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Effective communication in an emerging CCS industry – an application of the SPE SRMS to convey contingencies, uncertainties, commerciality, and progress to project approval 新兴 CCS 行业中的有效沟通--应用 SPE SRMS 向项目审批传达突发事件、不确定性、商业性和进展情况
IF 3.4 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.3389/fenrg.2024.1459830
Paul S. Chernik, Matteo Caniggia, Ellen Mitchell
At COP28, Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage was declared a removal technology whose application must be accelerated. In 2017, the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) published the CO2 Storage Resource Management System (SRMS) as a framework for stakeholder communication. The SRMS guidelines were designed to support the creation of reports that inform readers regarding the contingencies that must be overcome to obtain project approval, uncertainty in the mass of CO2 that can be stored, and the commerciality of the project. However, working examples where the SRMS has been used to communicate project status in the public domain are limited. In 2023, the authors of this paper referred to the SRMS as the standard for completing an expert report, termed a Competent Persons Report (CPR), for the Viking Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) development in the United Kingdom. During the application of the SRMS framework, challenges were identified in conveying the progress made by the project proponent in identifying and addressing technical risks. This paper describes innovations developed to supplement the SRMS guidelines and improve communication with stakeholders. First, a flowchart was developed to explain a vital interpretation of the SRMS. Next, a defined framework of technical milestones was designed to assess the maturity of a given technical topic within the SRMS. This framework was combined with radial data visualization. The combination allowed multiple storage sites to be compared simultaneously and allowed stakeholders to quickly identify the maturity of technical analysis for any given site. We conclude that improving the consistency and clarity of CCS reporting to stakeholders can help build trust in this emerging industry.
在 COP28 大会上,碳捕集、利用和封存被宣布为必须加快应用的移除技术。2017 年,石油工程师协会(SPE)发布了二氧化碳封存资源管理系统(SRMS),作为利益相关者沟通的框架。SRMS 指南旨在支持报告的创建,使读者了解获得项目批准所必须克服的意外情况、可封存二氧化碳质量的不确定性以及项目的商业性。然而,利用 SRMS 系统在公共领域宣传项目状态的实例非常有限。2023 年,本文作者将 SRMS 作为完成英国维京碳捕集与封存 (CCS) 开发项目专家报告(称为 "合资格人士报告"(CPR))的标准。在应用 SRMS 框架的过程中,发现了在传达项目提议者在识别和解决技术风险方面所取得的进展方面存在的挑战。本文介绍了为补充 SRMS 指南和改善与利益相关者的沟通而开发的创新方法。首先,开发了一个流程图来解释 SRMS 的重要含义。其次,设计了一个明确的技术里程碑框架,用于评估 SRMS 中特定技术主题的成熟度。该框架与径向数据可视化相结合。通过这种结合,可以同时比较多个贮存点,并使利益相关者能够快速识别任何给定贮存点的技术分析成熟度。我们的结论是,提高向利益相关者提供的二氧化碳捕集与封存报告的一致性和清晰度有助于在这一新兴行业中建立信任。
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引用次数: 0
Testing the environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis at the sector level: Evidence from PNARDL for OECD countries 在部门层面检验环境库兹涅茨曲线假设:经合组织国家 PNARDL 的证据
IF 3.4 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.3389/fenrg.2024.1452906
Yusuf Muratoğlu, Mehmet Songur, Erginbay Uğurlu, Devran Şanlı
Since the contribution of economic sectors to GDP is heterogeneous, they also contribute differently to CO2 emissions and environmental degradation. In this regard, it is crucial to examine the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis at the sectoral level. Nevertheless, despite the extensive research conducted on the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis, significant gaps remain in the existing literature, particularly at the sectoral level. This study makes a novel contribution to the existing literature on the environmental EKC hypothesis by examining its validity across four distinct sectors: agriculture, industry, manufacturing, and services. Additionally, it makes a second contribution to the literature by examining the effect of energy consumption on CO2 asymmetrically, employing a novel panel non-linear ARDL (PNARDL) method. The study employs annual data from 38 OECD countries, spanning the period from 1990 to 2022. The findings demonstrate that the EKC hypothesis is valid for sectors other than the industrial sector and for the economy as a whole. The turning point of the Kuznets Curve for the total economy is estimated as $29250 GDP per capita. The PNARDL model’s error correction term (ect) is negative and significant. However, the magnitude of the term suggests that the system will return to long-term equilibrium after approximately 2.87 years following any shock. Asymmetric effects are valid for four sectors. Moreover, the empirical results clearly show that energy consumption has asymmetric effects on emissions in both the long and short run. Positive and negative shocks in energy consumption increase CO2 emissions in OECD economies in the long run. It has been determined that agriculture is the sector that causes the most environmental degradation by increasing CO2 emissions. This situation highlights the limited availability of productive capital equipment and renewable sources in the agricultural sector, even in OECD countries. As a result, the findings show that there is a different relationship between each sector’s GDP and CO2 emissions. It is important for policymakers to formulate sector-specific policies to reduce CO2 emissions while fostering GDP growth.
由于各经济部门对国内生产总值的贡献不同,它们对二氧化碳排放和环境退化的贡献也不同。因此,在部门层面研究环境库兹涅茨曲线(EKC)假说至关重要。然而,尽管对环境库兹涅茨曲线(EKC)假说进行了广泛的研究,但现有文献中仍存在重大空白,尤其是在部门层面。本研究通过考察农业、工业、制造业和服务业这四个不同部门的环境库兹涅茨曲线假说的有效性,为环境库兹涅茨曲线假说的现有文献做出了新的贡献。此外,本研究还采用了一种新颖的面板非线性 ARDL(PNARDL)方法,以非对称的方式研究了能源消耗对二氧化碳的影响,从而为相关文献做出了第二项贡献。研究采用了 38 个经合组织国家的年度数据,时间跨度为 1990 年至 2022 年。研究结果表明,EKC 假设对工业部门以外的其他部门和整个经济都是有效的。总体经济的库兹涅茨曲线转折点估计为人均国内生产总值 29250 美元。PNARDL 模型的误差修正项(ect)为负且显著。然而,该项的大小表明,在受到任何冲击后,系统将在大约 2.87 年后恢复长期均衡。非对称效应对四个部门都有效。此外,实证结果清楚地表明,能源消耗对排放的长期和短期影响是不对称的。从长期来看,能源消耗的正向和负向冲击都会增加经合组织经济体的二氧化碳排放量。经确定,农业是增加二氧化碳排放量从而导致环境退化最严重的部门。这种情况凸显了农业部门生产性资本设备和可再生能源的有限性,即使在经合组织国家也是如此。因此,研究结果表明,每个部门的国内生产总值与二氧化碳排放量之间存在不同的关系。决策者必须制定针对具体部门的政策,在促进国内生产总值增长的同时减少二氧化碳排放量。
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引用次数: 0
In-situ visualization and structure optimization of the flow channel of proton exchange membrane fuel cells 质子交换膜燃料电池流道的原位可视化和结构优化
IF 3.4 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.3389/fenrg.2024.1454007
Zhengguo Qin, Yuanyuan Liu, Chasen Tongsh, Zhiming Bao, Hongtao Li, Kangcheng Wu, Zhe Deng, Bowen Qin, Qing Du, Kui Jiao
The flow field serves as an important component of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) for maintaining the hydration of the membrane and discharge of excessive water. In this study, a transparent polycarbonate plate was used as the cathode end plate of the PEMFC. The water management capacity of the PEMFCs with different cathode flow fields was evaluated. The movement and evolution patterns of water droplets, film, and columns in different flow fields were analyzed. The results show that liquid water is discharged faster as the cross-section of the flow channel becomes smaller. The performance of the PEMFC with a partially-narrowed flow field is higher due to better water management capacity and forced convection of gas reactant. Liquid water exists mostly in the form of liquid columns in the parallel flow channel, damaging the uniformity of gas distribution. The wavy flow field is likely to be flooded due to the difference of water movement velocity in different channel regions. In addition, a volume of fluid (VOF) model was developed to quantitatively evaluate the water management performance of each type of flow field. The water movement patterns in the different flow channels were concluded. This study provided real-time observations of water movement in the flow channel, revealing a correlation between water management capabilities and the performance of the PEMFC.
流场是质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)的重要组成部分,用于维持膜的水合作用和排出过量的水。本研究使用透明聚碳酸酯板作为质子交换膜燃料电池的阴极端板。对不同阴极流场的 PEMFC 的水管理能力进行了评估。分析了水滴、水膜和水柱在不同流场中的运动和演变模式。结果表明,随着流道横截面的变小,液态水的排出速度加快。由于更好的水管理能力和气体反应物的强制对流,流场部分变窄的 PEMFC 性能更高。液态水主要以液柱形式存在于平行流道中,破坏了气体分布的均匀性。由于水在不同流道区域的运动速度不同,波浪形流场很可能被淹没。此外,还建立了流体体积(VOF)模型来定量评估每种流场的水管理性能。并总结了不同流道的水流运动模式。这项研究提供了流道中水运动的实时观测结果,揭示了水管理能力与 PEMFC 性能之间的相关性。
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引用次数: 0
Impacts of hydrogen on tropospheric ozone and methane and their modulation by atmospheric NOx 氢气对对流层臭氧和甲烷的影响以及大气中氮氧化物对它们的调节作用
IF 3.4 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.3389/fenrg.2024.1415593
Hannah N. Bryant, David S. Stevenson, Mathew R. Heal, Nathan Luke Abraham
Atmospheric hydrogen concentrations have been increasing in recent decades. Hydrogen is radiatively inert, but it is chemically reactive and exerts an indirect radiative forcing through chemistry that perturbs the concentrations of key species within the troposphere, including ozone. Using the atmospheric version of the United Kingdom Earth System Model, we analyse the impact of 10% increased surface concentrations of hydrogen on ozone production and loss. We also analyse the impact of this hydrogen in atmospheres with lower anthropogenic emissions of nitrogen oxides (80% and 30% of present-day anthropogenic surface emissions), as this is a likely outcome of the transition from fossil fuels towards cleaner technologies. In each case, we also assess the changes in hydroxyl radical concentration and hence methane lifetime and calculate the net impact on the hydrogen tropospheric global warming potential (GWP). We find that the hydrogen tropospheric GWP100 will change relatively little with decreases in surface anthropogenic NOx emissions (9.4 and 9.1 for our present day and 30% anthropogenic emissions, respectively). The current estimate for hydrogen GWP100 can therefore be applied to future scenarios of differing NOx, although this conclusion may be impacted by future changes in emissions of other reactive species.
近几十年来,大气中的氢浓度一直在增加。氢是辐射惰性气体,但它具有化学反应活性,并通过化学作用产生间接辐射强迫,扰动对流层中包括臭氧在内的关键物种的浓度。我们利用联合王国地球系统模式的大气版本,分析了地表氢浓度增加 10%对臭氧产生和损失的影响。我们还分析了这种氢气在氮氧化物人为排放量较低(占目前人为地表排放量的 80% 和 30%)的大气中的影响,因为这是从化石燃料向清洁技术过渡的可能结果。在每种情况下,我们还评估了羟基自由基浓度的变化,从而评估了甲烷的寿命,并计算了对氢气对流层全球升温潜能值(GWP)的净影响。我们发现,随着地表人为氮氧化物排放量的减少,氢气对流层全球升温潜能值(GWP100)的变化相对较小(目前和 30% 的人为排放量分别为 9.4 和 9.1)。因此,目前对氢气 GWP100 的估计值可适用于未来不同氮氧化物的情况,尽管这一结论可能会受到未来其他活性物种排放量变化的影响。
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引用次数: 0
AADMM based shared energy storage planning for resilience improvement of renewable energy stations 基于 AADMM 的共享储能规划,提高可再生能源站的复原力
IF 3.4 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-09-10 DOI: 10.3389/fenrg.2024.1467627
Long Zhao, Jinping Zhang, Qingquan Lv, Zhenzhen Zhang, Pengfei Gao, Ruixiao Zhang
The exponential proliferation of renewable energy has resulted in a significant mismatch between power supply and demand, especially during extreme events. This incongruity presents challenges in efficiently harnessing renewable energy and enhancing the resilience of the power grid. To address this issue, this paper proposes shared energy storage (SES) planning based on the adaptive alternating direction method of multipliers (AADMM). The objective is to fully leverage SES, enhance the local consumption level of renewable energy, ensure power grid resilience, and reduce operational costs. First, to ensure the effective utilization of SES while minimizing initial investment and construction costs, a planning model for SES is formulated. Secondly, to maximize the benefits for multiple prosumers within the renewable energy and SES station, a profit maximization model for multiple prosumers is established. Lastly, to guarantee the privacy security of SES and multi-prosumers while optimizing computational efficiency, a distributed computing model for SES based on AADMM is developed. The results of the example show that the proposed model can not only reduce the cost of 47.96 CNY, but also increase the power self-sufficiency rate by 21.86%. In addition, compared with the traditional distributed optimization, the number of iterations of AADMM is increased by 47.05%, and the computational efficiency is increased by 54.67%. In addition, market prices have a great impact on energy trading, and the impact of market pricing on the operation of the park is not considered in our current research. In this case, our future research aims to consider how to price reasonably between prosumers and between prosumers and SES, so as to realize the stable participation of each subject in the energy market.
可再生能源的激增导致电力供需严重不匹配,尤其是在极端事件发生时。这种不协调给有效利用可再生能源和提高电网的恢复能力带来了挑战。为解决这一问题,本文提出了基于自适应交变方向乘法(AADMM)的共享储能(SES)规划。其目的是充分利用 SES,提高可再生能源的本地消纳水平,确保电网弹性,降低运营成本。首先,为确保 SES 的有效利用,同时最大限度地降低初始投资和建设成本,制定了 SES 的规划模型。其次,为实现可再生能源和 SES 站内多个消费者的利益最大化,建立了多个消费者的利润最大化模型。最后,为了在优化计算效率的同时保证 SES 和多用户的隐私安全,建立了基于 AADMM 的 SES 分布式计算模型。实例结果表明,所提出的模型不仅能降低 47.96 元人民币的成本,还能提高 21.86% 的电力自给率。此外,与传统的分布式优化相比,AADMM 的迭代次数增加了 47.05%,计算效率提高了 54.67%。此外,市场价格对能源交易有很大影响,我们目前的研究没有考虑市场价格对园区运行的影响。在这种情况下,我们未来的研究目标是考虑如何在用电方之间、用电方与 SES 之间合理定价,从而实现各主体稳定参与能源市场。
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引用次数: 0
Next-generation data center energy management: a data-driven decision-making framework 下一代数据中心能源管理:数据驱动的决策框架
IF 3.4 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-09-10 DOI: 10.3389/fenrg.2024.1449358
Vlatko Milić
In the era of society’s ongoing digitization and the exponential growth in data volume, alongside a growing energy demand, energy management plays an integral role in data centers (DCs) and is a key factor in the quest for decarbonization. In light of the complex nature of DCs, traditional energy management strategies are inadequate. This research introduces a data-driven decision-making framework for DCs, grounded in the OODA (Observation, Orientation, Decision, and Action) loop and based on insights from an Ericsson-operated DC in Linköping, Sweden. The developed framework enables DCs to enhance energy efficiency effectively. Rooted in the OODA loop and leveraging extensive datasets from DCs’ building management systems, this framework aids in decreasing cooling energy usage through strategic, data-driven decision-making. By adopting AI methods, specifically K-means clustering in this research, for continuous monitoring and fine-tuning (Proportional, Integral, Derivative) PID parameters, the framework aids in improving operational efficiency.
在社会不断数字化、数据量呈指数级增长、能源需求日益增长的时代,能源管理在数据中心(DC)中发挥着不可或缺的作用,也是实现去碳化的关键因素。鉴于数据中心的复杂性,传统的能源管理策略是不够的。本研究以 OODA(观察、定位、决策和行动)循环为基础,根据爱立信在瑞典林雪平运营的数据中心的经验,为数据中心引入了一个数据驱动的决策框架。所开发的框架使配送中心能够有效提高能源效率。该框架以 OODA 循环为基础,利用来自 DC 建筑管理系统的大量数据集,通过数据驱动的战略决策,帮助减少制冷能耗。通过采用人工智能方法,特别是本研究中的 K-means 聚类,对 PID(比例、积分、微分)参数进行持续监控和微调,该框架有助于提高运行效率。
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引用次数: 0
The static voltage stability analysis of photovoltaic energy storage systems based on NPU algorithm 基于 NPU 算法的光伏储能系统静态电压稳定性分析
IF 3.4 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-09-10 DOI: 10.3389/fenrg.2024.1443677
Chang Ye, Kezheng Jiang, Junjie Wu, Mingye Sun, Xiaotong Ji, Dan Liu
Although the data-driven static voltage stability problems have been widely studied, most of the classical algorithms focus more on improving the accuracy of the system prediction, ignoring the error classification errors generated during the prediction process. Furthermore, current research ignores the utilization of data-driven voltage stability assessment of energy storage systems. Therefore, this paper proposes a static voltage stability assessment method for photovoltaic energy storage systems based on considering the error classification constraint algorithm using Neyman-Pearson umbrella algorithms. Firstly, the Spearman Correlation Coefficient is employed in the feature selection phase. Secondly, an updated voltage stability assessment (VSA) model is proposed. Compared with the existing data-driven prediction of system static voltage stability in the literature, it can realize voltage stability assessment more quickly. Furthermore, on the basis of rapid voltage stability assessment, the umbrella NP classifier can also effectively limit the first-class error and attenuate the effect of error classification by mirroring the control of the number of cycle splits and the type I classification error threshold. Finally, the simulation and experimental results show that the effectiveness and robustness of the scheme proposed in this paper in grid-connected photovoltaic energy farms.
尽管数据驱动的静态电压稳定性问题已被广泛研究,但大多数经典算法更侧重于提高系统预测的准确性,而忽略了预测过程中产生的误差分类误差。此外,目前的研究还忽略了利用数据驱动对储能系统进行电压稳定性评估。因此,本文在考虑误差分类约束算法的基础上,利用 Neyman-Pearson 伞形算法提出了一种光伏储能系统静态电压稳定性评估方法。首先,在特征选择阶段采用斯皮尔曼相关系数。其次,提出了更新的电压稳定性评估(VSA)模型。与现有文献中数据驱动的系统静态电压稳定性预测相比,它能更快地实现电压稳定性评估。此外,在快速电压稳定性评估的基础上,伞状 NP 分类器还能通过镜像控制周期分裂数和 I 类分类误差阈值,有效限制一等误差,削弱误差分类的效果。最后,仿真和实验结果表明,本文提出的方案在光伏并网发电场中具有有效性和鲁棒性。
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引用次数: 0
Research on time-of-use compensation pricing strategies for load aggregators based on user demand response 基于用户需求响应的负荷聚合器使用时间补偿定价策略研究
IF 3.4 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-09-10 DOI: 10.3389/fenrg.2024.1442194
Hongzhao Yang, Zhan Zhang, Rui Liang, Weifeng Zhao
As the electric power market reform deepens, the strategic role of load aggregators in demand-side response becomes increasingly important. The inherent variability of distributed renewable energy generation and user demand response often leads to a mismatch between the purchased electricity and the market bid volume, resulting in punitive costs for companies. To address this issue, this study treats demand-side controllable loads as dispatchable resources and proposes a tiered pricing strategy to adjust power distribution. By establishing a Stackelberg leader-follower game model, the study promotes a mutually beneficial relationship between load aggregators and controllable load users. Through case studies, this paper examines the operational profits of load aggregators and the power adjustment behaviors of controllable load users under tiered and fixed compensation pricing schemes. The results indicate that tiered compensation pricing significantly reduces punitive costs and enhances user participation in demand response.
随着电力市场改革的深化,负荷聚合器在需求侧响应中的战略作用变得越来越重要。分布式可再生能源发电和用户需求响应固有的可变性往往会导致外购电量与市场竞价量不匹配,从而给企业带来惩罚性成本。为解决这一问题,本研究将需求侧可控负荷视为可调度资源,并提出了一种阶梯定价策略来调整电力分配。通过建立一个领导者与追随者的斯泰克尔伯格博弈模型,本研究促进了负荷聚合者与可控负荷用户之间的互利关系。本文通过案例研究,探讨了阶梯补偿定价方案和固定补偿定价方案下,负荷汇集商的运营利润和可控负荷用户的电力调整行为。结果表明,阶梯式补偿定价大大降低了惩罚性成本,提高了用户对需求响应的参与度。
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引用次数: 0
Assessing the current situation of constructed wetland-microbial fuel cells as an alternative power generation and wastewater treatment in developing countries 评估发展中国家将建造湿地-微生物燃料电池作为替代发电和废水处理方式的现状
IF 3.4 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: 10.3389/fenrg.2024.1448730
Damien Georges Jacobs, Leonard Owino Kachienga, Mpumelelo Casper Rikhotso, Akebe Luther King Abia, Afsatou Ndama Traoré, Natasha Potgieter
Developing countries facing population growth and increased energy demand present simultaneous challenges regarding wastewater treatment and electricity supply. Constructed wetland-microbial fuel cells (CW-MFCs) offer a dual solution to the challenges of insufficient electricity and wastewater treatment by integrating indigenous plant species. CW-MFCs provide sustainable power generation and wastewater treatment. This approach can enhance sustainability and foster a circular economy by utilising plant-derived byproducts as an added product. Current research indicates various novel designs for effective wastewater treatment and potential power generation. Future studies focusing on rural settings and upscaling operations can apply advanced techniques like mass spectrophotometry and metagenomics to refine the technology for grid use. Developing CW-MFC technology will catapult the idea of developing a robust strategy for addressing power supply and sanitation issues in developing regions. This will also aid in continuous research into system optimisation and microbial communities, aiding long-term viability.
面临人口增长和能源需求增加的发展中国家同时面临着废水处理和电力供应方面的挑战。建造湿地微生物燃料电池(CW-MFCs)通过整合本地植物物种,为解决电力不足和废水处理问题提供了双重解决方案。CW-MFCs 可提供可持续发电和废水处理。通过利用植物副产品作为附加产品,这种方法可以提高可持续性并促进循环经济。目前的研究表明,各种新型设计可有效处理废水,并具有发电潜力。未来以农村环境和升级操作为重点的研究可以应用质谱光度法和元基因组学等先进技术来完善该技术,以便在电网中使用。开发 CW-MFC 技术将推动制定强有力的战略,解决发展中地区的电力供应和卫生问题。这也将有助于对系统优化和微生物群落进行持续研究,从而提高长期可行性。
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引用次数: 0
An experimental verification system for electric vehicle and grid interactive charging safety 电动汽车和电网互动充电安全实验验证系统
IF 3.4 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-09-06 DOI: 10.3389/fenrg.2024.1453052
Jun Han, Anjie Fan, Chao Cai, Wenjie Pan, Haofei Chen
The development of electric vehicles (EVs) reduces dependence on fossil fuels, promotes energy conservation and emissions reduction, and facilitates the transition to clean energy sources in the power grid. However, subjective charging behavior among EV owners can lead to blind charging practices, compromising the reliability of the distribution network by widening the peak-to-valley difference. To address safety concerns during the charging process, this paper proposes hardware and software systems for an experimental verification system. The network architecture, focused on charging safety, is examined. Analysis of the system’s operation data reveals that it enables bidirectional interaction between electric vehicles and the power grid. This solution proves ef-fective for integrating a large number of EVs in peak-shaving and valley-filling efforts, laying a technical foundation for their inclusion in the power grid for peak shaving, valley filling, as well as providing standby and frequency regulation services.
电动汽车(EV)的发展减少了对化石燃料的依赖,促进了节能减排,并推动了电网向清洁能源的过渡。然而,电动汽车车主的主观充电行为会导致盲目充电,扩大峰谷差,从而影响配电网的可靠性。为了解决充电过程中的安全问题,本文提出了实验验证系统的硬件和软件系统。本文研究了以充电安全为重点的网络架构。对系统运行数据的分析表明,该系统实现了电动汽车与电网之间的双向互动。事实证明,该解决方案能有效地将大量电动汽车整合到削峰填谷工作中,为将电动汽车纳入电网进行削峰填谷以及提供备用和频率调节服务奠定了技术基础。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Frontiers in Energy Research
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