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Monovalent XBB.1.5 COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against hospitalisations and deaths during the omicron BA.2.86/JN.1 period among older adults in seven European countries: a VEBIS-EHR network study. 单价 XBB.1.5 COVID-19 疫苗对七个欧洲国家老年人在奥米克龙 BA.2.86/JN.1 期间住院和死亡的有效性:VEBIS-EHR 网络研究。
IF 5.5 3区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-13 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2428800
Baltazar Nunes, James Humphreys, Nathalie Nicolay, Toon Braeye, Izaak Van Evercooren, Christian Holm Hansen, Ida Rask Moustsen-Helms, Chiara Sacco, Massimo Fabiani, Jesús Castilla, Iván Martínez-Baz, Hinta Meijerink, Ausenda Machado, Patricia Soares, Rickard Ljung, Nicklas Pihlström, Anthony Nardone, Sabrina Bacci, Susana Monge

Background: We aimed to estimate XBB.1.5 vaccine effectiveness (VE) against COVID-19-related hospitalizations and deaths during BA.2.86/JN.1 predominance, among EU/EEA individuals with ≥ 65-years.

Research design and methods: We linked electronic health records to create historical cohorts in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, Navarre (Spain), Norway, Portugal and Sweden. We included individuals aged ≥ 65-years eligible for the autumnal 2023 COVID-19 vaccine. Follow-up started when ≥ 80% of country-specific sequenced viruses were BA.2.86/JN.1 (4/dec/23 to 08/jan/24) and ended 25 February 2024. At study site level, we estimated the vaccine confounder-adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of COVID-19 hospitalizations and deaths between individuals with ≥14 days after vaccination versus unvaccinated in autumn 2023, overall, by time since vaccination and age groups. VE was estimated as (1-pooled aHR)x100 with a random-effects model.

Results: XBB.1.5 VE against COVID-19 hospitalizations was 50% (95%CI: 45 to 55) and 41% (95%CI: 35 to 46) in 65-79-year-olds and in ≥ 80-year-olds respectively. VE against COVID19-related-death was 58% (95%CI: 42 to 69) and 48% (95%CI: 38 to 57), respectively, in both age groups. VE estimates against each outcome declined in all age groups over time.

Conclusion: Monovalent XBB.1.5 vaccine had a moderate protective effect against severe and fatal COVID-19 likely caused by BA.2.86/JN.1 during the 2023/2024 winter, among persons aged ≥ 65.

背景:我们旨在估算在 BA.2.86/JN.1 流行期间,XBB.1.5 疫苗对欧盟/欧洲经济区年龄≥ 65 岁的人群中与 COVID-19 相关的住院和死亡的有效性(VE):我们连接了比利时、丹麦、意大利、纳瓦拉(西班牙)、挪威、葡萄牙和瑞典的电子健康记录,创建了历史队列。我们纳入了符合 2023 年秋季 COVID-19 疫苗接种条件的年龄≥ 65 岁的个体。当≥80%的国家特异性测序病毒为BA.2.86/JN.1时(23年12月4日至24年1月8日),随访开始,2024年2月25日结束。在研究地点层面,我们按接种疫苗后的时间和年龄组估算了 2023 年秋季接种疫苗后≥14 天与未接种疫苗者之间 COVID-19 住院和死亡的疫苗混杂因素调整危险比 (aHR)。VE 采用随机效应模型估算为 (1-pooled aHR)x100 :XBB.1.5预防COVID-19住院的VE在65-79岁和≥80岁人群中分别为50%(95%CI:45-55)和41%(95%CI:35-46)。在这两个年龄组中,针对 COVID19 相关死亡的 VE 分别为 58%(95%CI:42 至 69)和 48%(95%CI:38 至 57)。随着时间的推移,所有年龄组针对每种结果的VE估计值均有所下降:单价XBB.1.5疫苗对2023/2024年冬季年龄≥65岁的人接种可能由BA.2.86/JN.1引起的严重致命COVID-19疫苗具有中度保护作用。
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引用次数: 0
Adult vaccination in three Eastern Mediterranean countries: current status, challenges and the way forward. 三个东地中海国家的成人疫苗接种:现状、挑战和未来之路。
IF 5.5 3区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-13 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2428806
Iftihar Koksal, Salah Al Awaidy, Abdullah Mufareh Assiri, Onur Ozudogru, Mansour Khalaf, Cihan Yeşiloğlu, Selim Badur

Introduction: Changing population demographics places a premium on optimizing older adult health. Vaccine-preventable diseases represent a substantial clinical and economic burden in older adults (≥65 years).

Areas covered: This narrative review summarizes the adult immunization landscape in three countries; Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Türkiye, informed by literature searches; Pubmed (23-27 September 2023) supplemented by citation tracking via Google Scholar). Existing vaccination recommendations and published data were reviewed to evaluate vaccine uptake, chiefly focusing on core adult vaccines (seasonal influenza, pneumococcal and herpes zoster). Barriers to vaccine access and uptake were reviewed, and initiatives to improve recommended vaccine uptake in older (≥65 years) or otherwise high-risk adults are described.

Expert opinion: Uptake of recommended adult vaccines is low in all three countries. Receipt of annual seasonal influenza vaccine is typically below 50% in both older and at-risk younger adults; pneumococcal vaccination rates are even lower in eligible adults (<15% and often far lower), as is herpes zoster vaccine uptake (typically <5%). Low coverage is driven chiefly by low awareness of vaccine benefits, inconsistent recommendations, and vaccine hesitancy, together with often complex adult vaccine access pathways. Initiatives and remedies aimed at augmenting adult vaccination rates are warranted.

介绍:人口结构的变化要求优化老年人的健康。疫苗可预防疾病对老年人(≥65 岁)造成了巨大的临床和经济负担:本叙述性综述总结了沙特阿拉伯、阿拉伯联合酋长国和土耳其三个国家的成人免疫接种情况,并通过文献检索、Pubmed(2023 年 9 月 23 日至 27 日)以及谷歌学术(Google Scholar)的引文追踪进行了补充。对现有的疫苗接种建议和已发表的数据进行了审查,以评估疫苗的接种率,主要侧重于核心成人疫苗(季节性流感、肺炎球菌和带状疱疹)。此外,还回顾了疫苗获得和接种的障碍,并介绍了提高老年人(≥65 岁)或其他高风险成年人接种推荐疫苗的倡议:专家意见:在所有三个国家,推荐的成人疫苗接种率都很低。在老年人和高风险的年轻人中,每年接种季节性流感疫苗的比例通常低于 50%;在符合条件的成年人中,肺炎球菌疫苗的接种率甚至更低 (
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引用次数: 0
Immunogenicity and safety of two-dose or three-dose regimens of inactivated COVID-19 vaccines in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis: a randomized clinical trial. 肺结核患者接种两剂或三剂 COVID-19 灭活疫苗的免疫原性和安全性:随机临床试验。
IF 5.5 3区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-11 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2425283
Pengfei Jin, Qiao Liu, Wenli Chen, Xilin Guo, Hongmei Jiang, Ruimei Zhang, Mingdong Ding, Kui Zhang, Zhaolan Cao, Jiexiao He, Siyue Jia, Mingwei Wei, Yuansheng Hu, Lunbiao Cui, Jianfeng Wang, Zhuopei Li, Xiaoyin Zhang, Xin Xia, Yanfei Wu, Li Zhou, Yawen Zhu, Chunjing Gao, Tiantian Zhang, Fengcai Zhu, Gang Zeng, Limei Zhu, Jingxin Li

Background: To assess the immunogenicity and safety of two-dose regimen of inactivated COVID-19 vaccines in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), and explored the potential benefits of additional dose.

Research design and methods: 182 PTB patients were randomly (1:1) assigned to the standard-dose group to receive three standard doses of inactivated COVID-19 vaccines, or the double-dose boosting group to receive two standard doses plus a double dose, with a 28-day interval. 40 healthy controls were assigned to receive two doses of inactivated COVID-19 vaccines 28 days apart. The primary endpoint was neutralizing antibodies 28 days after the second vaccination.

Results: Two doses of inactivated COVID-19 vaccines induced comparable neutralizing antibodies in PTB patients and the healthy controls, with GMTs against ancestral SARS-CoV-2 of 36.8 vs 31.4 (p = 0.4618) and seroconversion rates of 83.9% vs 87.5% (p = 0.6965). In the PTB patients, a third dose at day 56 led to a modest increase in neutralizing antibodies compared to the second dose, with a GMT fold increase of 1.3-1.8. Most adverse reactions were mild pain at the injection site.

Conclusions: Inactivated COVID-19 vaccine was safe and immunogenic in PTB patients, and two-dose immunization could induce moderate level of humoral responses similar to the healthy adults.

Clinical trials registration: www.clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT05148949.

研究背景研究设计与方法:将182名肺结核患者随机(1:1)分配到标准剂量组,接种3个标准剂量的COVID-19灭活疫苗;或分配到双剂量加强组,接种2个标准剂量加1个双剂量,间隔28天。40名健康对照组被分配接种两剂COVID-19灭活疫苗,间隔28天。主要终点是第二次接种后28天的中和抗体:结果:两剂 COVID-19 灭活疫苗在 PTB 患者和健康对照组中诱导的中和抗体相当,对祖先 SARS-CoV-2 的 GMT 值为 36.8 vs 31.4(p = 0.4618),血清转换率为 83.9% vs 87.5%(p = 0.6965)。在 PTB 患者中,与第二剂相比,第 56 天的第三剂会导致中和抗体的适度增加,GMT 倍数增加 1.3-1.8。大多数不良反应是注射部位轻微疼痛:COVID-19灭活疫苗对肺结核患者安全且具有免疫原性,两剂免疫可诱导中等水平的体液反应,与健康成人相似。临床试验注册:www.clinicaltrials.gov identifier:NCT05148949。
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引用次数: 0
Estimating the time required to reach HPV vaccination targets across Europe. 估算欧洲实现 HPV 疫苗接种目标所需的时间。
IF 6.2 3区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2402535
Ilias Gountas,Mohammed Aman,Deepak Alexander,Robert Hughes,Georgie Weston,Ugne Sabale
BACKGROUNDCervical cancer (CC) is one of the most common causes of cancer-related deaths in women. The World Health Organization (WHO) has called for the CC elimination as a public health priority and has urged countries to achieve a 90% vaccine coverage rate of human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination among 15-year-old girls by 2030.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSRegression models were fitted to the WHO HPV vaccine coverage rate data to estimate when the 90% vaccine coverage rate target would be achieved in 22 European countries.RESULTSThe mean vaccine coverage rate of included countries was 62.2% (SD: 18.3). Nine countries (Iceland, Norway, Portugal, Ireland, Hungary, Spain, Sweden, Denmark, and Switzerland) are expected to achieve a 90% vaccine coverage rate by 2030. Six countries (Estonia, Cyprus, Netherlands, France, Germany, and Italy) are expected to reach a 90% vaccine coverage rate between 2030 and 2040 whereas seven countries (Belgium, Bulgaria, Finland, Latvia, Luxembourg, Malta, and Slovenia) are not expected to achieve the 90% vaccine coverage rate target by 2040.CONCLUSIONThe majority of European countries are not on track to achieve 90% vaccine coverage rate by 2030. To achieve this, a significant increase in the annual vaccine coverage rate growth rate is required.
背景宫颈癌(CC)是导致女性癌症相关死亡的最常见原因之一。世界卫生组织(WHO)呼吁将消除宫颈癌作为公共卫生的优先事项,并敦促各国在 2030 年前使 15 岁女孩的人乳头瘤病毒 (HPV) 疫苗接种覆盖率达到 90%。研究设计与方法将回归模型拟合到 WHO HPV 疫苗接种覆盖率数据中,以估计 22 个欧洲国家何时能实现 90% 的疫苗接种覆盖率目标。预计到 2030 年,9 个国家(冰岛、挪威、葡萄牙、爱尔兰、匈牙利、西班牙、瑞典、丹麦和瑞士)将实现 90% 的疫苗覆盖率。六个国家(爱沙尼亚、塞浦路斯、荷兰、法国、德国和意大利)预计将在 2030 年至 2040 年间达到 90% 的疫苗覆盖率,而七个国家(比利时、保加利亚、芬兰、拉脱维亚、卢森堡、马耳他和斯洛文尼亚)预计到 2040 年无法实现 90% 的疫苗覆盖率目标。要实现这一目标,需要大幅提高疫苗覆盖率的年增长率。
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引用次数: 0
A descriptive review on the real-world impact of Moderna, inc. COVID-19 vaccines. 关于 Moderna, inc.COVID-19 疫苗的实际影响的描述性综述。
IF 6.2 3区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2402955
Mary Bausch-Jurken,Rachel S Dawson,Francesca Ceddia,Veronica Urdaneta,Morgan A Marks,Yohei Doi
INTRODUCTIONSince the original COVID-19 vaccines were developed, abundant clinical trial and real-world evidence evaluating the efficacy, effectiveness, and safety of COVID-19 vaccines has been collected. Knowledge of the relative benefits and risks of COVID-19 vaccines is essential for building trust within target populations, ensuring they remain effectively and safely protected against an enduring infectious threat.AREAS COVEREDThis descriptive review discusses the benefits and risks associated with marketed Moderna, Inc. mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines, focusing on their real-world effectiveness and safety profiles in various age groups. Adverse events of interest and potential benefits of vaccination are reviewed, including reduced risk for severe COVID-19 and long-term health outcomes, reduced economic and societal costs, and reduced risk for SARS-CoV-2 transmission.EXPERT OPINIONPost-marketing safety and real-world data for Moderna, Inc. COVID-19 mRNA vaccines strongly support a positive benefit - risk profile favoring vaccination across all age groups. Although COVID-19 is no longer considered a global health pandemic, health risks associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection remain high. Concerted efforts are required to engage communities and maintain protection through vaccination. Continued surveillance of emerging variants and monitoring of vaccine safety and effectiveness are crucial for ensuring sustained protection against SARS-CoV-2.
简介自最初开发 COVID-19 疫苗以来,已经收集了大量临床试验和真实世界的证据来评估 COVID-19 疫苗的效力、有效性和安全性。了解 COVID-19 疫苗的相对益处和风险对于在目标人群中建立信任至关重要,可确保他们得到有效、安全的保护,免受持久的传染病威胁。 本描述性综述讨论了与已上市的 Moderna 公司基于 mRNA 的 COVID-19 疫苗相关的益处和风险,重点关注其在不同年龄段的实际有效性和安全性。专家意见:Moderna, Inc. COVID-19 mRNA 疫苗上市后的安全性和真实世界数据表明,该疫苗可降低严重 COVID-19 和长期健康后果的风险,降低经济和社会成本,并降低 SARS-CoV-2 传播的风险。COVID-19 mRNA 疫苗上市后的安全性和真实世界数据有力地证明了接种疫苗对所有年龄组都有积极的收益-风险分析。尽管 COVID-19 已不再被认为是全球健康大流行病,但与 SARS-CoV-2 感染相关的健康风险仍然很高。需要共同努力让社区参与进来,并通过接种疫苗保持保护。对新出现的变种进行持续监测以及对疫苗的安全性和有效性进行监控,对于确保持续预防 SARS-CoV-2 至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Vaccination strategies for patients under monoclonal antibody and other biological treatments: an updated comprehensive review based on EMA authorizations to January 2024. 单克隆抗体和其他生物治疗患者的疫苗接种策略:根据截至 2024 年 1 月的 EMA 授权进行的最新全面审查。
IF 6.2 3区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2401839
Mario Rivera-Izquierdo,Arturo Morales-Portillo,Inmaculada Guerrero-Fernández de Alba,Nicolás Francisco Fernández-Martínez,Joan Antoni Schoenenberger-Arnaiz,José Luis Barranco-Quintana,Carmen Valero-Ubierna
INTRODUCTIONMonoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and other biological agents are being increasingly approved in the last years with very different indications. Their highly heterogeneous immunosuppressive effects, mechanisms of action and pharmacokinetics require comprehensive individualized vaccination schedules.AREAS COVEREDVaccination for immunocompromised patients. Prevention and treatment with mAbs and other biological therapies.EXPERT OPINIONCurrent recommendations on vaccine schedules for patients under mAbs or other biological treatments are based on expert opinions and are not individualized according to each vaccine and treatment. No studies are focusing on the high heterogeneity of these agents, that are exponentially developed and used for many different indications. Recent paradigm changes in vaccine development (boosted by the COVID-19 pandemic) and in the mAbs use for prophylactic purposes (changing 'vaccination' by 'immunization' schedules) has been witnessed in the last years. We aimed at collecting all mAbs used for treatment or prevention, approved as of 1 January 2024, by the EMA. Based on available data on mAbs and vaccines, we propose a comprehensive guide for personalizing vaccination. Recent vaccine developments and current population strategies (e.g. zoster vaccination or prophylactic nirsevimab) are discussed. This review aims to be a practical guideline for professionals working in vaccine consultations for immunosuppressed patients.
简介近年来,越来越多的单克隆抗体(mAbs)和其他生物制剂被批准用于不同的适应症。它们的免疫抑制作用、作用机制和药代动力学各不相同,因此需要制定全面的个体化疫苗接种计划。专家观点目前针对接受 mAbs 或其他生物治疗的患者的疫苗接种计划建议是基于专家意见,并没有根据每种疫苗和治疗方法进行个体化。没有任何研究关注这些制剂的高度异质性,这些制剂被成倍地开发并用于许多不同的适应症。在过去几年中,疫苗开发(受 COVID-19 大流行的推动)和用于预防目的的 mAbs(将 "疫苗接种 "改为 "免疫接种")的模式发生了最新变化。我们的目标是收集截至 2024 年 1 月 1 日由 EMA 批准的所有用于治疗或预防的 mAbs。根据现有的 mAbs 和疫苗数据,我们提出了个性化疫苗接种的综合指南。其中讨论了疫苗的最新发展和当前的人群策略(如带状疱疹疫苗接种或预防性的 nirsevimab)。本综述旨在为从事免疫抑制患者疫苗咨询工作的专业人员提供实用指南。
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引用次数: 0
Anti-neuraminidase immunity in the combat against influenza 抗神经氨酸酶免疫在流感防治中的作用
IF 6.2 3区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-17 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2343689
Xiaojian Zhang, Ted M. Ross
Anti-neuraminidase (NA) immunity correlates with the protection against influenza virus infection in both human and animal models. The aim of this review is to better understand the mechanism of an...
在人类和动物模型中,抗神经氨酸酶(NA)免疫与抵御流感病毒感染有关。本综述旨在更好地了解抗神经氨酸酶(NA)免疫的机制。
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引用次数: 0
Developing variant-adapted COVID-19 vaccines to improve protection against Omicron and other recent variants: a plain language summary 开发适应变种的 COVID-19 疫苗,提高对 Omicron 和其他最新变种的保护:浅显易懂的摘要
IF 6.2 3区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-05 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2320858
Shanti Pather, Alexander Muik, Ruben Rizzi, Federico Mensa
What are variant-adapted COVID-19 vaccines?The COVID-19 vaccine developed by BioNTech and Pfizer is known as BNT162b2 (Comirnaty). BNT162b2 contains messenger RNA, or mRNA, from SARS-CoV-2. SARS-Co...
什么是变异适应型 COVID-19 疫苗?BioNTech 和辉瑞公司开发的 COVID-19 疫苗被称为 BNT162b2 (Comirnaty)。BNT162b2含有来自SARS-CoV-2的信使核糖核酸(或mRNA)。SARS-Co...
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引用次数: 0
Adult risk groups for vaccine preventable respiratory infections: an overview of the UK environment. 疫苗可预防呼吸道感染的成人风险群体:英国环境概述。
IF 5.5 3区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-17 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2428243
Charles Reynard, James Campling, Adam L Gordon, George Kassianos, Hui-Hsuan Liu, Alex Richter, Andrew Vyse, Dexter J Wiseman, Hannah Wright, Gillian Ellsbury

Introduction: Vaccine-preventable respiratory infections (VPRI) including those caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, influenza, respiratory syncytial virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pose substantial challenges to health and social care systems. In the UK, routine adult respiratory vaccination programs are in place. The objective of this article is to review the current evidence on the impact of four seasonal VPRIs in adults risk group definitions and to explore the strengths and limitations of current recommendations, and to identify evidence gaps for further research.

Areas covered: Relevant evidence on UK data from surveillance systems, observational studies and publicly available government documents is collated and reviewed, as well as selected global data.

Expert opinion: Disparities exist between adult risk group categories for different respiratory vaccination programs as defined in the current vaccination guidance. The burden of multiple respiratory pathogens signifies importance of routine multi-pathogen testing with the need for a resilient and large-scale national surveillance system. Further understanding of epidemiological trends and disease burden will help guide decision-making and planning of targeted strategies for disease prevention and control. Addressing inequalities in disease burden and vaccine coverage particularly in clinical risk groups, and promoting equitable vaccine access remain a priority.

导言:疫苗可预防的呼吸道感染(VPRI),包括由肺炎链球菌、流感、呼吸道合胞病毒和严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒 2(SARS-CoV-2)引起的呼吸道感染,给医疗和社会保健系统带来了巨大挑战。在英国,常规的成人呼吸道疫苗接种计划已经实施。本文旨在回顾目前有关四种季节性 VPRIs 对成人风险组定义的影响的证据,探讨目前建议的优势和局限性,并找出有待进一步研究的证据差距:专家意见:专家意见:根据现行疫苗接种指南的定义,不同呼吸道疫苗接种计划的成人风险群体类别之间存在差异。多种呼吸道病原体造成的负担表明,常规的多种病原体检测非常重要,需要一个有弹性和大规模的国家监测系统。进一步了解流行病学趋势和疾病负担将有助于指导决策和规划有针对性的疾病防控战略。解决疾病负担和疫苗覆盖率不平等的问题,特别是在临床风险群体中,以及促进疫苗的公平接种仍然是一个优先事项。
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引用次数: 0
Immune mechanisms targeting malaria transmission: opportunities for vaccine development. 针对疟疾传播的免疫机制:疫苗开发的机遇。
IF 5.5 3区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-25 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2369583
Geetha P Bansal, Nirbhay Kumar

Introduction: Malaria continues to remain a major global health problem with nearly a quarter of a billion clinical cases and more than 600,000 deaths in 2022. There has been significant progress toward vaccine development, however, poor efficacy of approved vaccines requiring multiple immunizing doses emphasizes the need for continued efforts toward improved vaccines. Progress to date, nonetheless, has provided impetus for malaria elimination.

Areas covered: In this review we will focus on diverse immune mechanisms targeting gametocytes in the human host and gametocyte-mediated malaria transmission via the mosquito vector.

Expert opinion: To march toward the goal of malaria elimination it will be critical to target the process of malaria transmission by mosquitoes, mediated exclusively by the sexual stages, i.e. male, and female gametocytes, ingested from infected vertebrate host. Studies over several decades have established antigens in the parasite sexual stages developing in the mosquito midgut as attractive targets for the development of transmission blocking vaccines (TBVs). Immune clearance of gametocytes in the vertebrate host can synergize with TBVs and directly aid in maintaining effective transmission reducing immune potential.

导言:疟疾仍然是全球主要的健康问题,2022 年临床病例将近 25 亿,死亡人数超过 6 万。疫苗研发工作已取得重大进展,但已批准的疫苗疗效不佳,需要多次免疫接种,因此需要继续努力改进疫苗。不过,迄今取得的进展为消除疟疾提供了动力:在这篇综述中,我们将重点关注针对人类宿主配子体的各种免疫机制,以及配子体通过蚊媒介导的疟疾传播:要实现消灭疟疾的目标,关键是要针对蚊子传播疟疾的过程,这一过程完全由从受感染脊椎动物宿主体内摄取的有性阶段(即雄性和雌性配子体)介导。几十年来的研究已经确定,在蚊子中肠中发育的寄生虫有性阶段中的抗原是开发传播阻断疫苗(TBV)的诱人靶标。脊椎动物宿主体内配子细胞的免疫清除可与 TBV 协同作用,直接帮助维持有效的传播,降低免疫潜能。
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引用次数: 0
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Expert Review of Vaccines
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