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Hookworm vaccines: current and future directions. 钩虫疫苗:当前和未来的方向。
IF 5.5 3区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2410893
Eti R Sarkar, Suchandan Sikder, Paul Giacomin, Alex Loukas

Introduction: Hookworms infect about half a billion people worldwide and are responsible for the loss of more than two billion disability-adjusted life years. Mass drug administration (MDA) is the most popular preventive approach, but it does not prevent reinfection. An effective vaccine would be a major public health tool in hookworm-endemic areas.

Areas covered: We highlight recent human studies where vaccination with irradiated larvae and repeated rounds of infection-treatment have induced partial protection. These studies have emphasized the importance of targeting the infective larvae to generate immunity to prevent adult worms from maturing in the gut. We summarize the current status of human and animal model vaccine trials.

Expert opinion: Hookworm infection is endemic in resource-poor developing regions where polyparasitism is common, and vaccine cold chain logistics are complex. Humans do not develop sterile immunity to hookworms, and the elderly are frequently overlooked in MDA campaigns. For all these reasons, a vaccine is essential to create long-lasting protection. The lack of a robust animal model to mimic human hookworm infections is a barrier to the discovery and development of a vaccine, however, there have been major recent advances in human challenge studies which will accelerate the process.

导言:全世界约有 5 亿人受到钩虫感染,造成的残疾调整寿命损失超过 20 亿年。大规模用药(MDA)是最常用的预防方法,但无法防止再次感染。有效的疫苗将成为钩虫流行地区的主要公共卫生工具:我们重点介绍了最近的一些人类研究,在这些研究中,用经过辐照的幼虫接种疫苗并反复进行感染治疗,可以产生部分保护作用。这些研究强调了针对感染性幼虫产生免疫力以防止成虫在肠道中成熟的重要性。我们总结了人类和动物模型疫苗试验的现状:钩虫感染是资源匮乏的发展中地区的地方病,这些地区常见多寄生虫,疫苗冷链物流非常复杂。人类不会对钩虫产生无菌免疫,而且在 MDA 运动中,老年人经常被忽视。鉴于上述原因,疫苗对于提供持久保护至关重要。缺乏可靠的动物模型来模拟人类钩虫感染是发现和开发疫苗的一个障碍,不过,最近在人类挑战研究方面取得了重大进展,这将加快这一进程。
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引用次数: 0
Estimating the time required to reach HPV vaccination targets across Europe. 估算欧洲实现 HPV 疫苗接种目标所需的时间。
IF 6.2 3区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2402535
Ilias Gountas,Mohammed Aman,Deepak Alexander,Robert Hughes,Georgie Weston,Ugne Sabale
BACKGROUNDCervical cancer (CC) is one of the most common causes of cancer-related deaths in women. The World Health Organization (WHO) has called for the CC elimination as a public health priority and has urged countries to achieve a 90% vaccine coverage rate of human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination among 15-year-old girls by 2030.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSRegression models were fitted to the WHO HPV vaccine coverage rate data to estimate when the 90% vaccine coverage rate target would be achieved in 22 European countries.RESULTSThe mean vaccine coverage rate of included countries was 62.2% (SD: 18.3). Nine countries (Iceland, Norway, Portugal, Ireland, Hungary, Spain, Sweden, Denmark, and Switzerland) are expected to achieve a 90% vaccine coverage rate by 2030. Six countries (Estonia, Cyprus, Netherlands, France, Germany, and Italy) are expected to reach a 90% vaccine coverage rate between 2030 and 2040 whereas seven countries (Belgium, Bulgaria, Finland, Latvia, Luxembourg, Malta, and Slovenia) are not expected to achieve the 90% vaccine coverage rate target by 2040.CONCLUSIONThe majority of European countries are not on track to achieve 90% vaccine coverage rate by 2030. To achieve this, a significant increase in the annual vaccine coverage rate growth rate is required.
背景宫颈癌(CC)是导致女性癌症相关死亡的最常见原因之一。世界卫生组织(WHO)呼吁将消除宫颈癌作为公共卫生的优先事项,并敦促各国在 2030 年前使 15 岁女孩的人乳头瘤病毒 (HPV) 疫苗接种覆盖率达到 90%。研究设计与方法将回归模型拟合到 WHO HPV 疫苗接种覆盖率数据中,以估计 22 个欧洲国家何时能实现 90% 的疫苗接种覆盖率目标。预计到 2030 年,9 个国家(冰岛、挪威、葡萄牙、爱尔兰、匈牙利、西班牙、瑞典、丹麦和瑞士)将实现 90% 的疫苗覆盖率。六个国家(爱沙尼亚、塞浦路斯、荷兰、法国、德国和意大利)预计将在 2030 年至 2040 年间达到 90% 的疫苗覆盖率,而七个国家(比利时、保加利亚、芬兰、拉脱维亚、卢森堡、马耳他和斯洛文尼亚)预计到 2040 年无法实现 90% 的疫苗覆盖率目标。要实现这一目标,需要大幅提高疫苗覆盖率的年增长率。
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引用次数: 0
A descriptive review on the real-world impact of Moderna, inc. COVID-19 vaccines. 关于 Moderna, inc.COVID-19 疫苗的实际影响的描述性综述。
IF 6.2 3区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2402955
Mary Bausch-Jurken,Rachel S Dawson,Francesca Ceddia,Veronica Urdaneta,Morgan A Marks,Yohei Doi
INTRODUCTIONSince the original COVID-19 vaccines were developed, abundant clinical trial and real-world evidence evaluating the efficacy, effectiveness, and safety of COVID-19 vaccines has been collected. Knowledge of the relative benefits and risks of COVID-19 vaccines is essential for building trust within target populations, ensuring they remain effectively and safely protected against an enduring infectious threat.AREAS COVEREDThis descriptive review discusses the benefits and risks associated with marketed Moderna, Inc. mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines, focusing on their real-world effectiveness and safety profiles in various age groups. Adverse events of interest and potential benefits of vaccination are reviewed, including reduced risk for severe COVID-19 and long-term health outcomes, reduced economic and societal costs, and reduced risk for SARS-CoV-2 transmission.EXPERT OPINIONPost-marketing safety and real-world data for Moderna, Inc. COVID-19 mRNA vaccines strongly support a positive benefit - risk profile favoring vaccination across all age groups. Although COVID-19 is no longer considered a global health pandemic, health risks associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection remain high. Concerted efforts are required to engage communities and maintain protection through vaccination. Continued surveillance of emerging variants and monitoring of vaccine safety and effectiveness are crucial for ensuring sustained protection against SARS-CoV-2.
简介自最初开发 COVID-19 疫苗以来,已经收集了大量临床试验和真实世界的证据来评估 COVID-19 疫苗的效力、有效性和安全性。了解 COVID-19 疫苗的相对益处和风险对于在目标人群中建立信任至关重要,可确保他们得到有效、安全的保护,免受持久的传染病威胁。 本描述性综述讨论了与已上市的 Moderna 公司基于 mRNA 的 COVID-19 疫苗相关的益处和风险,重点关注其在不同年龄段的实际有效性和安全性。专家意见:Moderna, Inc. COVID-19 mRNA 疫苗上市后的安全性和真实世界数据表明,该疫苗可降低严重 COVID-19 和长期健康后果的风险,降低经济和社会成本,并降低 SARS-CoV-2 传播的风险。COVID-19 mRNA 疫苗上市后的安全性和真实世界数据有力地证明了接种疫苗对所有年龄组都有积极的收益-风险分析。尽管 COVID-19 已不再被认为是全球健康大流行病,但与 SARS-CoV-2 感染相关的健康风险仍然很高。需要共同努力让社区参与进来,并通过接种疫苗保持保护。对新出现的变种进行持续监测以及对疫苗的安全性和有效性进行监控,对于确保持续预防 SARS-CoV-2 至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Vaccination strategies for patients under monoclonal antibody and other biological treatments: an updated comprehensive review based on EMA authorizations to January 2024. 单克隆抗体和其他生物治疗患者的疫苗接种策略:根据截至 2024 年 1 月的 EMA 授权进行的最新全面审查。
IF 6.2 3区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2401839
Mario Rivera-Izquierdo,Arturo Morales-Portillo,Inmaculada Guerrero-Fernández de Alba,Nicolás Francisco Fernández-Martínez,Joan Antoni Schoenenberger-Arnaiz,José Luis Barranco-Quintana,Carmen Valero-Ubierna
INTRODUCTIONMonoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and other biological agents are being increasingly approved in the last years with very different indications. Their highly heterogeneous immunosuppressive effects, mechanisms of action and pharmacokinetics require comprehensive individualized vaccination schedules.AREAS COVEREDVaccination for immunocompromised patients. Prevention and treatment with mAbs and other biological therapies.EXPERT OPINIONCurrent recommendations on vaccine schedules for patients under mAbs or other biological treatments are based on expert opinions and are not individualized according to each vaccine and treatment. No studies are focusing on the high heterogeneity of these agents, that are exponentially developed and used for many different indications. Recent paradigm changes in vaccine development (boosted by the COVID-19 pandemic) and in the mAbs use for prophylactic purposes (changing 'vaccination' by 'immunization' schedules) has been witnessed in the last years. We aimed at collecting all mAbs used for treatment or prevention, approved as of 1 January 2024, by the EMA. Based on available data on mAbs and vaccines, we propose a comprehensive guide for personalizing vaccination. Recent vaccine developments and current population strategies (e.g. zoster vaccination or prophylactic nirsevimab) are discussed. This review aims to be a practical guideline for professionals working in vaccine consultations for immunosuppressed patients.
简介近年来,越来越多的单克隆抗体(mAbs)和其他生物制剂被批准用于不同的适应症。它们的免疫抑制作用、作用机制和药代动力学各不相同,因此需要制定全面的个体化疫苗接种计划。专家观点目前针对接受 mAbs 或其他生物治疗的患者的疫苗接种计划建议是基于专家意见,并没有根据每种疫苗和治疗方法进行个体化。没有任何研究关注这些制剂的高度异质性,这些制剂被成倍地开发并用于许多不同的适应症。在过去几年中,疫苗开发(受 COVID-19 大流行的推动)和用于预防目的的 mAbs(将 "疫苗接种 "改为 "免疫接种")的模式发生了最新变化。我们的目标是收集截至 2024 年 1 月 1 日由 EMA 批准的所有用于治疗或预防的 mAbs。根据现有的 mAbs 和疫苗数据,我们提出了个性化疫苗接种的综合指南。其中讨论了疫苗的最新发展和当前的人群策略(如带状疱疹疫苗接种或预防性的 nirsevimab)。本综述旨在为从事免疫抑制患者疫苗咨询工作的专业人员提供实用指南。
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引用次数: 0
Comparison of preclinical efficacy of immunotherapies against HPV-induced cancers. 针对人乳头瘤病毒诱发癌症的免疫疗法临床前疗效比较。
IF 5.5 3区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-08 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2374287
Anastasia Demidova, Laëtitia Douguet, Ingrid Fert, Yu Wei, Pierre Charneau, Laleh Majlessi

Introduction: Persistent infections with the human papilloma viruses, HPV16 and HPV18, are associated with multiple cancers. Although prophylactic vaccines that induce HPV-neutralizing antibodies are effective against primary infections, they have no effect on HPV-mediated malignancies against which there is no approved immuno-therapy. Active research is ongoing on immunotherapy of these cancers.

Areas covered: In this review, we compared the preclinical efficacy of vaccine platforms used to treat HPV-induced tumors in the standard model of mice grafted with TC-1 cells, which express the HPV16 E6 and E7 oncoproteins. We searched for the key words, 'HPV,' 'vaccine,' 'therapy,' 'E7,' 'tumor,' 'T cells' and 'mice' for the period from 2005 to 2023 in PubMed and found 330 publications. Among them, we selected the most relevant to extract preclinical antitumor results to enable cross-sectional comparison of their efficacy.

Expert opinion section: We compared these studies for HPV antigen design, immunization regimen, immunogenicity, and antitumor effect, considering their drawbacks and advantages. Among all strategies used in murine models, certain adjuvanted proteins and viral vectors showed the strongest antitumor effects, with the use of lentiviral vectors being the only approach to result in complete tumor eradication in 100% of experimental individuals while providing the longest-lasting memory.

导言:人类乳头瘤病毒 HPV16 和 HPV18 的持续感染与多种癌症有关。虽然诱导人乳头状瘤病毒中和抗体的预防性疫苗对原发性感染有效,但对人乳头状瘤病毒介导的恶性肿瘤却没有效果,目前还没有针对这些肿瘤的免疫疗法获得批准。目前,针对这些癌症的免疫疗法研究正在进行中:在这篇综述中,我们比较了用于治疗HPV诱导的肿瘤的疫苗平台的临床前疗效,这些疫苗平台在小鼠标准模型中接种了表达HPV16 E6和E7肿瘤蛋白的TC-1细胞。我们在 PubMed 上搜索了 2005 年至 2023 年期间的关键词 "HPV"、"疫苗"、"治疗"、"E7"、"肿瘤"、"T 细胞 "和 "小鼠",共找到 330 篇论文。在这些研究中,我们选择了与临床前抗肿瘤结果最相关的研究,以便对其疗效进行横向比较:我们对这些研究的 HPV 抗原设计、免疫方案、免疫原性和抗肿瘤效果进行了比较,同时考虑了它们的缺点和优点。在小鼠模型中使用的所有策略中,某些佐剂蛋白和病毒载体显示出最强的抗肿瘤效果,而使用慢病毒载体是唯一能使100%的实验个体完全根除肿瘤,同时提供最持久记忆的方法。
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引用次数: 0
The zebrafish as a potential model for vaccine and adjuvant development. 斑马鱼作为疫苗和佐剂开发的潜在模型。
IF 6.2 3区 医学 Q1 Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics Pub Date : 2024-04-25 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2345685
P. Hotez, M. Bottazzi, N. Y. Islam, Jungsoon Lee, Jeroen Pollet, Cristina Poveda, U. Strych, S. Thimmiraju, Nestor Uzcategui Araujo, Leroy Versteeg, Daniel Gorelick
INTRODUCTIONZebrafishesrepresent a proven model for human diseases and systems biology, exhibitingphysiological and genetic similarities and having innate and adaptive immunesystems. However, they are underexplored for human vaccinology, vaccinedevelopment, and testing. Here we summarize gaps and challenges.AREAS COVEREDZebrafish models have fourpotential applications: 1) Vaccine safety: The pastsuccesses in using zebrafishes to test xenobiotics could extend to vaccine andadjuvant formulations for general safety or target organs due to the zebrafish embryos'optical transparency. 2) Innate immunity: The zebrafish offers refined ways toexamine vaccine effects through signaling via Toll-like or NOD-like receptors inzebrafish myeloid cells. 3) Adaptive immunity: Zebrafishes produce IgM, IgD,and two IgZ immunoglobulins, but these are understudied, due to a lack of immunologicalreagents for challenge studies. 4) Systems vaccinology: Due to the availabilityof a well-referenced zebrafish genome, transcriptome, proteome, and epigenome,this model offers potential here.EXPERT OPINIONIt remains unproven whether zebrafishes can beemployed for testing and developing human vaccines. We are still at thehypothesis-generating stage, although it is possible to begin outliningexperiments for this purpose. Throughtransgenic manipulation, zebrafish models could offer new paths for shapinganimal models and systems vaccinology.
引言斑马鱼是人类疾病和系统生物学的一个行之有效的模型,表现出生理学和遗传学上的相似性,并具有先天性和适应性免疫系统。然而,在人类疫苗学、疫苗开发和测试方面,斑马鱼还未得到充分开发。在此,我们总结了存在的差距和面临的挑战。所涵盖的领域斑马鱼模型有四个潜在的应用领域:1) 疫苗安全性:由于斑马鱼胚胎的光学透明性,过去利用斑马鱼测试异种生物的成功经验可扩展到疫苗和佐剂配方的一般安全性或目标器官。2) 先天性免疫:通过斑马鱼髓系细胞中的 Toll 类或 NOD 类受体信号传递,斑马鱼提供了研究疫苗效应的精细方法。3) 适应性免疫:斑马鱼能产生 IgM、IgD 和两种 IgZ 免疫球蛋白,但由于缺乏用于挑战研究的免疫试剂,对这些免疫球蛋白的研究不足。4) 系统疫苗学:由于斑马鱼的基因组、转录组、蛋白质组和表观遗传组都有很好的参考价值,因此该模型在这方面具有潜力。我们仍处于提出假设的阶段,不过可以开始为此目的进行实验。通过转基因操作,斑马鱼模型可以为塑造动物模型和系统疫苗学提供新的途径。
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引用次数: 0
Changing epidemiology of COVID-19: potential future impact on vaccines and vaccination strategies. 不断变化的 COVID-19 流行病学:未来对疫苗和疫苗接种策略的潜在影响。
IF 6.2 3区 医学 Q1 Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics Pub Date : 2024-04-24 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2346589
Timo Ulrichs, Morgane Rolland, Jianhong Wu, Marta C Nunes, Clotilde El Guerche-Séblain, Ayman Chit
INTRODUCTIONCOVID-19 was an unprecedented challenge worldwide; however, disease epidemiology has evolved, and COVID-19 no longer constitutes a public health emergency of international concern. Nonetheless, COVID-19 remains a global threat and uncertainties remain, including definition of the end of the pandemic and transition to endemicity, and understanding true rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection/transmission.AREAS COVEREDSix international experts convened (April 2023) to interpret changing COVID-19 epidemiology and public health challenges. We report the panel's recommendations and knowledge gaps in COVID-19 epidemiology, SARS-CoV-2 evolution, and future vaccination strategies, informed by peer-reviewed publications, surveillance data, health authority assessments, and clinical experience.EXPERT OPINIONHigh population SARS-CoV-2 immunity indicates the likely end to the pandemic's acute phase. Continued emergence of variants/sublineages that can evade the vaccine-induced antibody response are likely, but widespread immunity reduces the risk of disease severity.Continued surveillance is required to capture transition to endemicity, seasonality, and emergence of novel variants/sublineages, to inform future vaccination strategies. COVID-19 vaccination should be integrated into routine vaccination programs throughout life.Co-circulation with other respiratory viruses should be monitored to avoid a combined peak, which could overrun healthcare systems. Effective, combined vaccines and improved education may help overcome vaccine hesitancy/booster fatigue and increase vaccination uptake.
导言 COVID-19 在全球范围内是一个前所未有的挑战;然而,疾病流行病学已经发生了变化,COVID-19 不再构成国际关注的公共卫生紧急事件。尽管如此,COVID-19 仍是一个全球性威胁,不确定因素依然存在,包括大流行结束和向地方流行过渡的定义,以及了解 SARS-CoV-2 感染/传播的真实比率。我们报告了专家小组在 COVID-19 流行病学、SARS-CoV-2 演变和未来疫苗接种策略方面的建议和知识差距,这些建议和知识差距参考了同行评议出版物、监测数据、卫生机构评估和临床经验。需要继续进行监测,以捕捉向地方性流行过渡的情况、季节性以及新型变种/亚系的出现,为未来的疫苗接种策略提供依据。COVID-19疫苗接种应纳入一生中的常规疫苗接种计划。应监测与其他呼吸道病毒的共同流行情况,以避免出现可能导致医疗系统不堪重负的联合高峰。有效的联合疫苗和更好的教育可帮助克服疫苗犹豫/强化疲劳,提高疫苗接种率。
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引用次数: 0
Anti-neuraminidase immunity in the combat against influenza 抗神经氨酸酶免疫在流感防治中的作用
IF 6.2 3区 医学 Q1 Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics Pub Date : 2024-04-17 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2343689
Xiaojian Zhang, Ted M. Ross
Anti-neuraminidase (NA) immunity correlates with the protection against influenza virus infection in both human and animal models. The aim of this review is to better understand the mechanism of an...
在人类和动物模型中,抗神经氨酸酶(NA)免疫与抵御流感病毒感染有关。本综述旨在更好地了解抗神经氨酸酶(NA)免疫的机制。
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引用次数: 0
Developing variant-adapted COVID-19 vaccines to improve protection against Omicron and other recent variants: a plain language summary 开发适应变种的 COVID-19 疫苗,提高对 Omicron 和其他最新变种的保护:浅显易懂的摘要
IF 6.2 3区 医学 Q1 Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics Pub Date : 2024-04-05 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2320858
Shanti Pather, Alexander Muik, Ruben Rizzi, Federico Mensa
What are variant-adapted COVID-19 vaccines?The COVID-19 vaccine developed by BioNTech and Pfizer is known as BNT162b2 (Comirnaty). BNT162b2 contains messenger RNA, or mRNA, from SARS-CoV-2. SARS-Co...
什么是变异适应型 COVID-19 疫苗?BioNTech 和辉瑞公司开发的 COVID-19 疫苗被称为 BNT162b2 (Comirnaty)。BNT162b2含有来自SARS-CoV-2的信使核糖核酸(或mRNA)。SARS-Co...
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引用次数: 0
Adjuvant system AS01: from mode of action to effective vaccines. AS01佐剂系统:从作用模式到有效疫苗。
IF 5.5 3区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-05 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2382725
François Roman, Wivine Burny, Maria Angeles Ceregido, Béatrice Laupèze, Stéphane T Temmerman, Lucile Warter, Margherita Coccia

Introduction: The use of novel adjuvants in human vaccines continues to expand as their contribution to preventing disease in challenging populations and caused by complex pathogens is increasingly understood. AS01 is a family of liposome-based vaccine Adjuvant Systems containing two immunostimulants: 3-O-desacyl-4'-monophosphoryl lipid A and the saponin QS-21. AS01-containing vaccines have been approved and administered to millions of individuals worldwide.

Areas covered: Here, we report advances in our understanding of the mode of action of AS01 that contributed to the development of efficacious vaccines preventing disease due to malaria, herpes zoster, and respiratory syncytial virus. AS01 induces early innate immune activation that induces T cell-mediated and antibody-mediated responses with optimized functional characteristics and induction of immune memory. AS01-containing vaccines appear relatively impervious to baseline immune status translating into high efficacy across populations. Currently licensed AS01-containing vaccines have shown acceptable safety profiles in clinical trials and post-marketing settings.

Expert opinion: Initial expectations that adjuvantation with AS01 could support effective vaccine responses and contribute to disease control have been realized. Investigation of the utility of AS01 in vaccines to prevent other challenging diseases, such as tuberculosis, is ongoing, together with efforts to fully define its mechanisms of action in different vaccine settings.

简介:随着人们对新型佐剂在预防复杂病原体引起的高危人群疾病方面的作用有了越来越多的了解,新型佐剂在人类疫苗中的应用也在不断扩大。AS01 是一系列基于脂质体的疫苗佐剂系统,含有两种免疫刺激剂:3-O-去乙酰基-4'-单磷脂 A 和皂苷 QS-21。含 AS01 的疫苗已获得批准,并在全球范围内接种了数百万人:在此,我们报告了在了解 AS01 作用模式方面取得的进展,这些进展促进了预防疟疾、带状疱疹和呼吸道合胞病毒疾病的有效疫苗的开发。AS01 可诱导早期先天性免疫激活,从而诱导 T 细胞介导的反应和抗体介导的反应,并具有优化的功能特性和诱导免疫记忆。含 AS01 的疫苗似乎相对不受基线免疫状态的影响,因此在不同人群中都有很高的疗效。目前获得许可的含 AS01 疫苗在临床试验和上市后环境中表现出可接受的安全性:专家意见:最初人们期望 AS01 佐剂能够支持有效的疫苗反应并有助于疾病控制,但这一期望已经实现。目前正在研究 AS01 在疫苗中的作用,以预防结核病等其他具有挑战性的疾病,同时还在努力充分确定其在不同疫苗环境中的作用机制。
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引用次数: 0
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Expert Review of Vaccines
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