Pub Date : 2024-07-31DOI: 10.3389/fenrg.2024.1443626
Kuichao Ma, Yinpeng Chen, Shuaifeng Wang, Qiang Wang, Kai Sun, Wei Fan, Heng Nian, Juan Wei
The wake effect reduces the wind speed at downstream wind turbines (WTs), making it necessary for the central controller to collect wind power generation data from each WT. However, wind farms (WFs) face a more complex problem in maintaining the voltage stability at the WT terminal while following the transmission system operator (TSO) instructions due to the information collection as well as the possible data loss during transmission. Therefore, this study proposes a coordinated control method for WTs and multiple power sources based on model predictive control under wake disturbance conditions, aiming to reduce the average voltage deviation in WT terminals and go close to the rated voltage and ensure effective compliance with TSO commands in large-scale WFs. Accordingly, the Jensen wake model was utilized to accurately calculate the available active and reactive power limits for each WT. Energy storage systems and static Var generators were modeled to coordinate and maintain the voltage in all WT terminals within the feasible range, providing peak shaving and valley filling support to reduce wind energy waste and shortfall, thereby enhancing the economic and operational reliability of WF. Further, the effectiveness of the proposed method was validated in MATLAB/Simulink.
{"title":"Coordinated voltage control for large-scale wind farms with ESS and SVG based on MPC considering wake effect","authors":"Kuichao Ma, Yinpeng Chen, Shuaifeng Wang, Qiang Wang, Kai Sun, Wei Fan, Heng Nian, Juan Wei","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2024.1443626","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2024.1443626","url":null,"abstract":"The wake effect reduces the wind speed at downstream wind turbines (WTs), making it necessary for the central controller to collect wind power generation data from each WT. However, wind farms (WFs) face a more complex problem in maintaining the voltage stability at the WT terminal while following the transmission system operator (TSO) instructions due to the information collection as well as the possible data loss during transmission. Therefore, this study proposes a coordinated control method for WTs and multiple power sources based on model predictive control under wake disturbance conditions, aiming to reduce the average voltage deviation in WT terminals and go close to the rated voltage and ensure effective compliance with TSO commands in large-scale WFs. Accordingly, the Jensen wake model was utilized to accurately calculate the available active and reactive power limits for each WT. Energy storage systems and static Var generators were modeled to coordinate and maintain the voltage in all WT terminals within the feasible range, providing peak shaving and valley filling support to reduce wind energy waste and shortfall, thereby enhancing the economic and operational reliability of WF. Further, the effectiveness of the proposed method was validated in MATLAB/Simulink.","PeriodicalId":12428,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Energy Research","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141871080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-31DOI: 10.3389/fenrg.2024.1428012
Ruidong Yu, Zhousheng Zhang
IntroductionThe traditional partial discharge localization improvement strategy mainly starts from the intelligent algorithm, but fails to consider the influence of core winding and oil temperature on partial discharge positioning.MethodsThis paper also considers the influence of the iron core winding and oil temperature. Through finite element simulation, a transformer model was established to analyze the propagation characteristics of ultrasonic signals generated by partial discharge under the interference of gradient oil temperature and winding. The chaotic firefly-particle swarm hybrid algorithm is proposed, and through the calculation of Shubert’s multi-peak function. Finally, a partial discharge defect platform based on gradient oil temperature was built to verify the chaotic firefly-particle swarm hybrid localization algorithm.ResultsThe ultrasonic velocity generated by partial discharge in transformers cannot be fixed, and it is suggested that ultrasonic sensors should be installed near the center of the top of the transformer. The proposed algorithm can be better optimized in the case of multiple local extreme points. Under gradient oil temperature experiments, the algorithm achieves positioning errors less than 100 and 55 mm for cases with and without winding obstruction, respectively, with average positioning errors of 74.2 and 35.2 mm.DiscussionThe positioning method in this paper can provide a technical reference for the partial discharge positioning of transformers in actual operation.
引言 传统的局部放电定位改进策略主要从智能算法入手，但没有考虑铁芯绕组和油温对局部放电定位的影响。通过有限元仿真，建立了变压器模型，分析了局部放电产生的超声波信号在梯度油温和绕组干扰下的传播特性。提出了混沌萤火虫-粒子群混合算法，并通过计算舒伯特多峰函数。结果变压器局部放电产生的超声波速度无法固定，建议在变压器顶部中心附近安装超声波传感器。在多个局部极值点的情况下，所提出的算法可以得到更好的优化。在梯度油温实验下，该算法在有绕组阻挡和无绕组阻挡的情况下，定位误差分别小于 100 mm 和 55 mm，平均定位误差分别为 74.2 mm 和 35.2 mm。
{"title":"Transformer partial discharge location technology based on gradient oil temperature","authors":"Ruidong Yu, Zhousheng Zhang","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2024.1428012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2024.1428012","url":null,"abstract":"IntroductionThe traditional partial discharge localization improvement strategy mainly starts from the intelligent algorithm, but fails to consider the influence of core winding and oil temperature on partial discharge positioning.MethodsThis paper also considers the influence of the iron core winding and oil temperature. Through finite element simulation, a transformer model was established to analyze the propagation characteristics of ultrasonic signals generated by partial discharge under the interference of gradient oil temperature and winding. The chaotic firefly-particle swarm hybrid algorithm is proposed, and through the calculation of Shubert’s multi-peak function. Finally, a partial discharge defect platform based on gradient oil temperature was built to verify the chaotic firefly-particle swarm hybrid localization algorithm.ResultsThe ultrasonic velocity generated by partial discharge in transformers cannot be fixed, and it is suggested that ultrasonic sensors should be installed near the center of the top of the transformer. The proposed algorithm can be better optimized in the case of multiple local extreme points. Under gradient oil temperature experiments, the algorithm achieves positioning errors less than 100 and 55 mm for cases with and without winding obstruction, respectively, with average positioning errors of 74.2 and 35.2 mm.DiscussionThe positioning method in this paper can provide a technical reference for the partial discharge positioning of transformers in actual operation.","PeriodicalId":12428,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Energy Research","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141871094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-30DOI: 10.3389/fenrg.2024.1416126
Laila A. Al-Essa, Endris Assen Ebrahim, Yusuf Ali Mergiaw
The majority of research predicted heating demand using linear regression models, but they did not give current building features enough context. Model problems such as Multicollinearity need to be checked and appropriate features must be chosen based on their significance to produce accurate load predictions and inferences. Numerous building energy efficiency features correlate with each other and with heating load in the energy efficiency dataset. The standard Ordinary Least Square regression has a problem when the dataset shows Multicollinearity. Bayesian supervised machine learning is a popular method for parameter estimation and inference when frequentist statistical assumptions fail. The prediction of the heating load as the energy efficiency output with Bayesian inference in multiple regression with a collinearity problem needs careful data analysis. The parameter estimates and hypothesis tests were significantly impacted by the Multicollinearity problem that occurred among the features in the building energy efficiency dataset. This study demonstrated several shrinkage and informative priors on likelihood in the Bayesian framework as alternative solutions or remedies to reduce the collinearity problem in multiple regression analysis. This manuscript tried to model the standard Ordinary Least Square regression and four distinct Bayesian regression models with several prior distributions using the Hamiltonian Monte Carlo algorithm in Bayesian Regression Modeling using Stan and the package used to fit linear models. Several model comparison and assessment methods were used to select the best-fit regression model for the dataset. The Bayesian regression model with weakly informative prior is the best-fitted model compared to the standard Ordinary Least Squares regression and other Bayesian regression models with shrinkage priors for collinear energy efficiency data. The numerical findings of collinearity were checked using variance inflation factor, estimates of regression coefficient and standard errors, and sensitivity of priors and likelihoods. It is suggested that applied research in science, engineering, agriculture, health, and other disciplines needs to check the Multicollinearity effect for regression modeling for better estimation and inference.
大多数研究使用线性回归模型预测供暖需求，但这些模型没有充分考虑当前建筑的特点。需要检查多重共线性等模型问题，并根据其重要性选择适当的特征，以得出准确的负荷预测和推论。在能效数据集中，有许多建筑能效特征相互关联，并与供热负荷相关。当数据集出现多重共线性时，标准的普通最小二乘法回归就会出现问题。当频繁主义统计假设失效时，贝叶斯监督机器学习是一种常用的参数估计和推理方法。在存在共线性问题的多元回归中，利用贝叶斯推理预测作为能效产出的供热负荷，需要进行仔细的数据分析。建筑能效数据集的特征之间存在多重共线性问题，这严重影响了参数估计和假设检验。本研究展示了贝叶斯框架中的几种收缩和似然信息先验，作为减少多元回归分析中的共线性问题的替代解决方案或补救措施。本手稿使用 Stan 和线性模型拟合软件包中的贝叶斯回归建模中的哈密尔顿蒙特卡罗算法，尝试了标准普通最小二乘回归模型和四种不同的贝叶斯回归模型，并使用了几种先验分布。使用了几种模型比较和评估方法来选择数据集的最佳拟合回归模型。与标准普通最小二乘法回归模型和其他具有收缩先验的贝叶斯回归模型相比，具有弱信息先验的贝叶斯回归模型是能效数据共线性的最佳拟合模型。利用方差膨胀因子、回归系数和标准误差的估计值以及先验和似然的敏感性检验了共线性的数值结论。建议科学、工程、农业、健康和其他学科的应用研究需要检查回归建模的多重共线性效应，以获得更好的估计和推断。
{"title":"Bayesian regression modeling and inference of energy efficiency data: the effect of collinearity and sensitivity analysis","authors":"Laila A. Al-Essa, Endris Assen Ebrahim, Yusuf Ali Mergiaw","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2024.1416126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2024.1416126","url":null,"abstract":"The majority of research predicted heating demand using linear regression models, but they did not give current building features enough context. Model problems such as Multicollinearity need to be checked and appropriate features must be chosen based on their significance to produce accurate load predictions and inferences. Numerous building energy efficiency features correlate with each other and with heating load in the energy efficiency dataset. The standard Ordinary Least Square regression has a problem when the dataset shows Multicollinearity. Bayesian supervised machine learning is a popular method for parameter estimation and inference when frequentist statistical assumptions fail. The prediction of the heating load as the energy efficiency output with Bayesian inference in multiple regression with a collinearity problem needs careful data analysis. The parameter estimates and hypothesis tests were significantly impacted by the Multicollinearity problem that occurred among the features in the building energy efficiency dataset. This study demonstrated several shrinkage and informative priors on likelihood in the Bayesian framework as alternative solutions or remedies to reduce the collinearity problem in multiple regression analysis. This manuscript tried to model the standard Ordinary Least Square regression and four distinct Bayesian regression models with several prior distributions using the Hamiltonian Monte Carlo algorithm in Bayesian Regression Modeling using Stan and the package used to fit linear models. Several model comparison and assessment methods were used to select the best-fit regression model for the dataset. The Bayesian regression model with weakly informative prior is the best-fitted model compared to the standard Ordinary Least Squares regression and other Bayesian regression models with shrinkage priors for collinear energy efficiency data. The numerical findings of collinearity were checked using variance inflation factor, estimates of regression coefficient and standard errors, and sensitivity of priors and likelihoods. It is suggested that applied research in science, engineering, agriculture, health, and other disciplines needs to check the Multicollinearity effect for regression modeling for better estimation and inference.","PeriodicalId":12428,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Energy Research","volume":"89 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141871132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the development of advanced pressurized water reactor technology, the thermal-hydraulic coupling effect between the containment and the primary system becomes increasingly tight. In order to meet the demand for integrated safety analysis between the containment and the primary system, this paper investigates a direct coupling method between the best-estimate system code Advanced Reactor Safety Analysis Code and the containment analysis program ATHROC (Analysis of Thermal Hydraulic Response Of Containment). The feasibility of this direct coupling method and the applicability of the coupled program for overall safety analysis are demonstrated using Marviken two-phase flow release experiments. The ATHROC/ARSAC coupled program is employed to analyze the impact of the pressure relief function of the CPR1000 nuclear power plant pressurizer on the behavior of the primary system and containment during the TMLB’ accident. The calculation results indicate that these measures can reduce the pressure of the primary system to the level acceptable by the low-pressure injection system, but at the same time, they cause the pressure in the containment to rise to nearly 0.4 MPa. Therefore, to ensure the structural integrity of the containment, it is necessary for the non-passive hydrogen recombiner to effectively reduce the hydrogen concentration, thereby avoiding additional pressure increase in the containment due to hydrogen deflagration, which could lead to overpressure failure. The findings of this study are of significant reference value for improving the safety performance of thermal-hydraulic systems in operational Gen-II and advanced Gen-III pressurized water reactor nuclear power plants.
{"title":"Coupling of the best-estimate system code and containment analysis code and its application to TMLB’ accident","authors":"Xiaoli Wu, Zhifeng Zheng, Jian Deng, Yu Liu, Qi Lu, Qingan Xiang, Chong Chen, Hongping Sun, Yazhe Lu, Danhong Shen, Wei Li","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2024.1436245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2024.1436245","url":null,"abstract":"With the development of advanced pressurized water reactor technology, the thermal-hydraulic coupling effect between the containment and the primary system becomes increasingly tight. In order to meet the demand for integrated safety analysis between the containment and the primary system, this paper investigates a direct coupling method between the best-estimate system code Advanced Reactor Safety Analysis Code and the containment analysis program ATHROC (Analysis of Thermal Hydraulic Response Of Containment). The feasibility of this direct coupling method and the applicability of the coupled program for overall safety analysis are demonstrated using Marviken two-phase flow release experiments. The ATHROC/ARSAC coupled program is employed to analyze the impact of the pressure relief function of the CPR1000 nuclear power plant pressurizer on the behavior of the primary system and containment during the TMLB’ accident. The calculation results indicate that these measures can reduce the pressure of the primary system to the level acceptable by the low-pressure injection system, but at the same time, they cause the pressure in the containment to rise to nearly 0.4 MPa. Therefore, to ensure the structural integrity of the containment, it is necessary for the non-passive hydrogen recombiner to effectively reduce the hydrogen concentration, thereby avoiding additional pressure increase in the containment due to hydrogen deflagration, which could lead to overpressure failure. The findings of this study are of significant reference value for improving the safety performance of thermal-hydraulic systems in operational Gen-II and advanced Gen-III pressurized water reactor nuclear power plants.","PeriodicalId":12428,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Energy Research","volume":"159 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141871097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-30DOI: 10.3389/fenrg.2024.1422285
Emily Cairncross, Jonathan D. Ogland-Hand, Benjamin M. Adams, Richard S. Middleton
Introduction: Sedimentary basins are naturally porous and permeable subsurface formations that underlie approximately half of the United States. In addition to being targets for geologic CO2 storage, these resources could supply geothermal power: sedimentary basin geothermal heat can be extracted with water or CO2 and used to generate electricity. The geothermal power potential of these basins and the accompanying implication for geologic CO2 storage are, however, understudied.Methods: Here, we use the Sequestration of CO2 Tool (SCO2TPRO) and the generalizable GEOthermal techno-economic simulator (genGEO) to address this gap by a) estimating the cost and capacity of sedimentary basin geothermal power plants across the United States and b) comparing those results to nationwide CO2 sequestration cost and storage potential estimates.Results and discussion: We find that across the United States, using CO2 as a geothermal heat extraction fluid reduces the cost of sedimentary basin power compared to using water, and some of the lowest cost capacity occurs in locations not typically considered for their geothermal resources (e.g., Louisiana, South Dakota). Additionally, using CO2 effectively doubles the sedimentary basin geothermal resource base, equating to hundreds of gigawatts of new capacity, by enabling electricity generation in geologies that are otherwise (with water) too impermeable, too thin, too cold, or not deep enough. We find there is competition for the best sedimentary basin resources between water- and CO2-based power, but no overlap between the lowest-cost resources for CO2 storage and CO2-based power. In this way, our results suggest that deploying CO2-based power may increase the cost of water based systems (by using the best resources) and the cost of CO2 storage (by storing CO2 in locations that otherwise may not be targeted). As such, our findings demonstrate that determining the best role for sedimentary basins within the energy transition may require balancing tradeoffs between competing priorities.
{"title":"Nationwide cost and capacity estimates for sedimentary basin geothermal power and implications for geologic CO2 storage","authors":"Emily Cairncross, Jonathan D. Ogland-Hand, Benjamin M. Adams, Richard S. Middleton","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2024.1422285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2024.1422285","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Sedimentary basins are naturally porous and permeable subsurface formations that underlie approximately half of the United States. In addition to being targets for geologic CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> storage, these resources could supply geothermal power: sedimentary basin geothermal heat can be extracted with water or CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> and used to generate electricity. The geothermal power potential of these basins and the accompanying implication for geologic CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> storage are, however, understudied.Methods: Here, we use the Sequestration of CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> Tool (SCO2T<jats:sup>PRO</jats:sup>) and the generalizable GEOthermal techno-economic simulator (genGEO) to address this gap by a) estimating the cost and capacity of sedimentary basin geothermal power plants across the United States and b) comparing those results to nationwide CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> sequestration cost and storage potential estimates.Results and discussion: We find that across the United States, using CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> as a geothermal heat extraction fluid reduces the cost of sedimentary basin power compared to using water, and some of the lowest cost capacity occurs in locations not typically considered for their geothermal resources (e.g., Louisiana, South Dakota). Additionally, using CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> effectively doubles the sedimentary basin geothermal resource base, equating to hundreds of gigawatts of new capacity, by enabling electricity generation in geologies that are otherwise (with water) too impermeable, too thin, too cold, or not deep enough. We find there is competition for the best sedimentary basin resources between water- and CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>-based power, but no overlap between the lowest-cost resources for CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> storage and CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>-based power. In this way, our results suggest that deploying CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>-based power may increase the cost of water based systems (by using the best resources) and the cost of CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> storage (by storing CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> in locations that otherwise may not be targeted). As such, our findings demonstrate that determining the best role for sedimentary basins within the energy transition may require balancing tradeoffs between competing priorities.","PeriodicalId":12428,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Energy Research","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141871100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-30DOI: 10.3389/fenrg.2024.1425412
R. Venkatesan, C. Kumar, C. R. Balamurugan, Tomonobu Senjyu
Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRES) have recently been proposed as a way to improve dependability and reduce losses in grid-connected load systems. This research study suggests a novel hybrid optimization technique that regulates UPQC in order to address the Power Quality (PQ) problems in the HRES system. The load system serves as the primary link between the battery energy storage systems (BESS), wind turbine (WT), and solar photovoltaic (PV) components of the HRES system. The major objective of the study is to reduce PQ issues and make up for the load requirement inside the HRES system. The addition of an Optimized Fractional Order Proportional Integral Derivative (O-FOPID) controller improves the efficiency of the UPQC. The Crow-Tunicate Swarm Optimization Algorithm (CT-SOA), an enhanced variant of the traditional Tunicate Swarm Optimization (TSA) and Crow Search Optimization (CSO), is used to optimize the control parameters of the FOPID controller. Utilizing the MATLAB/Simulink platform, the proposed method is put into practice, and the system’s performance is assessed for sag, swell, and Total Harmonic Distortion (THD). The THD values for the PI, FOPID, and CSA techniques, respectively, are 5.9038%, 4.9592%, and 3.7027%, under the sag condition. This validates the superiority of the proposed approach over existing approaches.
{"title":"Enhancing power quality in grid-connected hybrid renewable energy systems using UPQC and optimized O-FOPID","authors":"R. Venkatesan, C. Kumar, C. R. Balamurugan, Tomonobu Senjyu","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2024.1425412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2024.1425412","url":null,"abstract":"Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRES) have recently been proposed as a way to improve dependability and reduce losses in grid-connected load systems. This research study suggests a novel hybrid optimization technique that regulates UPQC in order to address the Power Quality (PQ) problems in the HRES system. The load system serves as the primary link between the battery energy storage systems (BESS), wind turbine (WT), and solar photovoltaic (PV) components of the HRES system. The major objective of the study is to reduce PQ issues and make up for the load requirement inside the HRES system. The addition of an Optimized Fractional Order Proportional Integral Derivative (O-FOPID) controller improves the efficiency of the UPQC. The Crow-Tunicate Swarm Optimization Algorithm (CT-SOA), an enhanced variant of the traditional Tunicate Swarm Optimization (TSA) and Crow Search Optimization (CSO), is used to optimize the control parameters of the FOPID controller. Utilizing the MATLAB/Simulink platform, the proposed method is put into practice, and the system’s performance is assessed for sag, swell, and Total Harmonic Distortion (THD). The THD values for the PI, FOPID, and CSA techniques, respectively, are 5.9038%, 4.9592%, and 3.7027%, under the sag condition. This validates the superiority of the proposed approach over existing approaches.","PeriodicalId":12428,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Energy Research","volume":"96 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141871099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-30DOI: 10.3389/fenrg.2024.1421969
Man Hin Chow Jason, Kai Yiu Li Ben
The current pursuit of ambitious decarbonization targets is driving a swift transformation of the power grid, marked by a surge in the production of renewable energy. The expansion on application of renewable energy hinges significantly on Distributed Energy Resources but system operators are grappling with challenges due to the opaque nature of DER operations. This opacity introduces considerable risks to grid stability, as the burgeoning volume of DERs may surpass the existing power network’s capacity. In response, the advent of Digital Twins (DT) technology offers a viable remedy by creating virtual counterparts of the physical grid infrastructure that necessitate transmitting minimal data. Digital Twins technology circumvents the hindrances associated with real-time data flows and bolsters the transparency of the system. To foster widespread implementation of DT within the sector, it is imperative to cultivate and validate its application through practical trials. To this end, Power Hardware-in-the-Loop (PHIL) experiments are employed to juxtapose the efficacy of actual power components against that of the DT models. The experiments involve connecting Grid-forming Inverter to a Real-time Digital Simulator (RTDS) for PHIL and DT testing, allowing for an in-depth analysis of the behaviour of photovoltaic inverter. This paper elucidates a platform engineered for immediate simulation tailored to DT and PHIL approaches. This platform is designed to prototype, exhibit, and evaluate grid-forming inverters under different scenarios that are critical for power restoration. With the help of simulation exchange, Perez Model is recommended to add in the DT model to increase the accuracy comparing with the PHIL model. The entire restoration process can therefore be comprehensively represented and analysed.
当前，雄心勃勃的去碳化目标正在推动电网迅速转型，其标志是可再生能源生产的激增。可再生能源应用的扩大在很大程度上取决于分布式能源资源，但由于 DER 运行的不透明性，系统运营商正在努力应对各种挑战。这种不透明性给电网稳定性带来了相当大的风险，因为不断增长的 DER 数量可能会超过现有电网的容量。对此，数字孪生（DT）技术的出现提供了一种可行的补救措施，即创建只需传输极少数据的物理电网基础设施的虚拟对应物。数字孪生技术规避了与实时数据流相关的障碍，提高了系统的透明度。为了促进数字孪生技术在行业内的广泛应用，必须通过实际试验来培养和验证其应用。为此，我们采用了电力硬件在环（PHIL）实验，将实际电力组件的功效与 DT 模型的功效进行对比。实验包括将成网逆变器连接到实时数字模拟器（RTDS）上进行 PHIL 和 DT 测试，以便深入分析光伏逆变器的行为。本文阐述了一个专为 DT 和 PHIL 方法量身定制的即时模拟平台。该平台的设计目的是在对电力恢复至关重要的不同情况下，对并网逆变器进行原型设计、展示和评估。在模拟交流的帮助下，Perez 模型建议加入 DT 模型，以提高与 PHIL 模型相比的准确性。因此，整个恢复过程可以得到全面的体现和分析。
{"title":"Examining grid-forming inverters for power restoration using power-hardware in-the-loop and Digital Twins approaches with Real-time Digital Simulation","authors":"Man Hin Chow Jason, Kai Yiu Li Ben","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2024.1421969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2024.1421969","url":null,"abstract":"The current pursuit of ambitious decarbonization targets is driving a swift transformation of the power grid, marked by a surge in the production of renewable energy. The expansion on application of renewable energy hinges significantly on Distributed Energy Resources but system operators are grappling with challenges due to the opaque nature of DER operations. This opacity introduces considerable risks to grid stability, as the burgeoning volume of DERs may surpass the existing power network’s capacity. In response, the advent of Digital Twins (DT) technology offers a viable remedy by creating virtual counterparts of the physical grid infrastructure that necessitate transmitting minimal data. Digital Twins technology circumvents the hindrances associated with real-time data flows and bolsters the transparency of the system. To foster widespread implementation of DT within the sector, it is imperative to cultivate and validate its application through practical trials. To this end, Power Hardware-in-the-Loop (PHIL) experiments are employed to juxtapose the efficacy of actual power components against that of the DT models. The experiments involve connecting Grid-forming Inverter to a Real-time Digital Simulator (RTDS) for PHIL and DT testing, allowing for an in-depth analysis of the behaviour of photovoltaic inverter. This paper elucidates a platform engineered for immediate simulation tailored to DT and PHIL approaches. This platform is designed to prototype, exhibit, and evaluate grid-forming inverters under different scenarios that are critical for power restoration. With the help of simulation exchange, Perez Model is recommended to add in the DT model to increase the accuracy comparing with the PHIL model. The entire restoration process can therefore be comprehensively represented and analysed.","PeriodicalId":12428,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Energy Research","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141871096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As the physical power information system undergoes continual advancement, mobile energy storage has become a pivotal component in the planning and orchestration of multi-component distribution networks. Furthermore, the evolution and enhancement of big data technologies have significantly contributed to enhancing the rationality and efficacy of various distribution network planning and layout approaches. At the same time, multi-distribution networks have also confronted numerous network attacks with increasing probability and severity. In this study, a Petri net is initially employed as a modeling technique to delineate the network attack flow within the distribution network. Subsequently, the data from prior network attacks are consolidated and scrutinized to evaluate the vulnerability of the cyber-physical system (CPS), thereby identifying the most critical network attack pattern for a multi-component distribution network. Following this, the defender–attacker–defender planning methodology is applied for scale modeling, incorporating rapidly evolving mobile energy storage into the pre-layout, aiming to mitigate the detrimental impact of network attacks on the power grid. Ultimately, the column and constraint generation (C&CG) algorithm is utilized to simulate and validate the proposed planning strategy in a 33-node system with multiple control groups established to demonstrate the viability and merits of the proposed strategy.
随着物理电力信息系统的不断进步，移动储能已成为多组件配电网络规划和协调的关键组成部分。此外，大数据技术的发展和完善也极大地促进了各种配电网规划和布局方法的合理性和有效性。与此同时，多成分配电网络也面临着众多网络攻击，且攻击的概率和严重程度不断增加。在本研究中，首先采用 Petri 网作为建模技术来划分配电网内的网络攻击流。随后，对先前网络攻击的数据进行整合和仔细研究，以评估网络物理系统（CPS）的脆弱性，从而确定多组件配电网络最关键的网络攻击模式。随后，将防御者-攻击者-防御者规划方法应用于规模建模，将快速发展的移动储能纳入预布局，旨在减轻网络攻击对电网的不利影响。最后，利用列和约束生成（C&CG）算法在一个 33 节点系统中模拟和验证了所建议的规划策略，并建立了多个控制组，以证明所建议策略的可行性和优点。
{"title":"Research on data-driven, multi-component distribution network attack planning methods","authors":"Xueyan Wang, Bingye Zhang, Dengdiao Li, Jinzhou Sun, Yu Wang, Xinyu Wang, Qu Liang, Fei Tang","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2024.1425197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2024.1425197","url":null,"abstract":"As the physical power information system undergoes continual advancement, mobile energy storage has become a pivotal component in the planning and orchestration of multi-component distribution networks. Furthermore, the evolution and enhancement of big data technologies have significantly contributed to enhancing the rationality and efficacy of various distribution network planning and layout approaches. At the same time, multi-distribution networks have also confronted numerous network attacks with increasing probability and severity. In this study, a Petri net is initially employed as a modeling technique to delineate the network attack flow within the distribution network. Subsequently, the data from prior network attacks are consolidated and scrutinized to evaluate the vulnerability of the cyber-physical system (CPS), thereby identifying the most critical network attack pattern for a multi-component distribution network. Following this, the defender–attacker–defender planning methodology is applied for scale modeling, incorporating rapidly evolving mobile energy storage into the pre-layout, aiming to mitigate the detrimental impact of network attacks on the power grid. Ultimately, the column and constraint generation (C&amp;CG) algorithm is utilized to simulate and validate the proposed planning strategy in a 33-node system with multiple control groups established to demonstrate the viability and merits of the proposed strategy.","PeriodicalId":12428,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Energy Research","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141871098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-29DOI: 10.3389/fenrg.2024.1340675
Minghui Duan, Minfu Zhao, Junhan Wei, Yongwang Xu
Critical heat flux (CHF) is one of the most concerned thermal hydraulic phenomena in reactor safety analysis. It involves complex two-phase flow heat transfer mechanism, and has not been fully understood, so the prediction of critical heat flux mainly depends on CHF correlations obtained under limited experimental conditions. At present, CHF correlations are generally developed with pressure, mass flux and quality as key independent variables. And correspondingly, the test matrix of a CHF test consists of the above parameters. However, it is impossible to perform CHF tests accurately according to the predetermined quality. In CIAE, a CHF experimental research of a 5 × 5 uniformly heated rod bundle has been carried out. In the experiment, the inlet temperature of the test section was directly taken as a parameter in the test matrix. The CHF data were achieved by stepwise increasing the heating power. The test conditions covered the pressure of 2.8–15.5 MPa, the mass flux of 845–3533 kg/(m2·s), and the inlet temperature of 100°C–300°C. The test data have been analyzed to obtain the thermal-hydraulic parameter influences on CHF by taking the inlet temperature as a variable. The results indicated that, within the test condition range, under the same inlet temperatures, CHF was hardly affected by pressure, and linearly increased with the increasing mass flux. With the increase of inlet temperature, the enhancement of CHF with the increasing mass flux gradually weakens. And CHF was linearly decreased with the increasing inlet temperature under the same mass flux. By contrast, the parameter influences on CHF were more complex by taking the local quality as a variable. According to the research, it can be concluded that, it has an advantage of simplifying the CHF correlation form to take the inlet temperature of the test section as a variable parameter. The research can provide new ideas for CHF experiment, data analysis and correlation development.
{"title":"An experimental research of the influence on critical heat flux of a rod bundle under certain inlet temperatures","authors":"Minghui Duan, Minfu Zhao, Junhan Wei, Yongwang Xu","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2024.1340675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2024.1340675","url":null,"abstract":"Critical heat flux (CHF) is one of the most concerned thermal hydraulic phenomena in reactor safety analysis. It involves complex two-phase flow heat transfer mechanism, and has not been fully understood, so the prediction of critical heat flux mainly depends on CHF correlations obtained under limited experimental conditions. At present, CHF correlations are generally developed with pressure, mass flux and quality as key independent variables. And correspondingly, the test matrix of a CHF test consists of the above parameters. However, it is impossible to perform CHF tests accurately according to the predetermined quality. In CIAE, a CHF experimental research of a 5 × 5 uniformly heated rod bundle has been carried out. In the experiment, the inlet temperature of the test section was directly taken as a parameter in the test matrix. The CHF data were achieved by stepwise increasing the heating power. The test conditions covered the pressure of 2.8–15.5 MPa, the mass flux of 845–3533 kg/(m<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>·s), and the inlet temperature of 100°C–300°C. The test data have been analyzed to obtain the thermal-hydraulic parameter influences on CHF by taking the inlet temperature as a variable. The results indicated that, within the test condition range, under the same inlet temperatures, CHF was hardly affected by pressure, and linearly increased with the increasing mass flux. With the increase of inlet temperature, the enhancement of CHF with the increasing mass flux gradually weakens. And CHF was linearly decreased with the increasing inlet temperature under the same mass flux. By contrast, the parameter influences on CHF were more complex by taking the local quality as a variable. According to the research, it can be concluded that, it has an advantage of simplifying the CHF correlation form to take the inlet temperature of the test section as a variable parameter. The research can provide new ideas for CHF experiment, data analysis and correlation development.","PeriodicalId":12428,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Energy Research","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141871103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-29DOI: 10.3389/fenrg.2024.1418302
Jiaji Liu, Peng Di
The high proportion of new energy into the power grid leads to a significant uneven distribution trend of the inertia of the power grid, which seriously affects the safe and stable operation of the power grid. It is urgent to carry out the inertia evaluation of the new energy power system. In view of the insufficient accuracy of the equivalent inertia evaluation method of a single inertia center in evaluating large-scale power systems, this paper first proposed the equivalent inertia evaluation method of new energy power system in the region, and proposed the evaluation index of network area inertia to reveal the weak inertia network area. Secondly, for the inertia evaluation of new energy power system nodes, monitoring devices should be installed at each bus node. As the system construction cost is too high, a node inertia evaluation model of new energy power system is established to reduce the number of monitoring devices installed. Finally, in view of the unclear basis and inaccurate location of the frequency monitoring node selection model in the evaluation of equivalent inertia, a correlation model of equivalent inertia and node inertia is established to characterize the correlation between any node inertia and system equivalent inertia in the system. The consistency of the position of the equivalent inertia evaluation frequency monitoring node and the maximum inertia node of the system was derived, and the accuracy of the maximum inertia node as a frequency monitoring node was verified by the inertia center method and the frequency center method.
{"title":"New energy power system inertia weak position evaluation and frequency monitoring positioning","authors":"Jiaji Liu, Peng Di","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2024.1418302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2024.1418302","url":null,"abstract":"The high proportion of new energy into the power grid leads to a significant uneven distribution trend of the inertia of the power grid, which seriously affects the safe and stable operation of the power grid. It is urgent to carry out the inertia evaluation of the new energy power system. In view of the insufficient accuracy of the equivalent inertia evaluation method of a single inertia center in evaluating large-scale power systems, this paper first proposed the equivalent inertia evaluation method of new energy power system in the region, and proposed the evaluation index of network area inertia to reveal the weak inertia network area. Secondly, for the inertia evaluation of new energy power system nodes, monitoring devices should be installed at each bus node. As the system construction cost is too high, a node inertia evaluation model of new energy power system is established to reduce the number of monitoring devices installed. Finally, in view of the unclear basis and inaccurate location of the frequency monitoring node selection model in the evaluation of equivalent inertia, a correlation model of equivalent inertia and node inertia is established to characterize the correlation between any node inertia and system equivalent inertia in the system. The consistency of the position of the equivalent inertia evaluation frequency monitoring node and the maximum inertia node of the system was derived, and the accuracy of the maximum inertia node as a frequency monitoring node was verified by the inertia center method and the frequency center method.","PeriodicalId":12428,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Energy Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141873326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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