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The quest for an HIV-1 vaccine: will mRNA deliver us from evil? 寻找HIV-1疫苗:mRNA能让我们摆脱邪恶吗?
IF 6.2 3区 医学 Q1 Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2184803
Paolo Lusso
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引用次数: 1
Understanding barriers to vaccination against invasive meningococcal disease: a survey of the knowledge gap and potential solutions. 了解侵袭性脑膜炎球菌病疫苗接种的障碍:知识差距和潜在解决方案的调查。
IF 6.2 3区 医学 Q1 Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2211163
Isabella Ballalai, Rob Dawson, Michael Horn, Vinny Smith, Rafik Bekkat-Berkani, Lamine Soumahoro, Nevena Vicic

Introduction: Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) is a leading cause of life-threatening bacterial meningitis and septicemia. Evidence points to a knowledge gap among parents, teenagers, and healthcare providers (HCPs) regarding IMD and available vaccines, including those against the highly prevalent serogroup B.

Areas covered: An online survey was conducted between March 27 and 12 April 2019, to gather insights into the knowledge that parents/guardians have about IMD vaccines. The children were aged 2 months to 10 years in Australia, Brazil, Germany, Greece, Italy, and Spain, 5-20 years in the UK, and 16-23 years in the USA. The findings were discussed in the context of the available literature and solutions were proposed to minimize the knowledge gap and the barriers to vaccination against IMD.

Expert opinion: The survey demonstrated that parents have a good understanding of IMD but a limited understanding of the different serogroups and vaccines. The available literature highlighted multiple barriers to IMD vaccine uptake; these may be reduced through education of HCPs, clear recommendations to parents by HCPs, the use of technology, and disease-awareness initiatives that engage parents through physical and digital channels. Further studies are warranted to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on IMD vaccination.

简介:侵袭性脑膜炎球菌病(IMD)是危及生命的细菌性脑膜炎和败血症的主要原因。有证据表明,父母、青少年和医疗保健提供者(HCPs)对IMD和现有疫苗(包括针对高度流行的b血清群的疫苗)的知识存在差距。涵盖领域:2019年3月27日至4月12日期间进行了一项在线调查,以了解父母/监护人对IMD疫苗的了解。澳大利亚、巴西、德国、希腊、意大利和西班牙的儿童年龄为2个月至10岁,英国为5-20岁,美国为16-23岁。在现有文献的背景下讨论了这些发现,并提出了解决方案,以尽量减少知识差距和预防IMD疫苗接种的障碍。专家意见:调查表明,家长对IMD有很好的了解,但对不同血清群和疫苗的了解有限。现有文献强调了IMD疫苗接种的多重障碍;可以通过对医务人员的教育、医务人员向家长提出的明确建议、技术的使用以及通过实体和数字渠道吸引家长参与的提高疾病意识的举措来减少这些问题。需要进一步的研究来评估COVID-19大流行对IMD疫苗接种的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Respiratory syncytial virus infection and the need for immunization in Korea. 韩国呼吸道合胞病毒感染和免疫接种的必要性。
IF 6.2 3区 医学 Q1 Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2189459
Hye Young Kim, Ki Wook Yun, Hee Jin Cheong, Eun Hwa Choi, Hoan Jong Lee

Introduction: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is one of the most common causes of acute respiratory tract infections in young children and the elderly. Infants and young children aged <2 years and the elderly are at particular risk of severe infections requiring hospitalization.

Areas covered: This narrative review summarizes the epidemiology of RSV infection in Korea, with a particular focus on infants and the elderly, where possible, and highlights the need for effective vaccinations against RSV. Relevant papers were identified from a search of PubMed up to December 2021.

Expert opinion: RSV infection is associated with a significant burden of illness in infants and the elderly worldwide and accounts for a substantial number of hospital admissions due to severe lower respiratory tract infections in both of these age groups in Korea. Vaccination has the potential to reduce the burden of acute RSV-associated disease and long-term consequences such as asthma. Increased understanding of the immune response to RSV, including mucosal immunity, and the innate and adaptive immune responses is needed. Technological advances in vaccine platforms could provide better approaches for achieving a safe and effective vaccine-induced immune response.

呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)感染是幼儿和老年人急性呼吸道感染的最常见原因之一。覆盖地区:本叙述性综述总结了韩国呼吸道合胞病毒感染的流行病学,在可能的情况下特别关注婴儿和老年人,并强调需要有效接种针对呼吸道合胞病毒的疫苗。相关论文从PubMed检索到2021年12月。专家意见:呼吸道合胞病毒感染与全世界婴儿和老年人的重大疾病负担有关,并且在韩国这两个年龄组中,由于严重下呼吸道感染而入院的人数相当多。疫苗接种有可能减轻急性rsv相关疾病的负担和哮喘等长期后果。需要进一步了解对呼吸道合胞病毒的免疫反应,包括粘膜免疫,以及先天和适应性免疫反应。疫苗平台的技术进步可以为实现安全有效的疫苗诱导免疫反应提供更好的方法。
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引用次数: 0
A review of data systems for assessing the impact of HPV vaccination in selected high-income countries. 在选定的高收入国家评估HPV疫苗接种影响的数据系统综述。
IF 6.2 3区 医学 Q1 Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2162505
Wei Vivian Wang, Smita Kothari, Hanane Khoury, Linda Niccolai, Suzanne M Garland, Karin Sundström, Gérard de Pouvourville, Paolo Bonanni, Ya-Ting Chen, Eduardo L Franco

Introduction: The introduction of effective human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination, screening, and treatment programs has led the World Health Organization to call for the global elimination of cervical cancer. Assessing progress toward this goal is supported through monitoring vaccination coverage and its impact.

Areas covered: We performed a targeted review to assess the characteristics of HPV-related data systems from seven high-income countries (HICs) that represented varied approaches, including Australia, Canada, France, Italy, Scotland, Sweden, and the United States (US). Included data systems focused on preventive and early detection measures: HPV vaccination and cervical screening programs, as well as HPV-related disease outcomes. Differences were observed in approach to development of data systems, along with variation in geographical scope and methods of data collection.

Expert opinion: A challenge exists in how to best follow-up the ongoing global-scale elimination efforts in a comprehensive manner. These sources provide a wealth of information regarding the strengths and limitations of, and notable variation among, current data systems used in HICs. This review can inform improvements to existing prevention programs and the implementation of new programs in other countries, and thus support optimization of cervical cancer prevention policy.

导言:有效的人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)疫苗接种、筛查和治疗方案的引入,促使世界卫生组织呼吁全球消除宫颈癌。通过监测疫苗接种覆盖率及其影响,支持评估实现这一目标的进展。涵盖领域:我们进行了一项有针对性的综述,以评估来自七个高收入国家(HICs)的hpv相关数据系统的特征,这些国家代表了不同的方法,包括澳大利亚、加拿大、法国、意大利、苏格兰、瑞典和美国。包括侧重于预防和早期检测措施的数据系统:HPV疫苗接种和子宫颈筛查计划,以及HPV相关疾病的结果。数据系统的发展方法存在差异,地理范围和数据收集方法也存在差异。专家意见:在如何以全面的方式最好地跟进正在进行的全球范围消除努力方面存在着挑战。这些来源提供了大量关于高收入国家目前使用的数据系统的优势和局限性以及不同数据系统之间的显著差异的信息。这一综述可以为其他国家现有预防规划的改进和新规划的实施提供信息,从而支持宫颈癌预防政策的优化。
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引用次数: 1
Combined measles-mumps-rubella-varicella vaccine and febrile convulsions: the risk considered in the broad context. 麻疹-腮腺炎-风疹-水痘联合疫苗和热性惊厥:在广泛背景下考虑的风险。
IF 6.2 3区 医学 Q1 Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2252065
Giacomo Casabona, Olivia Berton, Tina Singh, Markus Knuf, Paolo Bonanni

Introduction: Studies on quadrivalent measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella (MMRV) vaccines have indicated a twofold increased relative risk of febrile convulsion (FC) after the first dose compared to MMR and V administered at the same medical visit (MMR+V).

Areas covered: This narrative review contextualizes FC occurrence after the first MMRV vaccine dose from a clinical perspective and outlines approaches to attenuate FC occurrence post-vaccination.

Expert opinion: While the relative FC risk increases after the first dose of MMRV compared to MMR+V vaccine in measles-naïve infants, the attributable risk is low versus the overall FC risk in the pediatric population triggered by other causes, like natural exposure to pathogens or routine vaccination. No increased risk of FC has been reported after MMRV co-administration with other routine vaccines compared to MMRV alone. Based on our findings and considering the MMRV vaccination benefits (fewer injections, higher coverage, better vaccination compliance), the overall benefit-risk profile of MMRV vaccine is considered to remain positive. Potential occurrence of FC in predisposed children (e.g. with personal/family history of FC) may be attenuated if they receive MMR+V instead of MMRV as the first dose. It is also important to monitor vaccinees for fever during the first 2 weeks post-vaccination.

引言:对四价麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹的研究,和水痘(MMRV)疫苗表明,与同一次就诊时接种的MMR和V(MMR+V)相比,接种第一剂疫苗后发生热性惊厥(FC)的相对风险增加了两倍。涵盖的领域:本叙述性综述从临床角度阐述了第一剂MMRV疫苗后FC的发生情况,并概述了减少接种后FC发生的方法。专家意见:虽然与MMR+V疫苗相比,首次接种MMRV后,幼稚麻疹婴儿的相对FC风险增加,但与其他原因(如自然暴露于病原体或常规疫苗接种)引发的儿科人群的总体FC风险相比,可归因风险较低。与单独使用MMRV相比,MMRV与其他常规疫苗联合使用后FC的风险没有增加。根据我们的研究结果,并考虑到MMRV疫苗接种的益处(更少的注射、更高的覆盖率、更好的疫苗接种依从性),MMRV疫苗的总体益处-风险状况被认为仍然是积极的。如果他们接受MMR+V而不是MMRV作为第一剂,那么易感儿童(例如有FC的个人/家族史)FC的潜在发生可能会减弱。监测接种者在前2天的发烧情况也很重要 接种疫苗后数周。
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引用次数: 0
Glycoconjugate vaccines against antimicrobial resistant pathogens. 抗抗微生物病原体的糖缀合疫苗。
IF 6.2 3区 医学 Q1 Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics Pub Date : 2023-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-08 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2274955
Charlotte Sorieul, Marta Dolce, Maria Rosaria Romano, Jeroen Codée, Roberto Adamo

Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is responsible for the death of millions worldwide and stands as a major threat to our healthcare systems, which are heavily reliant on antibiotics to fight bacterial infections. The development of vaccines against the main pathogens involved is urgently required as prevention remains essential against the rise of AMR.

Areas covered: A systematic research review was conducted on MEDLINE database focusing on the six AMR pathogens defined as ESKAPE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli), which are considered critical or high priority pathogens by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The analysis was intersecated with the terms carbohydrate, glycoconjugate, bioconjugate, glyconanoparticle, and multiple presenting antigen system vaccines.

Expert opinion: Glycoconjugate vaccines have been successful in preventing meningitis and pneumoniae, and there are high expectations that they will play a key role in fighting AMR. We herein discuss the recent technological, preclinical, and clinical advances, as well as the challenges associated with the development of carbohydrate-based vaccines against leading AMR bacteria, with focus on the ESKAPE pathogens. The need of innovative clinical and regulatory approaches to tackle these targets is also highlighted.

引言:抗微生物耐药性(AMR)是全球数百万人死亡的原因,也是对我们医疗系统的主要威胁,我们的医疗系统严重依赖抗生素来对抗细菌感染。迫切需要开发针对主要病原体的疫苗,因为预防对AMR的上升仍然至关重要。涵盖的领域:对MEDLINE数据库进行了系统的研究审查,重点是定义为ESPAPE的六种AMR病原体(粪肠球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、绿脓杆菌和大肠杆菌),它们被世界卫生组织(世界卫生组织)和疾病控制与预防中心(CDC)视为关键或高度优先病原体。该分析与术语碳水化合物、糖缀合物、生物偶联物、糖纳米颗粒和多重呈递抗原系统疫苗相互作用。专家意见:糖结合疫苗已成功预防脑膜炎和肺炎,人们对其将在对抗AMR中发挥关键作用寄予厚望。我们在此讨论了最近的技术、临床前和临床进展,以及与开发针对主要AMR细菌的碳水化合物疫苗相关的挑战,重点是ESKAPE病原体。还强调了采用创新的临床和监管方法来实现这些目标的必要性。
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引用次数: 1
A retrospective cohort study: vaccination status and safety analysis of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in patients with Wilson's disease. 回顾性队列研究:肝豆状核病患者SARS-CoV-2疫苗接种状况及安全性分析
IF 6.2 3区 医学 Q1 Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics Pub Date : 2023-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2288630
Hui Han, Dan Zhao, Xinru Fang, Wenming Yang, Mengli Wang, Qianzhuo Liu, Luyao Wang, Zhihui Ji, Juan Zhang, Zhifeng Hou, Lei Hua, Yu Wang, Limin Wu

Background: Wilson's disease (WD) is a rare hepatic and neurological disorder, which can dramatically worsen by traumatic injuries, surgeries, and infections. No studies have reported safety data of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination in WD patients. We aimed to investigate the SARS-CoV-2 vaccination status and post-vaccination adverse events in WD patients.

Methods: This is a multicenter, retrospective, observational study. We investigated the vaccination rates, the type of vaccine, subjective reasons for non-vaccination, and the adverse events following vaccination. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the correlation between vaccination status and increased Unified Wilson's Disease Rating Scale (UWDRS) scores.

Results: A total of 554 WD patients with a mean (SD) age of 25.3 (10.85) years were included in this study, of whom 336 (60.6%) were males and 218 (39.4%) were females. 368 (66.4%) patients received at least one dose of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.186 (33.6%) patients were unvaccinated. Logistic regression analysis showed that vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 was not significantly associated with increased UWDRS scores. The safety analysis demonstrated that 21.2% had post-vaccination adverse events.

Conclusions: In this study, vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 was safe in WD patients, providing evidence for the safety of vaccination in WD patients.

背景:威尔逊氏病(WD)是一种罕见的肝脏和神经系统疾病,可因创伤性损伤、手术和感染而急剧恶化。没有研究报告在WD患者中接种严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2(中华人民共和国sars - cov -2)疫苗的安全性数据。我们的目的是调查WD患者的SARS-CoV-2疫苗接种情况和疫苗接种后的不良事件。方法:这是一项多中心、回顾性、观察性研究。我们调查了疫苗接种率、疫苗类型、不接种的主观原因以及接种后的不良事件。采用Logistic回归分析评估疫苗接种状况与统一威尔逊氏病评定量表(UWDRS)评分升高之间的相关性。结果:共纳入554例WD患者,平均(SD)年龄25.3(10.85)岁,其中男性336例(60.6%),女性218例(39.4%)。368例(66.4%)患者至少接种了一剂SARS-CoV-2疫苗(33.6%)患者未接种疫苗。Logistic回归分析显示,接种SARS-CoV-2疫苗与UWDRS评分升高无显著相关。安全性分析显示,21.2%的疫苗接种后出现不良事件。结论:在本研究中,WD患者接种SARS-CoV-2疫苗是安全的,为WD患者接种疫苗的安全性提供了证据。
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引用次数: 0
Vaccine development for pathogenic fungi: current status and future directions. 病原真菌疫苗开发:现状和未来方向。
IF 5.5 3区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-13 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2279570
Jéssica L Chechi, Felipe A C da Costa, Julia M Figueiredo, Cássia M de Souza, Alessandro F Valdez, Daniel Zamith-Miranda, Aline C Camara, Carlos P Taborda, Joshua D Nosanchuk

Introduction: Fungal infections are caused by a broad range of pathogenic fungi that are found worldwide with different geographic distributions, incidences, and mortality rates. Considering that there are relatively few approved medications available for combating fungal diseases and no vaccine formulation commercially available, multiple groups are searching for new antifungal drugs, examining drugs for repurposing and developing antifungal vaccines, in order to control deaths, sequels, and the spread of these complex infections.

Areas covered: This review provides a summary of advances in fungal vaccine studies and the different approaches under development, such as subunit vaccines, whole organism vaccines, and DNA vaccines, as well as studies that optimize the use of adjuvants. We conducted a literature search of the PubMed with terms: fungal vaccines and genus of fungal pathogens (Cryptococcus spp. Candida spp. Coccidioides spp. Aspergillus spp. Sporothrix spp. Histoplasma spp. Paracoccidioides spp. Pneumocystis spp. and the Mucorales order), a total of 177 articles were collected from database.

Expert opinion: Problems regarding the immune response development in an immunocompromised organism, the similarity between fungal and mammalian cells, and the lack of attention by health organizations to fungal infections are closely related to the fact that, at present, there are no fungal vaccines available for clinical use.

引言:真菌感染是由广泛的致病真菌引起的,这些真菌在世界各地都有不同的地理分布、发病率和死亡率。考虑到可用于对抗真菌疾病的获批药物相对较少,而且没有商业化的疫苗配方,多个团体正在寻找新的抗真菌药物,研究用于重新利用和开发抗真菌疫苗的药物,以控制死亡、后遗症和这些复杂感染的传播。涵盖领域:本综述概述了真菌疫苗研究的进展和正在开发的不同方法,如亚单位疫苗、全生物体疫苗和DNA疫苗,以及优化佐剂使用的研究。我们在PubMed上进行了文献检索,检索了真菌疫苗和真菌病原体属(隐球菌属、念珠菌属、球虫属、曲霉属、孢子丝菌属、组织原体属、副球虫属。肺孢子虫属和毛霉目),共从数据库中收集了177篇文章。专家意见:免疫功能受损生物体的免疫反应发展、真菌和哺乳动物细胞之间的相似性以及卫生组织对真菌感染缺乏关注等问题与目前没有可供临床使用的真菌疫苗这一事实密切相关。
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引用次数: 0
Immunogenicity and safety of seasonal influenza vaccines in children under 3 years of age. 季节性流感疫苗在3岁以下儿童中的免疫原性和安全性。
IF 6.2 3区 医学 Q1 Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2181797
Tia Aoun, Ray Borrow, Peter D Arkwright

Introduction: Despite children aged 6-35 months developing more severe influenza infections, not all countries include influenza vaccines in their national immunization programs.

Areas covered: This literature review examines the efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety of seasonal trivalent influenza vaccines (TIVs) and quadrivalent influenzae vaccines (QIVs) in children 6-35 months old to determine if greater valency promotes greater protection while maintaining a similar safety profile.

Expert opinion: TIVs and QIVs are safe for children under 3 years old. TIVs and QIVs provided good seroprotection, and immunogenicity (GMT, SCR, and SPR) meeting recommended levels set by CHMP (European) and CBER (USA). However, as QIVs carry two influenza B strains and TIVs only one, QIVs has an overall higher seroprotection against particularly influenza B. Vaccines containing adjuncts had better immunogenicity, particularly after the first dose. Seroprotection of all vaccines lasted 12 months. Increasing the dosage from 0.25 mL to 0.5 mL did not cause more systemic or local side-effects. Further comparisons of efficacy, and wider promotion of influenza vaccines in general are required in preschool children.

导言:尽管6-35个月大的儿童发生更严重的流感感染,但并非所有国家都将流感疫苗纳入其国家免疫规划。涵盖领域:本文献综述研究了季节性三价流感疫苗(TIVs)和四价流感疫苗(QIVs)在6-35个月大儿童中的有效性、免疫原性和安全性,以确定是否更大的效价促进更强的保护,同时保持相似的安全性。专家意见:tiv和QIVs对3岁以下儿童是安全的。tiv和QIVs提供了良好的血清保护,免疫原性(GMT, SCR和SPR)符合CHMP(欧洲)和CBER(美国)设定的推荐水平。然而,由于QIVs携带两种乙型流感毒株,而TIVs仅携带一种,因此QIVs对乙型流感具有更高的血清保护作用,特别是含有佐剂的疫苗具有更好的免疫原性,特别是在第一剂后。所有疫苗的血清保护持续12个月。将剂量从0.25 mL增加到0.5 mL不会引起更多的全身或局部副作用。需要在学龄前儿童中进一步比较流感疫苗的效力,并在总体上更广泛地推广流感疫苗。
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引用次数: 2
Clinical development of variant-adapted BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccines: the early Omicron era. 变异适应型 BNT162b2 COVID-19 疫苗的临床开发:早期 Omicron 时代。
IF 6.2 3区 医学 Q1 Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2232851
Shanti Pather, Alexander Muik, Ruben Rizzi, Federico Mensa

Introduction: The Omicron BA.1 variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and subsequent sub-lineages exhibit partial escape from neutralizing antibodies elicited by vaccines containing or encoding wild-type spike protein. In response to the emergence of Omicron sub-lineages, variant-adapted vaccines that contain or encode for Omicron spike protein components have been developed.

Areas covered: This review presents currently available clinical immunogenicity and safety data on Omicron variant-adapted versions of the BNT162b2 messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine and summarizes the expected mechanism of action, and rationale for development, of these vaccines. In addition, challenges encountered during development and regulatory approval are discussed.

Expert opinion: Omicron-adapted BNT162b2 vaccines provide a wider breadth and potentially more durable protection against Omicron sub-lineages and antigenically aligned variants when compared with the original vaccine. As SARS-CoV-2 continues to evolve, further vaccine updates may be required. To facilitate this, a globally harmonized regulatory process for the transition to updated vaccines is needed. Next-generation vaccine approaches may provide broader protection against future variants.

导言:严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒 2(SARS-CoV-2)的 Omicron BA.1 变异株及其后的亚系表现出部分逃避含有或编码野生型尖峰蛋白的疫苗所激发的中和抗体。为应对 Omicron 亚系的出现,已开发出含有或编码 Omicron 穗状病毒蛋白成分的变异适应疫苗:本综述介绍了 BNT162b2 信使 RNA (mRNA) 疫苗的 Omicron 变异适应型目前可用的临床免疫原性和安全性数据,并总结了这些疫苗的预期作用机制和开发原理。此外,还讨论了在开发和监管审批过程中遇到的挑战:与原始疫苗相比,奥米克龙适应型 BNT162b2 疫苗可提供更广泛、更持久的保护,以抵御奥米克龙亚系和抗原一致的变种。随着 SARS-CoV-2 的不断发展,可能需要进一步更新疫苗。为此,需要制定一个全球统一的监管程序,以便向更新疫苗过渡。下一代疫苗方法可针对未来的变种提供更广泛的保护。
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引用次数: 0
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Expert Review of Vaccines
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