{"title":"Britain, Europe and the World 1850-1986","authors":"F. Stern, B. Porter","doi":"10.2307/20041778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/20041778","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12371,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Affairs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/20041778","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45625651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Fathers Work for Their Sons","authors":"J. Whitaker, S. Berry","doi":"10.2307/20042454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/20042454","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12371,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Affairs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/20042454","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45401129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Collective and the Individual in Russia","authors":"Robert Legvold, Oleg Kharkhordin","doi":"10.2307/20049500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/20049500","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12371,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Affairs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/20049500","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42628604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-02DOI: 10.46493/2663-2675.33(1).2023.32-38
L. Spytska
The history of the Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk is sufficiently studied both in Ukrainian and foreign historiography, but the issue remains rather relevant for a full historical and legal review, so the interpretation and consideration of events of those times, and especially the legal study of the underlying document, is still important. The purpose of this article is to study the Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk, for the sake of interpretations of the events of 1710, to trace the processes and reasons that followed, to analyze the historical and legal role, the conditions and consequences of the adoption of the constitution, and consider the role of Pylyp Orlyk in its establishment. The study used various historical methods and approaches to analyze and select information relevant to the adoption of the Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk. Also, the article widely used methods of analysis and synthesis, general methods of scientific knowledge and methods of empirical research. Historical comparative, retrospective and abstract methods made it possible to reconstruct and model in greater detail the processes that were taking place before the adoption of the Constitution, as well as its consequences. It is argued that the Constitution was created based on democracy, which was the main factor in the creation of the historical goal, which was the development of state reforms. From the point of view of the law, a complete analysis of the new state system, which was referred to by the provisions of the Constitution, was carried out. In the process of research, the Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk was studied, as well as some factors that helped construct and reconstruct the conditions, values, and consequences that led to the adoption of the Constitution of 1710. It was determined that the specified Constitution depicts the improvement of relations in power, and can also be used as a regulator of the state tradition of the Ukrainian people. It has been investigated that the described and analyzed historical-political aspects fully describe the motive for the adoption of the Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk, caused by the completion of these events in the new time and the possibility of researching this issue as in domestic historiography
{"title":"Historical-retrospective and legal analysis of the conditions, values and consequences of the Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk","authors":"L. Spytska","doi":"10.46493/2663-2675.33(1).2023.32-38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46493/2663-2675.33(1).2023.32-38","url":null,"abstract":"The history of the Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk is sufficiently studied both in Ukrainian and foreign historiography, but the issue remains rather relevant for a full historical and legal review, so the interpretation and consideration of events of those times, and especially the legal study of the underlying document, is still important. The purpose of this article is to study the Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk, for the sake of interpretations of the events of 1710, to trace the processes and reasons that followed, to analyze the historical and legal role, the conditions and consequences of the adoption of the constitution, and consider the role of Pylyp Orlyk in its establishment. The study used various historical methods and approaches to analyze and select information relevant to the adoption of the Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk. Also, the article widely used methods of analysis and synthesis, general methods of scientific knowledge and methods of empirical research. Historical comparative, retrospective and abstract methods made it possible to reconstruct and model in greater detail the processes that were taking place before the adoption of the Constitution, as well as its consequences. It is argued that the Constitution was created based on democracy, which was the main factor in the creation of the historical goal, which was the development of state reforms. From the point of view of the law, a complete analysis of the new state system, which was referred to by the provisions of the Constitution, was carried out. In the process of research, the Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk was studied, as well as some factors that helped construct and reconstruct the conditions, values, and consequences that led to the adoption of the Constitution of 1710. It was determined that the specified Constitution depicts the improvement of relations in power, and can also be used as a regulator of the state tradition of the Ukrainian people. It has been investigated that the described and analyzed historical-political aspects fully describe the motive for the adoption of the Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk, caused by the completion of these events in the new time and the possibility of researching this issue as in domestic historiography","PeriodicalId":12371,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Affairs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2023-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45407995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-02DOI: 10.46493/2663-2675.33(1).2023.24-31
A. Hrubinko, Iryna Fedoriv
The relevance of the study is conditioned by the transformational trends in globalisation policy as a result of russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine, especially in the political relations of the People’s Republic of China with Taiwan, which is one of the most important aspects of international security. The purpose of the study is to identify the characteristic features of the Taiwan issue. The following methodological approaches were used: functional, dogmatic, logical analysis, synthesis, deduction, method of legal hermeneutics, etc. The study found that political relations between China and Taiwan are largely determined by the party affiliation of the latter’s leadership. Parallels were drawn between China-Taiwan and russia-Ukraine relations, which are associated with the asymmetry of relations between the two countries. It was found that the russia-Ukraine war serves as a factor that will have a further impact on the development and resolution of the conflict between Taiwan and China. The possibility of resolving the China-Taiwan war will depend on the results of the russia-Ukraine war and the reaction of the international community, especially the United States of America, which is Taiwan’s main ally. The study results showed that the factor that will help reduce the likelihood of China’s intervention against Taiwan is Ukraine’s victory in the russia-Ukraine war; another factor is the active role of the international community in countering russian aggression If the United States and Europe take a passive stance, this will act as a factor that will increase the tension between China and Taiwan The practical value of the findings allows for a causal analysis of the Taiwan issue and the identification of possible solutions to the conflict against the backdrop of the russia-Ukraine war
{"title":"China policy on Taiwan against the backdrop of the Russia-Ukraine War","authors":"A. Hrubinko, Iryna Fedoriv","doi":"10.46493/2663-2675.33(1).2023.24-31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46493/2663-2675.33(1).2023.24-31","url":null,"abstract":"The relevance of the study is conditioned by the transformational trends in globalisation policy as a result of russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine, especially in the political relations of the People’s Republic of China with Taiwan, which is one of the most important aspects of international security. The purpose of the study is to identify the characteristic features of the Taiwan issue. The following methodological approaches were used: functional, dogmatic, logical analysis, synthesis, deduction, method of legal hermeneutics, etc. The study found that political relations between China and Taiwan are largely determined by the party affiliation of the latter’s leadership. Parallels were drawn between China-Taiwan and russia-Ukraine relations, which are associated with the asymmetry of relations between the two countries. It was found that the russia-Ukraine war serves as a factor that will have a further impact on the development and resolution of the conflict between Taiwan and China. The possibility of resolving the China-Taiwan war will depend on the results of the russia-Ukraine war and the reaction of the international community, especially the United States of America, which is Taiwan’s main ally. The study results showed that the factor that will help reduce the likelihood of China’s intervention against Taiwan is Ukraine’s victory in the russia-Ukraine war; another factor is the active role of the international community in countering russian aggression If the United States and Europe take a passive stance, this will act as a factor that will increase the tension between China and Taiwan The practical value of the findings allows for a causal analysis of the Taiwan issue and the identification of possible solutions to the conflict against the backdrop of the russia-Ukraine war","PeriodicalId":12371,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Affairs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2023-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45685259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-02DOI: 10.46493/2663-2675.33(1).2023.16-23
Ljupcho Sotiroski, Y. Kravtsov
The relevance of the subject matter is conditioned primarily by the desire to achieve the national interests of Ukraine and the need to fight russian military aggression for the right to pursue an independent foreign policy. In this regard, the purpose of the study is to reveal the issue of the restoration of Ukraine’s activities in the political sphere as a result of the establishment of the United Nations. The main methods of research of this problem are: analysis, induction, deduction, and synthesis, which allow describing and highlighting the most important aspects of the development of Ukraine’s foreign policy, as well as diagnostic, comparative, system and structural methods. The paper examines the process of resumption of Ukraine’s foreign policy after the establishment of the United Nations. The role of Ukraine in the founding of the United Nations is considered, and its activities in the organisation are evaluated. The prerequisites and historical traditions of Ukrainian diplomacy are revealed. The activities of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and independent Ukraine in the United Nations bodies are investigated. The main modern achievements of Ukraine’s foreign policy are considered. It is determined that one of the main goals of Ukraine’s work in the UN Security Council was to inform council members and the international community about any attempts to escalate the situation in the temporarily occupied Crimea and Eastern Ukraine by russia. The main ways of the modern foreign policy of Ukraine were described, namely: preserving the supremacy of the state on its territory, independence in international relations, territorial integrity, and Euro-Atlantic integration. The materials of the study are of practical and theoretical value for political scientists, historians, other representatives of the scientific community, and researchers of the topic of restoring Ukraine’s foreign policy, who are interested in the features and aspects of this state activity, and study the role of Ukraine in the process of founding the United Nations
{"title":"Restoration of Ukraine’s foreign policy activities in the context of the founding of the United Nations","authors":"Ljupcho Sotiroski, Y. Kravtsov","doi":"10.46493/2663-2675.33(1).2023.16-23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46493/2663-2675.33(1).2023.16-23","url":null,"abstract":"The relevance of the subject matter is conditioned primarily by the desire to achieve the national interests of Ukraine and the need to fight russian military aggression for the right to pursue an independent foreign policy. In this regard, the purpose of the study is to reveal the issue of the restoration of Ukraine’s activities in the political sphere as a result of the establishment of the United Nations. The main methods of research of this problem are: analysis, induction, deduction, and synthesis, which allow describing and highlighting the most important aspects of the development of Ukraine’s foreign policy, as well as diagnostic, comparative, system and structural methods. The paper examines the process of resumption of Ukraine’s foreign policy after the establishment of the United Nations. The role of Ukraine in the founding of the United Nations is considered, and its activities in the organisation are evaluated. The prerequisites and historical traditions of Ukrainian diplomacy are revealed. The activities of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and independent Ukraine in the United Nations bodies are investigated. The main modern achievements of Ukraine’s foreign policy are considered. It is determined that one of the main goals of Ukraine’s work in the UN Security Council was to inform council members and the international community about any attempts to escalate the situation in the temporarily occupied Crimea and Eastern Ukraine by russia. The main ways of the modern foreign policy of Ukraine were described, namely: preserving the supremacy of the state on its territory, independence in international relations, territorial integrity, and Euro-Atlantic integration. The materials of the study are of practical and theoretical value for political scientists, historians, other representatives of the scientific community, and researchers of the topic of restoring Ukraine’s foreign policy, who are interested in the features and aspects of this state activity, and study the role of Ukraine in the process of founding the United Nations","PeriodicalId":12371,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Affairs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2023-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45323480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-02DOI: 10.46493/2663-2675.33(1).2023.8-15
D. Pylypenko, Denis Spahija
The relevance of the study is conditioned by the need to analyse the positive experience of European countries for its use in Ukraine’s foreign policy when participating in international associations, in relations with the member states of the European Union. The purpose of the study is to investigate the role of the foreign policies of Germany, France, and Belgium in the development of the European Union, and to conduct a thorough assessment of the results of such policies. To achieve this goal, such methods as dialectical materialism, factor discourse analysis, deduction and induction, analysis and synthesis, system analysis, structural and functional analysis, and the comparative method were used. The paper examines the goals and objectives, the role and place of three states: Germany, France, and Belgium in the history of the creation of the European Union. The interests of each of the states are characterised, the specifics of their national policy and its impact on the deepening of European integration are determined. The approaches of countries to the organisation of the European Union, their common and distinctive features are analysed. The specifics of relations between Germany, France, and Belgium in the process of their cooperation are determined. It is stated that these countries have become the leading initiators of deepening integration in Europe. The study shows that relations between France and Germany in the late 20th century became an example of cooperation in European security issues. It is established that France is the author of successfully implemented projects and approved laws and regulations in the European Union. It is noted that despite the small territory, Belgium exerted significant political influence, and the Benelux Union became an example of economic unification in the process of creating the European Union. The conclusions obtained contribute to solving practical issues related to the development of Ukraine’s own integration processes and the protection of its own interests in building foreign policy. The material can serve as a basis for the educational process in the training of political scientists, international specialists, and in the work on scientific literature
{"title":"Historical significance of Germany, France and Belgium in the creation of the European Union","authors":"D. Pylypenko, Denis Spahija","doi":"10.46493/2663-2675.33(1).2023.8-15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46493/2663-2675.33(1).2023.8-15","url":null,"abstract":"The relevance of the study is conditioned by the need to analyse the positive experience of European countries for its use in Ukraine’s foreign policy when participating in international associations, in relations with the member states of the European Union. The purpose of the study is to investigate the role of the foreign policies of Germany, France, and Belgium in the development of the European Union, and to conduct a thorough assessment of the results of such policies. To achieve this goal, such methods as dialectical materialism, factor discourse analysis, deduction and induction, analysis and synthesis, system analysis, structural and functional analysis, and the comparative method were used. The paper examines the goals and objectives, the role and place of three states: Germany, France, and Belgium in the history of the creation of the European Union. The interests of each of the states are characterised, the specifics of their national policy and its impact on the deepening of European integration are determined. The approaches of countries to the organisation of the European Union, their common and distinctive features are analysed. The specifics of relations between Germany, France, and Belgium in the process of their cooperation are determined. It is stated that these countries have become the leading initiators of deepening integration in Europe. The study shows that relations between France and Germany in the late 20th century became an example of cooperation in European security issues. It is established that France is the author of successfully implemented projects and approved laws and regulations in the European Union. It is noted that despite the small territory, Belgium exerted significant political influence, and the Benelux Union became an example of economic unification in the process of creating the European Union. The conclusions obtained contribute to solving practical issues related to the development of Ukraine’s own integration processes and the protection of its own interests in building foreign policy. The material can serve as a basis for the educational process in the training of political scientists, international specialists, and in the work on scientific literature","PeriodicalId":12371,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Affairs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2023-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48309792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.46493/2663-2675.33(3).2023.17-27
Kasa Arlind
The relevance of the research is conditioned upon the increase in the national consciousness of the Ukrainian nation, a new stage of the national revival of the Ukrainian state and consolidation of the Ukrainian people against the background of the full-scale invasion and occupation of Ukrainian territories. The purpose of this research is to explore the level of threat to the national historical and cultural heritage in Ukraine, including the temporarily occupied territories. The research methodology used in this work is a comprehensive combination of quantitative and qualitative analysis of archaeological and cultural monuments, and the following methods: ascent, synthesis, analysis, comparison, and the axiomatic method. As a result of the study, the main regions of historical and cultural monuments in the temporarily occupied territories and in the areas where hostilities are conducted were explored. The research examines the competent opinion of leading Ukrainian historians and archaeologists on the main problems of archaeological research and the restitution of the treasures of Ukrainian culture temporarily seized by the occupier. The legal foundations of such restitution are established in the context of the main provisions of national and international humanitarian law. These circumstances were the prerequisites for the cancellation of the decision of the District Court of Amsterdam in favour of the Ukrainian party. It is substantiated that the position of the authorities of the Kingdom of the Netherlands does not comply with the statute of legal identity and independence of the State and ignores the inviolability of property rights. Although, in turn, the country is based on the declaration of compliance with international law on the legal immunity of the state and its property, as established by the 2004 UN Convention. The conclusions presented based on them contain updated scientific knowledge on the areas of restoration of a fair legal status to the historical and cultural heritage of the Ukrainian nation and bring to science relevant scientific and practical recommendations for improving the current legislation of Ukraine in the field of museum and archaeological science
{"title":"The return of historical monuments removed from the territory of Ukraine after 2014. Problems of archaeological research in times of war","authors":"Kasa Arlind","doi":"10.46493/2663-2675.33(3).2023.17-27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46493/2663-2675.33(3).2023.17-27","url":null,"abstract":"The relevance of the research is conditioned upon the increase in the national consciousness of the Ukrainian nation, a new stage of the national revival of the Ukrainian state and consolidation of the Ukrainian people against the background of the full-scale invasion and occupation of Ukrainian territories. The purpose of this research is to explore the level of threat to the national historical and cultural heritage in Ukraine, including the temporarily occupied territories. The research methodology used in this work is a comprehensive combination of quantitative and qualitative analysis of archaeological and cultural monuments, and the following methods: ascent, synthesis, analysis, comparison, and the axiomatic method. As a result of the study, the main regions of historical and cultural monuments in the temporarily occupied territories and in the areas where hostilities are conducted were explored. The research examines the competent opinion of leading Ukrainian historians and archaeologists on the main problems of archaeological research and the restitution of the treasures of Ukrainian culture temporarily seized by the occupier. The legal foundations of such restitution are established in the context of the main provisions of national and international humanitarian law. These circumstances were the prerequisites for the cancellation of the decision of the District Court of Amsterdam in favour of the Ukrainian party. It is substantiated that the position of the authorities of the Kingdom of the Netherlands does not comply with the statute of legal identity and independence of the State and ignores the inviolability of property rights. Although, in turn, the country is based on the declaration of compliance with international law on the legal immunity of the state and its property, as established by the 2004 UN Convention. The conclusions presented based on them contain updated scientific knowledge on the areas of restoration of a fair legal status to the historical and cultural heritage of the Ukrainian nation and bring to science relevant scientific and practical recommendations for improving the current legislation of Ukraine in the field of museum and archaeological science","PeriodicalId":12371,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Affairs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70549321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.46493/2663-2675.33(4).2023.8-21
Kateryna Leshchenko
In the face of common security challenges, the issue of protecting civilised countries from external military aggression is of utmost importance for the entire European continent. The research aims to analyse the existing integration processes in Europe and extrapolate them to the military-industrial complex of Ukraine since the Ukrainian state is an outpost of the European Union, where the entire range of modern military technologies is used. The objectives of the study are to identify trends in the military industries of the leading European countries and to assess the prospects for their further integration in the context of the current external military aggression. The key indicators were collected and analysed using statistical and regression analysis, as well as the longitudinal method. The study provided results on the development of defence spending in individual countries, data on the participation of EU countries in joint projects, the scope of sanctions imposed on the aggressor country, indicators of Ukraine's participation in the common customs area, and the volume of military assistance from partner countries. The analysis of the data led to the conclusion that the defence capability of both Ukraine and the entire European Union has significantly improved. It was also found that the replacement of outdated Soviet standards with modern Western ones has led to a significant increase in defence capabilities. In addition, the study found that the unjustified armed aggression against Ukraine strengthened relations between the countries of the European Defence Agency and gave them an impetus to develop collective defence capabilities and conclude joint agreements involving military-industrial complexes. From a practical point of view, the obtained indicators of changes on the continent made it possible to draw conclusions about the directions of further integration and to correct the identified shortcomings
{"title":"Current trends in the military-industrial integration of the EU countries and implications for Ukraine","authors":"Kateryna Leshchenko","doi":"10.46493/2663-2675.33(4).2023.8-21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46493/2663-2675.33(4).2023.8-21","url":null,"abstract":"In the face of common security challenges, the issue of protecting civilised countries from external military aggression is of utmost importance for the entire European continent. The research aims to analyse the existing integration processes in Europe and extrapolate them to the military-industrial complex of Ukraine since the Ukrainian state is an outpost of the European Union, where the entire range of modern military technologies is used. The objectives of the study are to identify trends in the military industries of the leading European countries and to assess the prospects for their further integration in the context of the current external military aggression. The key indicators were collected and analysed using statistical and regression analysis, as well as the longitudinal method. The study provided results on the development of defence spending in individual countries, data on the participation of EU countries in joint projects, the scope of sanctions imposed on the aggressor country, indicators of Ukraine's participation in the common customs area, and the volume of military assistance from partner countries. The analysis of the data led to the conclusion that the defence capability of both Ukraine and the entire European Union has significantly improved. It was also found that the replacement of outdated Soviet standards with modern Western ones has led to a significant increase in defence capabilities. In addition, the study found that the unjustified armed aggression against Ukraine strengthened relations between the countries of the European Defence Agency and gave them an impetus to develop collective defence capabilities and conclude joint agreements involving military-industrial complexes. From a practical point of view, the obtained indicators of changes on the continent made it possible to draw conclusions about the directions of further integration and to correct the identified shortcomings","PeriodicalId":12371,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Affairs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70549944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.46493/2663-2675.33(2).2023.21-30
I. Dzyublenko
The study of the language issue in Ukraine is relevant considering the importance of linguistic identification: since most Ukrainians have been Russified, it is necessary to pursue a clear and strategic language policy that could ensure the gradual but steady development of all things Ukrainian in the future. The purpose of this research was to explore the current state of linguistic consciousness in Ukrainian society, and the specifics of the establishment and development of the Ukrainian language during the long linguistic crimes and after the outbreak of the russian-Ukrainian war. The following methods were used to achieve the set purposes: analytical and synthetic, comparative and contrastive, historical, diachronic and synchronous. A panoramic analysis of the prohibitions and restrictions on the functioning of the Ukrainian language over the past four centuries was conducted, in particular in the fields of education, book publishing, office work, the church, etc. The study examined the historical stages of the development and formation of the identity of the Ukrainian language and provided statistics on the language issue a few years after independence, after the russian aggression in eastern Ukraine, and after russia's full-scale invasion. It developed an understanding of the causes and consequences of linguistic crimes and assessed the stages of Russification and the impact of the russian-speaking space in different regions of Ukraine. Attention was focused on the mechanisms of linguistic decolonisation on the example of different national languages and countries, forms of linguistic planning and national policies of states affected by language bans, and the revival of identification. The materials presented in this work can be used for further scientific research in the field of linguistics, sociology, historiography, and cultural studies, in particular, in the study of colonisation and decolonisation processes in various national languages of the world
{"title":"The language issue of Ukraine during the russian-Ukrainian war. The impact of centuries of repression of the Ukrainian language on modern society","authors":"I. Dzyublenko","doi":"10.46493/2663-2675.33(2).2023.21-30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46493/2663-2675.33(2).2023.21-30","url":null,"abstract":"The study of the language issue in Ukraine is relevant considering the importance of linguistic identification: since most Ukrainians have been Russified, it is necessary to pursue a clear and strategic language policy that could ensure the gradual but steady development of all things Ukrainian in the future. The purpose of this research was to explore the current state of linguistic consciousness in Ukrainian society, and the specifics of the establishment and development of the Ukrainian language during the long linguistic crimes and after the outbreak of the russian-Ukrainian war. The following methods were used to achieve the set purposes: analytical and synthetic, comparative and contrastive, historical, diachronic and synchronous. A panoramic analysis of the prohibitions and restrictions on the functioning of the Ukrainian language over the past four centuries was conducted, in particular in the fields of education, book publishing, office work, the church, etc. The study examined the historical stages of the development and formation of the identity of the Ukrainian language and provided statistics on the language issue a few years after independence, after the russian aggression in eastern Ukraine, and after russia's full-scale invasion. It developed an understanding of the causes and consequences of linguistic crimes and assessed the stages of Russification and the impact of the russian-speaking space in different regions of Ukraine. Attention was focused on the mechanisms of linguistic decolonisation on the example of different national languages and countries, forms of linguistic planning and national policies of states affected by language bans, and the revival of identification. The materials presented in this work can be used for further scientific research in the field of linguistics, sociology, historiography, and cultural studies, in particular, in the study of colonisation and decolonisation processes in various national languages of the world","PeriodicalId":12371,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Affairs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70548996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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