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Adjuvant system AS01: from mode of action to effective vaccines. AS01佐剂系统:从作用模式到有效疫苗。
IF 5.5 3区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-05 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2382725
François Roman, Wivine Burny, Maria Angeles Ceregido, Béatrice Laupèze, Stéphane T Temmerman, Lucile Warter, Margherita Coccia

Introduction: The use of novel adjuvants in human vaccines continues to expand as their contribution to preventing disease in challenging populations and caused by complex pathogens is increasingly understood. AS01 is a family of liposome-based vaccine Adjuvant Systems containing two immunostimulants: 3-O-desacyl-4'-monophosphoryl lipid A and the saponin QS-21. AS01-containing vaccines have been approved and administered to millions of individuals worldwide.

Areas covered: Here, we report advances in our understanding of the mode of action of AS01 that contributed to the development of efficacious vaccines preventing disease due to malaria, herpes zoster, and respiratory syncytial virus. AS01 induces early innate immune activation that induces T cell-mediated and antibody-mediated responses with optimized functional characteristics and induction of immune memory. AS01-containing vaccines appear relatively impervious to baseline immune status translating into high efficacy across populations. Currently licensed AS01-containing vaccines have shown acceptable safety profiles in clinical trials and post-marketing settings.

Expert opinion: Initial expectations that adjuvantation with AS01 could support effective vaccine responses and contribute to disease control have been realized. Investigation of the utility of AS01 in vaccines to prevent other challenging diseases, such as tuberculosis, is ongoing, together with efforts to fully define its mechanisms of action in different vaccine settings.

简介:随着人们对新型佐剂在预防复杂病原体引起的高危人群疾病方面的作用有了越来越多的了解,新型佐剂在人类疫苗中的应用也在不断扩大。AS01 是一系列基于脂质体的疫苗佐剂系统,含有两种免疫刺激剂:3-O-去乙酰基-4'-单磷脂 A 和皂苷 QS-21。含 AS01 的疫苗已获得批准,并在全球范围内接种了数百万人:在此,我们报告了在了解 AS01 作用模式方面取得的进展,这些进展促进了预防疟疾、带状疱疹和呼吸道合胞病毒疾病的有效疫苗的开发。AS01 可诱导早期先天性免疫激活,从而诱导 T 细胞介导的反应和抗体介导的反应,并具有优化的功能特性和诱导免疫记忆。含 AS01 的疫苗似乎相对不受基线免疫状态的影响,因此在不同人群中都有很高的疗效。目前获得许可的含 AS01 疫苗在临床试验和上市后环境中表现出可接受的安全性:专家意见:最初人们期望 AS01 佐剂能够支持有效的疫苗反应并有助于疾病控制,但这一期望已经实现。目前正在研究 AS01 在疫苗中的作用,以预防结核病等其他具有挑战性的疾病,同时还在努力充分确定其在不同疫苗环境中的作用机制。
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引用次数: 0
Modeling the potential public health and economic impact of different COVID-19 booster dose vaccination strategies with an adapted vaccine in the United Kingdom. 模拟在英国使用改良疫苗接种不同 COVID-19 强化剂量疫苗策略可能产生的公共卫生和经济影响。
IF 5.5 3区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-05 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2383343
Cale Harrison, Rebecca Butfield, Ben Yarnoff, Jingyan Yang

Background: Updating vaccines is essential for combatting emerging coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) variants. This study assessed the public health and economic impact of a booster dose of an adapted vaccine in the United Kingdom (UK).

Methods: A Markov-decision tree model estimated the outcomes of vaccination strategies targeting various age and risk groups in the UK. Age-specific data derived from published sources were used. The model estimated case numbers, deaths, hospitalizations, medical costs, and societal costs. Scenario analyses were conducted to explore uncertainty.

Results: Vaccination targeting individuals aged ≥ 65 years and the high-risk population aged 12-64 years was estimated to avert 701,549 symptomatic cases, 5,599 deaths, 18,086 hospitalizations, 56,326 post-COVID condition cases, and 38,263 lost quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), translating into direct and societal cost savings of £112,174,054 and £542,758,682, respectively. The estimated economically justifiable price at willingness-to-pay thresholds of £20,000 and £30,000 per QALY was £43 and £61, respectively, from the payer perspective and £64 and £82, respectively, from the societal perspective. Expanding to additional age groups improved the public health impact.

Conclusions: Targeting individuals aged ≥ 65 years and those aged 12-64 years at high risk yields public health gains, but expansion to additional age groups provides additional gains.

背景:更新疫苗对于抗击新出现的冠状病毒病2019(COVID-19)变种至关重要。本研究评估了英国加强接种改良疫苗对公共卫生和经济的影响:马尔可夫决策树模型估算了英国针对不同年龄和风险群体的疫苗接种策略的结果。模型使用了从公开资料中获得的特定年龄数据。该模型估算了病例数、死亡人数、住院人数、医疗成本和社会成本。为探讨不确定性,还进行了情景分析:针对年龄≥65 岁的个体和 12-64 岁的高危人群接种疫苗,估计可避免 701,549 例症状病例、5,599 例死亡、18,086 例住院、56,326 例 COVID 后病例和 38,263 例质量调整生命年 (QALY) 损失,直接和社会成本节约分别为 112,174,054 英镑和 542,758,682 英镑。在每 QALY 20,000 英镑和 30,000 英镑的支付意愿阈值下,从支付方角度估算的经济合理价格分别为 43 英镑和 61 英镑,从社会角度估算的经济合理价格分别为 64 英镑和 82 英镑。将研究范围扩大到更多年龄组可提高对公共健康的影响:结论:以年龄≥65 岁和 12-64 岁的高风险人群为目标可获得公共健康收益,但扩大到更多年龄组可获得额外收益。
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引用次数: 0
Modeling undetected poliovirus circulation following the 2022 outbreak in the United States. 2022 年美国爆发脊髓灰质炎疫情后未被发现的脊髓灰质炎病毒传播模型。
IF 5.5 3区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-01-04 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2299401
Dominika A Kalkowska, Kamran Badizadegan, Janell A Routh, Cara C Burns, Eli S Rosenberg, I Ravi Brenner, Jane R Zucker, Marisa Langdon-Embry, Kimberly M Thompson

Background: New York State (NYS) reported a polio case (June 2022) and outbreak of imported type 2 circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV2) (last positive wastewater detection in February 2023), for which uncertainty remains about potential ongoing undetected transmission.

Research design and methods: Extending a prior deterministic model, we apply an established stochastic modeling approach to characterize the confidence about no circulation (CNC) of cVDPV2 as a function of time since the last detected signal of transmission (i.e. poliovirus positive acute flaccid myelitis case or wastewater sample).

Results: With the surveillance coverage for the NYS population majority and its focus on outbreak counties, modeling suggests a high CNC (95%) within 3-10 months of the last positive surveillance signal, depending on surveillance sensitivity and population mixing patterns. Uncertainty about surveillance sensitivity implies longer durations required to achieve higher CNC.

Conclusions: In populations that maintain high overall immunization coverage with inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV), rare polio cases may occur in un(der)-vaccinated individuals. Modeling demonstrates the unlikeliness of type 2 outbreaks reestablishing endemic transmission or resulting in large absolute numbers of paralytic cases. Achieving and maintaining high immunization coverage with IPV remains the most effective measure to prevent outbreaks and shorten the duration of imported poliovirus transmission.

背景:纽约州(NYS)报告了一例脊髓灰质炎病例(2022 年 6 月)和输入性 2 型循环疫苗衍生脊髓灰质炎病毒(cVDPV2)疫情(最后一次阳性废水检测时间为 2023 年 2 月),目前仍存在未检测到的潜在传播的不确定性:我们对先前的确定性模型进行了扩展,采用成熟的随机建模方法来描述 cVDPV2 无传播(CNC)的置信度与最后一次检测到传播信号(即脊髓灰质炎病毒阳性急性弛缓性脊髓炎病例或废水样本)后时间的函数关系:由于监测范围覆盖了纽约州的大部分人口,且重点关注疫情爆发县,根据监测灵敏度和人口混合模式,建模结果表明在最后一次监测信号呈阳性后的 3-10 个月内 CNC(95%)较高。监测灵敏度的不确定性意味着需要更长的时间才能达到较高的 CNC:结论:在脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗(IPV)免疫覆盖率较高的人群中,未接种疫苗的个体可能会出现罕见的脊髓灰质炎病例。模型分析表明,此类疫情不太可能重新形成地方性传播或导致大量麻痹病例。实现并保持 IPV 的高免疫覆盖率仍然是预防疫情爆发和缩短输入性脊髓灰质炎病毒传播持续时间的最有效措施。
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引用次数: 0
Multiple antigen presenting system (MAPS): state of the art and potential applications. 多重抗原递呈系统(MAPS):最新技术和潜在应用。
IF 6.2 3区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-01-08 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2299384
Richard Malley, Ying-Jie Lu, Shite Sebastian, Fan Zhang, David O Willer

Introduction: Technological innovations have been instrumental in advancing vaccine design and protective benefit. Improvements in the safety, tolerability, and efficacy/effectiveness profiles have profoundly reduced vaccine-preventable global disease morbidity and mortality. Here we present an original vaccine platform, the Multiple Antigen Presenting System (MAPS), that relies on high-affinity interactions between a biotinylated polysaccharide (PS) and rhizavidin-fused pathogen-specific proteins. MAPS allows for flexible combinations of various PS and protein components.

Areas covered: This narrative review summarizes the underlying principles of MAPS and describes its applications for vaccine design against bacterial and viral pathogens in non-clinical and clinical settings.

Expert opinion: The utilization of high-affinity non-covalent biotin-rhizavidin interactions in MAPS allows for combining multiple PS and disease-specific protein antigens in a single vaccine. The modular design enables a simplified exchange of vaccine components. Published studies indicate that MAPS technology may support enhanced immunogenic breadth (covering more serotypes, inducing B- and T-cell responses) beyond that which may be elicited via PS- or protein-based conjugate vaccines. Importantly, a more detailed characterization of MAPS-based candidate vaccines is warranted, especially in clinical studies. It is anticipated that MAPS-based vaccines could be adapted and leveraged across numerous diseases of global public health importance.

导言:技术创新在推动疫苗设计和保护作用方面发挥了重要作用。安全性、耐受性和效力/有效性方面的改进大大降低了疫苗可预防的全球性疾病的发病率和死亡率。在此,我们介绍一种独创的疫苗平台--多抗原呈递系统(MAPS),它依赖于生物素化多糖(PS)与融合了根瘤菌素的病原体特异性蛋白之间的高亲和力相互作用。MAPS 允许灵活组合各种 PS 和蛋白质成分:本综述概述了 MAPS 的基本原理,并介绍了其在非临床和临床环境中用于设计针对细菌和病毒病原体的疫苗的应用:专家观点:MAPS利用高亲和力的非共价生物素-水苏碱相互作用,可在单一疫苗中结合多种PS和疾病特异性蛋白抗原。模块化设计可简化疫苗成分的交换。已发表的研究表明,MAPS 技术可支持更高的免疫原性广度(覆盖更多血清型,诱导 B 细胞和 T 细胞反应),超过 PS 疫苗或基于蛋白质的结合疫苗所能激发的免疫原性广度。重要的是,需要对基于 MAPS 的候选疫苗进行更详细的特征描述,尤其是在临床研究中。预计基于 MAPS 的疫苗可适用于多种具有全球公共卫生重要性的疾病。
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引用次数: 0
Immunogenicity and safety of Vero cell culture-derived Japanese encephalitis vaccine: a phase 3 study in Chinese infants. 源于 Vero 细胞培养的日本脑炎疫苗的免疫原性和安全性:中国婴儿的 3 期研究。
IF 5.5 3区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2404633
Huanhuan Wang, Juan Wang, Shijie Yan, Gengfan Zhao, Shanzhen Wang, Hong Tao, Ye Xu, Jinfeng Wu

Background: Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a severe infectious disease of the central nervous system. Vaccination with Vero cell culture-derived vaccines may effectively reduce JE incidence.

Research design and methods: In this single-center, randomized, blinded, positive-controlled clinical trial in China involving 600 healthy infants aged 6-11 months, participants were divided into experimental and control groups administered JEV-PI and JEV-LI, respectively. Antibody titers were determined after 0- and 7-day immunization schedules. A booster dose followed 12 months later.

Results: After primary vaccination and before booster vaccination, the positive conversion rate, geometric mean titer (GMT), and geometric mean increase (GMI) of JEV-PI-neutralizing antibodies exceeded those of JEV-LI. After booster immunization, the GMT and GMI of JEV-PI were higher than those of JEV-LI. After primary immunization, the local, systemic, and overall adverse reactions were of grades 1 and 2, with a low incidence of grade 3. After booster immunization, these differences were mainly grades 1 and 2, with no differences between JEV-PI and JEV-LI.

Conclusion: JEV-PI is a promising vaccine as infants acquired long-lasting and highly neutralizing immune antibodies after inoculation with JEV-PI.

Trial registration: The trial was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj = 203130; registration number: ChiCTR2300074692; registration date: 14/08/2023).

背景:日本脑炎(JE)是一种严重的中枢神经系统传染病。接种源于 Vero 细胞培养的疫苗可有效降低日本脑炎的发病率:在这项在中国进行的单中心、随机、盲法、阳性对照临床试验中,600 名 6-11 个月大的健康婴儿被分为实验组和对照组,分别接种 JEV-PI 和 JEV-LI。在 0 天和 7 天免疫接种后测定抗体滴度。12 个月后进行加强免疫:结果:在初次接种后和加强免疫前,JEV-PI 中和抗体的阳性转换率、几何平均滴度(GMT)和几何平均增加值(GMI)均超过了 JEV-LI。加强免疫后,JEV-PI的GMT和GMI均高于JEV-LI。初次免疫后,局部、全身和总体不良反应为 1 级和 2 级,3 级发生率较低。加强免疫后,不良反应主要为 1 级和 2 级,JEV-PI 和 JEV-LI 之间没有差异:结论:JEV-PI是一种很有前景的疫苗,因为婴儿在接种JEV-PI后可获得持久的高中和免疫抗体:该试验已在中国临床试验注册中心注册(https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj = 203130;注册号:ChiCTR2300074692):ChiCTR2300074692;注册日期:2023年8月14日)。
{"title":"Immunogenicity and safety of Vero cell culture-derived Japanese encephalitis vaccine: a phase 3 study in Chinese infants.","authors":"Huanhuan Wang, Juan Wang, Shijie Yan, Gengfan Zhao, Shanzhen Wang, Hong Tao, Ye Xu, Jinfeng Wu","doi":"10.1080/14760584.2024.2404633","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14760584.2024.2404633","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a severe infectious disease of the central nervous system. Vaccination with Vero cell culture-derived vaccines may effectively reduce JE incidence.</p><p><strong>Research design and methods: </strong>In this single-center, randomized, blinded, positive-controlled clinical trial in China involving 600 healthy infants aged 6-11 months, participants were divided into experimental and control groups administered JEV-PI and JEV-LI, respectively. Antibody titers were determined after 0- and 7-day immunization schedules. A booster dose followed 12 months later.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After primary vaccination and before booster vaccination, the positive conversion rate, geometric mean titer (GMT), and geometric mean increase (GMI) of JEV-PI-neutralizing antibodies exceeded those of JEV-LI. After booster immunization, the GMT and GMI of JEV-PI were higher than those of JEV-LI. After primary immunization, the local, systemic, and overall adverse reactions were of grades 1 and 2, with a low incidence of grade 3. After booster immunization, these differences were mainly grades 1 and 2, with no differences between JEV-PI and JEV-LI.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>JEV-PI is a promising vaccine as infants acquired long-lasting and highly neutralizing immune antibodies after inoculation with JEV-PI.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>The trial was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj = 203130; registration number: ChiCTR2300074692; registration date: 14/08/2023).</p>","PeriodicalId":12326,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Vaccines","volume":" ","pages":"958-965"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142282791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Cost-effectiveness of cell-based influenza vaccine in France. 法国细胞流感疫苗的成本效益。
IF 5.5 3区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2417854
Gaetan Gavazzi, Marc Paccalin, Quentin Berkovitch, Henri Leleu, Romain Moreau, Emanuele Ciglia, Nansa Burlet, Joaquin Mould-Quevedo

Objectives: Annually in France, influenza results in over one million GP consultations, around 20,000 hospitalizations, and approximately 9,000 deaths. This study assesses the cost-effectiveness of cell-based quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIVc) for those under 65, which enhances effectiveness avoiding egg-adaptation, compared to egg-based quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIVe).

Methods: An age-structured susceptible-exposed-infected-recovered (SEIR) transmission model, calibrated to represent an average influenza season based on French data from 2011 to 2019, integrates a contact matrix estimating intergroup contact rates. Evaluating epidemiological, economic and utility outcomes, the model includes vaccine effectiveness and medical costs from the existing literature and French national data. Adjustments to quality of life due to infection and hospitalization are also included. Uncertainty is explored through scenario and sensitivity analyses.

Results: Compared to QIVe, QIVc significantly reduces healthcare utilization and mortality, preventing 49,946 GP consultations, 1,087 hospitalizations, and 231 deaths in France. Despite an initial investment of 7.6 million euros, QIVc achieves a net saving of 12 million euros in healthcare expenditures, making it a dominant cost-saving strategy. Probabilistic sensitivity analyses indicate dominance in 78% of 10,000 simulations.

Conclusions: Introducing cell-based influenza vaccines in the French immunization program prevents influenza cases, hospitalizations, death, while reducing costs versus egg-based influenza vaccines.

目标:法国每年因流感导致的全科医生就诊人数超过 100 万,住院人数约 2 万,死亡人数约 9000。本研究评估了针对 65 岁以下人群的细胞型四价流感疫苗(QIVc)与鸡蛋型四价流感疫苗(QIVe)的成本效益:方法:根据法国2011年至2019年的数据,校准了一个年龄结构的易感-暴露-感染-康复(SEIR)传播模型,以代表一个平均流感季节,该模型整合了一个估计群体间接触率的接触矩阵。该模型评估了流行病学、经济和效用结果,包括现有文献和法国国家数据中的疫苗效果和医疗成本。此外,还包括对感染和住院造成的生活质量的调整。通过情景分析和敏感性分析探讨了不确定性:结果:与 QIVe 相比,QIVc 显著降低了医疗保健的使用率和死亡率,在法国预防了 49,946 次全科医生会诊、1,087 次住院治疗和 231 例死亡。尽管初始投资为 760 万欧元,但 QIVc 净节省了 1200 万欧元的医疗开支,成为一种主要的成本节约策略。概率敏感性分析表明,在10,000次模拟中,有78%的人认为QIVc占优势:结论:在法国免疫计划中引入细胞型流感疫苗可预防流感病例、住院治疗和死亡,同时与鸡蛋型流感疫苗相比可降低成本。
{"title":"Cost-effectiveness of cell-based influenza vaccine in France.","authors":"Gaetan Gavazzi, Marc Paccalin, Quentin Berkovitch, Henri Leleu, Romain Moreau, Emanuele Ciglia, Nansa Burlet, Joaquin Mould-Quevedo","doi":"10.1080/14760584.2024.2417854","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14760584.2024.2417854","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Annually in France, influenza results in over one million GP consultations, around 20,000 hospitalizations, and approximately 9,000 deaths. This study assesses the cost-effectiveness of cell-based quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIVc) for those under 65, which enhances effectiveness avoiding egg-adaptation, compared to egg-based quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIVe).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An age-structured susceptible-exposed-infected-recovered (SEIR) transmission model, calibrated to represent an average influenza season based on French data from 2011 to 2019, integrates a contact matrix estimating intergroup contact rates. Evaluating epidemiological, economic and utility outcomes, the model includes vaccine effectiveness and medical costs from the existing literature and French national data. Adjustments to quality of life due to infection and hospitalization are also included. Uncertainty is explored through scenario and sensitivity analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compared to QIVe, QIVc significantly reduces healthcare utilization and mortality, preventing 49,946 GP consultations, 1,087 hospitalizations, and 231 deaths in France. Despite an initial investment of 7.6 million euros, QIVc achieves a net saving of 12 million euros in healthcare expenditures, making it a dominant cost-saving strategy. Probabilistic sensitivity analyses indicate dominance in 78% of 10,000 simulations.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Introducing cell-based influenza vaccines in the French immunization program prevents influenza cases, hospitalizations, death, while reducing costs versus egg-based influenza vaccines.</p>","PeriodicalId":12326,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Vaccines","volume":" ","pages":"1020-1028"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142461605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Generation of the therapeutic monoclonal antibody NEO-201, derived from a cancer vaccine, which targets human malignancies and immune suppressor cells. 从癌症疫苗中提取治疗性单克隆抗体 NEO-201,该抗体针对人类恶性肿瘤和免疫抑制细胞。
IF 5.5 3区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2397011
Massimo Fantini, Kwong Y Tsang, Philip M Arlen

Introduction: Cancer vaccines stimulate the activation of specific humoral and cellular adaptive responses against cancer cells.Antibodies generated post vaccination can be isolated and further selected to develop highly specific and potent monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against tumor-associated antigens.

Areas covered: This review describes different types of cancer vaccines, the process of the generation of the mAb NEO-201 from the Hollinshead cancer vaccine platform, the characterization of the antigen recognized by NEO-201, the ability of NEO-201 to bind and mediate the killing of cancer cells and immunosuppressive cells (gMDSCs and Tregs) through ADCC and CDC, NEO-201 preclinical and clinical toxicity and efficacy.

Expert opinion: To overcome the problem of poor clinical efficacy of cancer vaccines, due to the activity of immunosuppressive cells, cancer vaccines could be combined with other immunotherapeutics able to deplete immunosuppressive cells. Results from clinical trials, employing NEO-201 alone or in combination with pembrolizumab, showed that durable stabilization of disease after treatment was due to the ability of NEO-201 to target and reduce the percentage of circulating Tregs and gMDSCs.These findings provide compelling support to combine NEO-201 with cancer vaccines to reintegrate their ability to elicit a robust and durable immune adaptive response against cancer.

简介接种疫苗后产生的抗体可以通过分离和进一步筛选,开发出针对肿瘤相关抗原的高度特异性和强效单克隆抗体(mAbs):本综述介绍了不同类型的癌症疫苗、Hollinshead 癌症疫苗平台生成 mAb NEO-201 的过程、NEO-201 识别抗原的特征、NEO-201 通过 ADCC 和 CDC 结合并介导杀伤癌细胞和免疫抑制细胞(gMDSCs 和 Tregs)的能力、NEO-201 临床前和临床毒性与疗效:专家观点:为了克服癌症疫苗因免疫抑制细胞的活性而导致临床疗效不佳的问题,癌症疫苗可以与其他能够消耗免疫抑制细胞的免疫疗法相结合。NEO-201单独或与pembrolizumab联合使用的临床试验结果表明,治疗后疾病的持久稳定是由于NEO-201能够靶向减少循环Tregs和gMDSCs的百分比。
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引用次数: 0
Evidence for a 10-year TBE vaccine booster interval: an evaluation of current data. 间隔 10 年加强接种 TBE 疫苗的证据:对当前数据的评估。
IF 6.2 3区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-16 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2311359
Jörg Schelling, Suzanne Einmahl, Ralph Torgler, Carsten Schade Larsen

Introduction: Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is rapidly spreading to new areas in many parts of Europe. While vaccination remains the most effective method of protection against the disease, vaccine uptake is low in many endemic countries.

Areas covered: We conducted a literature search of the MEDLINE database to identify articles published from 2018 to 2023 that evaluated the immunogenicity and effectiveness of TBE vaccines, particularly Encepur, when booster doses were administered up to 10 years apart. We searched PubMed with the MeSH terms 'Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/prevention and control' and 'Vaccination' for articles published in the English language.

Expert opinion: Long-term immunogenicity data for Encepur and real-world data on vaccine effectiveness and breakthrough infections following the two European TBE vaccines, Encepur and FSME-Immun, have shown that extending the booster interval from 3-5 years to 10 years does not negatively impact protection against TBE, regardless of age. Such extension not only streamlines the vaccination schedules but may also increase vaccine uptake and compliance among those living in endemic regions.

导言:蜱传脑炎(TBE)正在欧洲许多地区迅速蔓延。虽然接种疫苗仍是预防该疾病的最有效方法,但在许多流行国家,疫苗的接种率很低:我们对 MEDLINE 数据库进行了文献检索,以确定 2018 年至 2023 年间发表的、对间隔 10 年注射加强剂量的结核病疫苗(尤其是 Encepur)的免疫原性和有效性进行评估的文章。我们在PubMed上以MeSH术语 "脑炎,蜱传/预防和控制 "和 "疫苗接种 "检索了以英文发表的文章:恩斯普的长期免疫原性数据以及欧洲两种蜱媒脑炎疫苗--恩斯普和FSME-Immun的疫苗有效性和突破性感染的实际数据表明,将加强免疫间隔从3-5年延长至10年不会对蜱媒脑炎的保护产生负面影响,而与年龄无关。这种延长不仅简化了疫苗接种计划,还可能提高流行地区居民的疫苗接种率和依从性。
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引用次数: 0
The important lessons lurking in the history of meningococcal epidemiology. 脑膜炎球菌流行病学史中潜藏的重要教训。
IF 6.2 3区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-04-04 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2329618
Ray Borrow, Jamie Findlow

Introduction: The epidemiology of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD), a rare but potentially fatal illness, is typically described as unpredictable and subject to sporadic outbreaks.

Areas covered: Meningococcal epidemiology and vaccine use during the last ~ 200 years are examined within the context of meningococcal characterization and classification to guide future IMD prevention efforts.

Expert opinion: Historical and contemporary data highlight the dynamic nature of meningococcal epidemiology, with continued emergence of hyperinvasive clones and affected regions. Recent shifts include global increases in serogroup W disease, meningococcal antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and meningococcal urethritis; additionally, unvaccinated populations have experienced disease resurgences following lifting of COVID-19 restrictions. Despite these changes, a close analysis of meningococcal epidemiology indicates consistent dominance of serogroups A, B, C, W, and Y and elevated IMD rates among infants and young children, adolescents/young adults, and older adults. Demonstrably effective vaccines against all 5 major disease-causing serogroups are available, and their prophylactic use represents a powerful weapon against IMD, including AMR. The World Health Organization's goal of defeating meningitis by the year 2030 demands broad protection against IMD, which in turn indicates an urgent need to expand meningococcal vaccination programs across major disease-causing serogroups and age-related risk groups.

导言:侵袭性脑膜炎球菌病(IMD)是一种罕见但可能致命的疾病,其流行病学通常被描述为不可预测和偶发性爆发:专家观点:在脑膜炎球菌特征和分类的背景下,研究了过去约 200 年间脑膜炎球菌流行病学和疫苗使用情况,以指导未来的脑膜炎球菌病预防工作:专家观点:历史和当代数据凸显了脑膜炎球菌流行病学的动态性质,高侵袭性克隆和受影响地区不断涌现。最近的变化包括全球 W 血清群疾病、脑膜炎球菌抗菌药耐药性 (AMR) 和脑膜炎球菌尿道炎的增加;此外,在取消 COVID-19 限制后,未接种疫苗的人群再次发病。尽管发生了这些变化,但对脑膜炎球菌流行病学的仔细分析表明,A、B、C、W 和 Y 血清群始终占主导地位,婴幼儿、青少年/年轻成人和老年人的 IMD 感染率较高。目前已有针对所有 5 个主要致病血清群的明显有效的疫苗,预防性使用这些疫苗是抗击 IMD(包括 AMR)的有力武器。世界卫生组织到 2030 年消除脑膜炎的目标要求广泛预防 IMD,这反过来又表明迫切需要在主要致病血清群和与年龄相关的风险群体中扩大脑膜炎球菌疫苗接种计划。
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引用次数: 0
National trends in patterns of under-vaccination in early childhood: National Immunization Survey-Child, United States, 2011-2021. 幼儿期疫苗接种不足模式的全国趋势:2011-2021 年美国全国儿童免疫接种调查。
IF 5.5 3区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-14 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2389922
Matthew F Daley, Christina L Clarke, Jason M Glanz, Alexandria N Albers, Sarah Y Michels, Rain E Freeman, Sophia R Newcomer

Background: The study's objective was to examine national trends in patterns of under-vaccination in the United States.

Research design and methods: The National Immunization Survey-Child (NIS-Child) is an annual cross-sectional survey that collects provider-verified vaccination records from a large national probability sample of children. Records from the 2011-2021 NIS-Child were used to assess receipt of the combined 7-vaccine series by age 24 months. Based on prior work, patterns indicative of hesitancy included zero vaccines, not starting ≥1 series, and consistent vaccine-limiting. Patterns indicative of practical issues included starting all series but missing doses. Up-to-date (UTD) was defined as receiving all doses in the combined 7-vaccine series.

Results: The study population comprised 127,257 children. Over the observation period, patterns indicative of hesitancy significantly decreased (p-trend < 0.0001), patterns indicative of practical issues significantly decreased (p-trend < 0.0001), and UTD significantly increased (p-trend < 0.0001). In 2021, the weighted percentage in each category was as follows: probable hesitancy 6.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 5.4%, 7.2%), probable practical issues 26.0% (95% CI 24.4%, 27.6%), and UTD 67.7% (95% CI 66.0%, 69.4%).

Conclusion: Over an 11-year period, vaccination coverage in the United States for the combined 7-vaccine series has improved, with patterns suggestive of practical issues or hesitancy declining.

研究背景研究目标:研究美国疫苗接种不足模式的全国性趋势:全国儿童免疫接种调查(NIS-Child)是一项年度横断面调查,它从全国大量儿童概率样本中收集由提供者验证的疫苗接种记录。2011-2021 年全国儿童免疫接种调查的记录用于评估儿童在 24 个月大前接种 7 种疫苗的情况。根据之前的工作,表明犹豫不决的模式包括零接种、未开始接种≥1个系列以及持续限制接种。表明实际问题的模式包括开始接种所有系列疫苗但缺失剂量。最新接种(UTD)的定义是接种了7种疫苗系列的所有剂量:研究对象包括 127,257 名儿童。在观察期内,表示犹豫不决的模式明显减少(P-趋势 结论:在 11 年的时间里,接种疫苗的儿童数量明显增加:在 11 年的时间里,美国 7 种疫苗联合疫苗系列的接种覆盖率有所提高,表明存在实际问题或犹豫不决的情况有所减少。
{"title":"National trends in patterns of under-vaccination in early childhood: National Immunization Survey-Child, United States, 2011-2021.","authors":"Matthew F Daley, Christina L Clarke, Jason M Glanz, Alexandria N Albers, Sarah Y Michels, Rain E Freeman, Sophia R Newcomer","doi":"10.1080/14760584.2024.2389922","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14760584.2024.2389922","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The study's objective was to examine national trends in patterns of under-vaccination in the United States.</p><p><strong>Research design and methods: </strong>The National Immunization Survey-Child (NIS-Child) is an annual cross-sectional survey that collects provider-verified vaccination records from a large national probability sample of children. Records from the 2011-2021 NIS-Child were used to assess receipt of the combined 7-vaccine series by age 24 months. Based on prior work, patterns indicative of hesitancy included zero vaccines, not starting ≥1 series, and consistent vaccine-limiting. Patterns indicative of practical issues included starting all series but missing doses. Up-to-date (UTD) was defined as receiving all doses in the combined 7-vaccine series.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study population comprised 127,257 children. Over the observation period, patterns indicative of hesitancy significantly decreased (p-trend < 0.0001), patterns indicative of practical issues significantly decreased (p-trend < 0.0001), and UTD significantly increased (p-trend < 0.0001). In 2021, the weighted percentage in each category was as follows: probable hesitancy 6.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 5.4%, 7.2%), probable practical issues 26.0% (95% CI 24.4%, 27.6%), and UTD 67.7% (95% CI 66.0%, 69.4%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Over an 11-year period, vaccination coverage in the United States for the combined 7-vaccine series has improved, with patterns suggestive of practical issues or hesitancy declining.</p>","PeriodicalId":12326,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Vaccines","volume":" ","pages":"740-749"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11414198/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141897189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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Expert Review of Vaccines
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