The zebrafish offers refined ways toexamine vaccine effects through signaling via Toll-like or NOD-like receptors inzebrafish myeloid cells. 3) Adaptive immunity: Zebrafishes produce IgM, IgD,and two IgZ immunoglobulins, but these are understudied, due to a lack of immunologicalreagents for challenge studies. 4) Systems vaccinology: Due to the availabilityof a well-referenced zebrafish genome, transcriptome, proteome, and epigenome,this model offers potential here.\u0000\u0000\u0000EXPERT OPINION\u0000It remains unproven whether zebrafishes can beemployed for testing and developing human vaccines. We are still at thehypothesis-generating stage, although it is possible to begin outliningexperiments for this purpose. Throughtransgenic manipulation, zebrafish models could offer new paths for shapinganimal models and systems vaccinology.","PeriodicalId":12326,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Vaccines","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140654211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-24DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2346589
Timo Ulrichs, Morgane Rolland, Jianhong Wu, Marta C Nunes, Clotilde El Guerche-Séblain, Ayman Chit
INTRODUCTION COVID-19 was an unprecedented challenge worldwide; however, disease epidemiology has evolved, and COVID-19 no longer constitutes a public health emergency of international concern. Nonetheless, COVID-19 remains a global threat and uncertainties remain, including definition of the end of the pandemic and transition to endemicity, and understanding true rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection/transmission. AREAS COVERED Six international experts convened (April 2023) to interpret changing COVID-19 epidemiology and public health challenges. We report the panel's recommendations and knowledge gaps in COVID-19 epidemiology, SARS-CoV-2 evolution, and future vaccination strategies, informed by peer-reviewed publications, surveillance data, health authority assessments, and clinical experience. EXPERT OPINION High population SARS-CoV-2 immunity indicates the likely end to the pandemic's acute phase. Continued emergence of variants/sublineages that can evade the vaccine-induced antibody response are likely, but widespread immunity reduces the risk of disease severity.Continued surveillance is required to capture transition to endemicity, seasonality, and emergence of novel variants/sublineages, to inform future vaccination strategies. COVID-19 vaccination should be integrated into routine vaccination programs throughout life.Co-circulation with other respiratory viruses should be monitored to avoid a combined peak, which could overrun healthcare systems. Effective, combined vaccines and improved education may help overcome vaccine hesitancy/booster fatigue and increase vaccination uptake.
{"title":"Changing epidemiology of COVID-19: potential future impact on vaccines and vaccination strategies.","authors":"Timo Ulrichs, Morgane Rolland, Jianhong Wu, Marta C Nunes, Clotilde El Guerche-Séblain, Ayman Chit","doi":"10.1080/14760584.2024.2346589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14760584.2024.2346589","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION\u0000COVID-19 was an unprecedented challenge worldwide; however, disease epidemiology has evolved, and COVID-19 no longer constitutes a public health emergency of international concern. Nonetheless, COVID-19 remains a global threat and uncertainties remain, including definition of the end of the pandemic and transition to endemicity, and understanding true rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection/transmission.\u0000\u0000\u0000AREAS COVERED\u0000Six international experts convened (April 2023) to interpret changing COVID-19 epidemiology and public health challenges. We report the panel's recommendations and knowledge gaps in COVID-19 epidemiology, SARS-CoV-2 evolution, and future vaccination strategies, informed by peer-reviewed publications, surveillance data, health authority assessments, and clinical experience.\u0000\u0000\u0000EXPERT OPINION\u0000High population SARS-CoV-2 immunity indicates the likely end to the pandemic's acute phase. Continued emergence of variants/sublineages that can evade the vaccine-induced antibody response are likely, but widespread immunity reduces the risk of disease severity.Continued surveillance is required to capture transition to endemicity, seasonality, and emergence of novel variants/sublineages, to inform future vaccination strategies. COVID-19 vaccination should be integrated into routine vaccination programs throughout life.Co-circulation with other respiratory viruses should be monitored to avoid a combined peak, which could overrun healthcare systems. Effective, combined vaccines and improved education may help overcome vaccine hesitancy/booster fatigue and increase vaccination uptake.","PeriodicalId":12326,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Vaccines","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140665767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-17DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2343689
Xiaojian Zhang, Ted M. Ross
Anti-neuraminidase (NA) immunity correlates with the protection against influenza virus infection in both human and animal models. The aim of this review is to better understand the mechanism of an...
{"title":"Anti-neuraminidase immunity in the combat against influenza","authors":"Xiaojian Zhang, Ted M. Ross","doi":"10.1080/14760584.2024.2343689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14760584.2024.2343689","url":null,"abstract":"Anti-neuraminidase (NA) immunity correlates with the protection against influenza virus infection in both human and animal models. The aim of this review is to better understand the mechanism of an...","PeriodicalId":12326,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Vaccines","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140613032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-05DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2320858
Shanti Pather, Alexander Muik, Ruben Rizzi, Federico Mensa
What are variant-adapted COVID-19 vaccines?The COVID-19 vaccine developed by BioNTech and Pfizer is known as BNT162b2 (Comirnaty). BNT162b2 contains messenger RNA, or mRNA, from SARS-CoV-2. SARS-Co...
{"title":"Developing variant-adapted COVID-19 vaccines to improve protection against Omicron and other recent variants: a plain language summary","authors":"Shanti Pather, Alexander Muik, Ruben Rizzi, Federico Mensa","doi":"10.1080/14760584.2024.2320858","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14760584.2024.2320858","url":null,"abstract":"What are variant-adapted COVID-19 vaccines?The COVID-19 vaccine developed by BioNTech and Pfizer is known as BNT162b2 (Comirnaty). BNT162b2 contains messenger RNA, or mRNA, from SARS-CoV-2. SARS-Co...","PeriodicalId":12326,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Vaccines","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140565870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2024-08-05DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2382725
François Roman, Wivine Burny, Maria Angeles Ceregido, Béatrice Laupèze, Stéphane T Temmerman, Lucile Warter, Margherita Coccia
Introduction: The use of novel adjuvants in human vaccines continues to expand as their contribution to preventing disease in challenging populations and caused by complex pathogens is increasingly understood. AS01 is a family of liposome-based vaccine Adjuvant Systems containing two immunostimulants: 3-O-desacyl-4'-monophosphoryl lipid A and the saponin QS-21. AS01-containing vaccines have been approved and administered to millions of individuals worldwide.
Areas covered: Here, we report advances in our understanding of the mode of action of AS01 that contributed to the development of efficacious vaccines preventing disease due to malaria, herpes zoster, and respiratory syncytial virus. AS01 induces early innate immune activation that induces T cell-mediated and antibody-mediated responses with optimized functional characteristics and induction of immune memory. AS01-containing vaccines appear relatively impervious to baseline immune status translating into high efficacy across populations. Currently licensed AS01-containing vaccines have shown acceptable safety profiles in clinical trials and post-marketing settings.
Expert opinion: Initial expectations that adjuvantation with AS01 could support effective vaccine responses and contribute to disease control have been realized. Investigation of the utility of AS01 in vaccines to prevent other challenging diseases, such as tuberculosis, is ongoing, together with efforts to fully define its mechanisms of action in different vaccine settings.
简介:随着人们对新型佐剂在预防复杂病原体引起的高危人群疾病方面的作用有了越来越多的了解,新型佐剂在人类疫苗中的应用也在不断扩大。AS01 是一系列基于脂质体的疫苗佐剂系统,含有两种免疫刺激剂:3-O-去乙酰基-4'-单磷脂 A 和皂苷 QS-21。含 AS01 的疫苗已获得批准,并在全球范围内接种了数百万人:在此,我们报告了在了解 AS01 作用模式方面取得的进展,这些进展促进了预防疟疾、带状疱疹和呼吸道合胞病毒疾病的有效疫苗的开发。AS01 可诱导早期先天性免疫激活,从而诱导 T 细胞介导的反应和抗体介导的反应,并具有优化的功能特性和诱导免疫记忆。含 AS01 的疫苗似乎相对不受基线免疫状态的影响,因此在不同人群中都有很高的疗效。目前获得许可的含 AS01 疫苗在临床试验和上市后环境中表现出可接受的安全性:专家意见:最初人们期望 AS01 佐剂能够支持有效的疫苗反应并有助于疾病控制,但这一期望已经实现。目前正在研究 AS01 在疫苗中的作用,以预防结核病等其他具有挑战性的疾病,同时还在努力充分确定其在不同疫苗环境中的作用机制。
{"title":"Adjuvant system AS01: from mode of action to effective vaccines.","authors":"François Roman, Wivine Burny, Maria Angeles Ceregido, Béatrice Laupèze, Stéphane T Temmerman, Lucile Warter, Margherita Coccia","doi":"10.1080/14760584.2024.2382725","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14760584.2024.2382725","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The use of novel adjuvants in human vaccines continues to expand as their contribution to preventing disease in challenging populations and caused by complex pathogens is increasingly understood. AS01 is a family of liposome-based vaccine Adjuvant Systems containing two immunostimulants: 3-<i>O</i>-desacyl-4'-monophosphoryl lipid A and the saponin QS-21. AS01-containing vaccines have been approved and administered to millions of individuals worldwide.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>Here, we report advances in our understanding of the mode of action of AS01 that contributed to the development of efficacious vaccines preventing disease due to malaria, herpes zoster, and respiratory syncytial virus. AS01 induces early innate immune activation that induces T cell-mediated and antibody-mediated responses with optimized functional characteristics and induction of immune memory. AS01-containing vaccines appear relatively impervious to baseline immune status translating into high efficacy across populations. Currently licensed AS01-containing vaccines have shown acceptable safety profiles in clinical trials and post-marketing settings.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>Initial expectations that adjuvantation with AS01 could support effective vaccine responses and contribute to disease control have been realized. Investigation of the utility of AS01 in vaccines to prevent other challenging diseases, such as tuberculosis, is ongoing, together with efforts to fully define its mechanisms of action in different vaccine settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":12326,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Vaccines","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141747895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}