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Experimental study on hydraulic fracture propagation behavior in heterogeneous shale formations 异质页岩层中水力压裂传播行为的实验研究
IF 3.4 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.3389/fenrg.2023.1309591
Wang Bin, Jia Tao, Xu Binggui, Ning Kun, Tan Peng, Zhou Yi
The study of fracture propagation in heterogeneous shale is a crucial prerequisite for the investigation of heterogeneous cluster and perforation parameters optimization. In this paper, we conduct a physical simulation fracturing experiment on heterogeneous shale to investigate the effects of various influencing factors, such as shale bedding, near-wellbore fractures, lithological changes, and the presence of fractures surrounding the perforation hole, on fracture propagation law and morphology. Our research demonstrates that during shale fracturing, shear dislocation typically occurs between layers, resulting in the separation of different layer planes. The main fracture primarily propagates through layers in a stepped manner. The presence of sandstone in heterogeneous shale significantly impedes fracturing fractures, causing significant distortion and deviation. As the scale of natural fractures increases, it tends to cause the fracturing fracture to twist and change direction. The natural fractures network can also lead to the distortion of fracturing fractures, albeit to a lesser extent than large-scale natural fractures. The presence of micro fractures parallel to the perforation axis surrounding the perforation hole enhances the ability of the main fracturing fractures to pass through natural fractures.
研究异质页岩中的裂缝传播是研究异质群和优化射孔参数的重要前提。本文对异质页岩进行了物理模拟压裂实验,研究了页岩层理、近井筒裂缝、岩性变化、射孔孔周围存在裂缝等多种影响因素对裂缝传播规律和形态的影响。我们的研究表明,在页岩压裂过程中,层间通常会发生剪切位错,导致不同层平面分离。主裂缝主要以阶梯方式在层间传播。异质页岩中砂岩的存在极大地阻碍了压裂裂缝的形成,造成了严重的扭曲和偏差。随着天然裂缝规模的扩大,往往会导致压裂裂缝扭曲和改变方向。天然裂缝网络也会导致压裂裂缝变形,但程度低于大规模天然裂缝。射孔孔周围存在平行于射孔轴线的微裂缝,增强了主压裂裂缝穿过天然裂缝的能力。
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引用次数: 0
An review of research on liquid hydrogen leakage: regarding China’s hydrogen refueling stations 液氢泄漏研究综述:关于中国的加氢站
IF 3.4 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.3389/fenrg.2024.1408338
Yangyiming Rong, Wenhao Yuan, Jianbin Peng, Jiaxin Hou, Jun Gao, Xiang Zhang, Jianye Chen, Shunyi Chen
Hydrogen is regarded as the premier energy source for future sustainability and renewability. However, its distinct physicochemical properties render it prone to explosions in the event of a leak. Therefore, there is a need for more comprehensive research dealing with hydrogen leakage, explosion scenarios, and risk assessment. This paper provides an overview of the current hydrogen policies adopted in China. It reviews the processes of hydrogen refueling station construction and the thermophysical mechanisms of liquid hydrogen leakage. In this regard, the effects of various factors, including leakage rate, leakage time, leakage hole size, wind direction and speed, and building location, on the hydrogen leakage rate are analyzed and evaluated. Additionally, the impacts of different factors on hydrogen explosion overpressure are reported, including hydrogen concentration, wind speed, obstacles, and ignition position, in addition to the current applications of quantitative risk assessment methods in hydrogen refueling stations. Finally, the limitations of current research on liquid hydrogen leakage and explosion accidents are highlighted, along with the shortcomings of current risk assessment methods for liquid hydrogen refueling stations.
氢被认为是未来可持续和可再生的主要能源。然而,其独特的物理化学特性使其在泄漏时容易发生爆炸。因此,需要对氢气泄漏、爆炸情景和风险评估进行更全面的研究。本文概述了中国目前采用的氢能政策。它回顾了加氢站的建设过程和液氢泄漏的热物理机制。在此基础上,分析和评估了各种因素对氢气泄漏率的影响,包括泄漏率、泄漏时间、泄漏孔大小、风向和风速、建筑物位置等。此外,报告了不同因素对氢气爆炸超压的影响,包括氢气浓度、风速、障碍物和点火位置,以及定量风险评估方法在加氢站中的应用现状。最后,强调了当前液氢泄漏和爆炸事故研究的局限性,以及当前液氢加气站风险评估方法的不足之处。
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引用次数: 0
Field strength prediction of 220 kV cable oil terminal defects based on multivariate nonlinear regression model 基于多元非线性回归模型的 220 kV 电缆油终端缺陷场强预测
IF 3.4 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.3389/fenrg.2024.1462991
Zhigang Ren, Wei Guo, Hongquan Ji, Junwei Geng, Jing Cai, Yekun Men, Bo Liu
During the installation of a cable oil terminal, it is easy to leave scratches on the main insulation owing to uneven forces when removing the semi-conductive layer. Scratch defects cause field intensity distortion, which leads to partial discharge and insulation failure. This study attempts to establish a simulation model of a 220 kV cable terminal to determine the effect of the length, depth, and position of the scratch on the maximum field strength at the defect. The simulation and experiment demonstrate that the maximum field strength at the defect increases with greater length and decreases as the depth increases. Therefore, a prediction method for the terminal defect field strength based on a multivariate nonlinear regression model was proposed in this study. When the defect is located at 20 mm from the root of the stress cone, the maximum field strength is 14.5 MV/m when the length and depth are 2 mm and 1 mm, respectively. The maximum field strength at the defect was predicted based on the length, depth, and position of the scratch defect to evaluate the severity of the defect.
在安装电缆油终端时,由于拆除半导电层时受力不均,很容易在主绝缘上留下划痕。划痕缺陷会造成场强畸变,从而导致局部放电和绝缘失效。本研究试图建立一个 220 kV 电缆终端的仿真模型,以确定划痕的长度、深度和位置对缺陷处最大场强的影响。模拟和实验结果表明,缺陷处的最大场强随长度的增加而增加,随深度的增加而减小。因此,本研究提出了一种基于多元非线性回归模型的终端缺陷场强预测方法。当缺陷位于距应力锥根部 20 毫米处时,长度和深度分别为 2 毫米和 1 毫米时,最大场强为 14.5 MV/m。根据划痕缺陷的长度、深度和位置预测缺陷处的最大场强,以评估缺陷的严重程度。
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引用次数: 0
Dynamic prediction of overhead transmission line ampacity based on the BP neural network using Bayesian optimization 利用贝叶斯优化方法,基于 BP 神经网络动态预测架空输电线路容量
IF 3.4 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.3389/fenrg.2024.1449586
Yong Sun, Yuanqi Liu, Bowen Wang, Yu Lu, Ruihua Fan, Xiaozhe Song, Yong Jiang, Xin She, Shengyao Shi, Kerui Ma, Guoqing Zhang, Xinyi Shen
Traditionally, the ampacity of an overhead transmission line (OHTL) is a static value obtained based on adverse weather conditions, which constrains the transmission capacity. With the continuous growth of power system load, it is increasingly necessary to dynamically adjust the ampacity based on weather conditions. To this end, this paper models the heat balance relationship of the OHTL based on a BP neural network using Bayesian optimization (BO-BP). On this basis, an OHTL ampacity prediction method considering the model error is proposed. First, a two-stage current-stepping ampacity prediction model is established to obtain the initial ampacity prediction results. Then, the risk control strategy of ampacity prediction considering the model error is proposed to correct the ampacity based on the quartile of the model error to reduce the risk of the conductor overheating caused by the model error. Finally, a simulation is carried out based on the operation data of a 220-kV transmission line. The simulation results show that the accuracy of the BO-BP model is improved by more than 20% compared with the traditional heat balance equation. The proposed ampacity prediction method can improve the transmission capacity by more than 150% compared with the original static ampacity.
传统上,架空输电线路(OHTL)的安培值是根据恶劣天气条件得出的静态值,这限制了输电能力。随着电力系统负荷的持续增长,越来越有必要根据天气条件动态调整安培值。为此,本文基于贝叶斯优化(BO-BP)的 BP 神经网络,对 OHTL 的热平衡关系进行建模。在此基础上,提出了一种考虑模型误差的 OHTL 容量预测方法。首先,建立一个两阶段电流阶跃容量预测模型,得到初始容量预测结果。然后,提出了考虑模型误差的容量预测风险控制策略,根据模型误差的四分位数修正容量,以降低模型误差导致的导体过热风险。最后,根据一条 220 千伏输电线路的运行数据进行了仿真。仿真结果表明,与传统的热平衡方程相比,BO-BP 模型的精度提高了 20% 以上。与原来的静态容量相比,所提出的容量预测方法可将输电容量提高 150% 以上。
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引用次数: 0
Real-time energy management simulation for enhanced integration of renewable energy resources in DC microgrids 加强直流微电网中可再生能源资源整合的实时能源管理模拟
IF 3.4 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-09-02 DOI: 10.3389/fenrg.2024.1458115
Hassan Hadi H. Awaji, Abdullah Ali Alhussainy, Abdulraheem H. Alobaidi, Sultan Alghamdi, Sami Alghamdi, Mohammed Alruwaili
The presented work addresses the growing need for efficient and reliable DC microgrids integrating renewable energy sources. However, for the sake of practicality, implementing complex control strategies can increase system complexity. Thus, efficient methodologies are required to provide efficient energy management of microgrids while increasing the integration of renewable energy sources. The primary contribution of this work is to investigate the issues related to operating a DC microgrid with conventional control designed to power DC motors using readily available, non-advanced control strategies with the objective of achieving stable and reliable grid performance without resorting to complex control schemes. The proposed microgrid integrates a combination of uncontrollable renewable distributed generators (DGs) alongside controllable DGs and energy storage systems, including batteries and supercapacitors, connected via DC links. The Incremental Conductance (InCond) algorithm is employed for maximum power point tracking to maximize power output from the PV system. The energy management strategy prioritizes the solar system as the primary source, with the battery and supercapacitor acting as backup power sources to ensure overall system reliability and sustainability. The effectiveness of the microgrid under various operating conditions is evaluated through extensive simulations conducted using MATLAB. These simulations explore different power generation scenarios, including normal operation with varying load levels and operation under Standard Test Conditions (STC). Moreover, fault analysis of the DC microgrid is performed to examine system reliability. The system performance is evaluated using real-time simulation software (OPAL-RT) to validate the effectiveness of the approach under real-time conditions. This comprehensive approach demonstrates the efficacy of operating a DC microgrid with conventional controllers, ensuring grid stability and reliability across various operating conditions and fault scenarios while prioritizing the use of renewable energy sources. The results illustrated that system efficiency increases with load, but fault tolerance measures, can introduce trade-offs between reliability and peak efficiency.
所介绍的工作满足了对集成可再生能源的高效、可靠直流微电网日益增长的需求。然而,出于实用性考虑,实施复杂的控制策略会增加系统的复杂性。因此,需要高效的方法来提供微电网的高效能源管理,同时提高可再生能源的集成度。这项工作的主要贡献在于研究了与直流微电网运行相关的问题,该微电网采用传统控制设计,使用现成的非高级控制策略为直流电机供电,目的是在不采用复杂控制方案的情况下实现稳定可靠的电网性能。拟议的微电网将不可控的可再生分布式发电机(DG)与可控的分布式发电机和储能系统(包括电池和超级电容器)结合在一起,并通过直流链路连接。增量电导(InCond)算法用于最大功率点跟踪,以最大限度地提高光伏系统的功率输出。能源管理策略优先将太阳能系统作为主电源,将蓄电池和超级电容器作为备用电源,以确保整个系统的可靠性和可持续性。通过使用 MATLAB 进行大量模拟,评估了微电网在各种运行条件下的有效性。这些模拟探索了不同的发电场景,包括不同负载水平下的正常运行和标准测试条件(STC)下的运行。此外,还对直流微电网进行了故障分析,以检查系统可靠性。使用实时仿真软件(OPAL-RT)对系统性能进行评估,以验证该方法在实时条件下的有效性。这种综合方法证明了使用传统控制器运行直流微电网的有效性,确保了电网在各种运行条件和故障情况下的稳定性和可靠性,同时优先使用了可再生能源。结果表明,系统效率会随着负荷的增加而提高,但容错措施会在可靠性和峰值效率之间带来权衡。
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引用次数: 0
Research of the calculation formula for working clearance leakage flow of the hydrogen circulation pump 氢循环泵工作间隙泄漏流量计算公式研究
IF 3.4 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-09-02 DOI: 10.3389/fenrg.2024.1414926
Huanle Zhai, Wei Li, Xiaomeng Chu, Honggang Mu, Yuanfeng Xu
The hydrogen circulation pump (HCP), a device for recovering unconsumed hydrogen gas in fuel cell systems to improve efficiency, is an important equipment in fuel cell systems. Efficient calculation of the output flow rate of the HCP is crucial for accelerating the product development process, but there is a lack of an effective calculation formula for the working clearance leakage. In this paper, a series of HCP models with different working clearances are established and calculated using an overlapping grid simulation method, verifying that the traditional Roots blower leakage flow formula is feasible for HCP, although the maximum calculation error reaches 10.71%. Further study the pressure distribution law inside the HCP chamber, and revise the traditional calculation formula accordingly, so that the average calculation error of the series models is reduced from 5.75% to 3.82%, and the maximum error is also reduced to 7.73%. Compared with the prototype test data, though the flow values obtained from the two calculation formulas are slightly higher, the calculation error of the correction formula is relatively smaller. The research results indicate that the correction formula can more accurately predict the flow rate of HCP and has important application value.
氢循环泵(HCP)是燃料电池系统中回收未消耗氢气以提高效率的装置,是燃料电池系统中的重要设备。有效计算氢循环泵的输出流量对加快产品开发过程至关重要,但目前缺乏有效的工作间隙泄漏计算公式。本文建立了一系列具有不同工作间隙的 HCP 模型,并采用重叠网格仿真方法进行了计算,验证了传统的罗茨鼓风机泄漏流量计算公式对于 HCP 是可行的,尽管最大计算误差达到了 10.71%。进一步研究 HCP 腔内压力分布规律,对传统计算公式进行相应修正,使系列模型的平均计算误差从 5.75% 降至 3.82%,最大误差也降至 7.73%。与原型测试数据相比,虽然两种计算公式得到的流量值略有提高,但修正公式的计算误差相对较小。研究结果表明,修正公式能更准确地预测 HCP 的流量,具有重要的应用价值。
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引用次数: 0
AC/DC optimal power flow and techno-economic assessment for hybrid microgrids: TIGON CEDER demonstrator 混合微电网的交直流最佳功率流和技术经济评估:TIGON CEDER 演示器
IF 3.4 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.3389/fenrg.2024.1399114
Alejandro Martín-Crespo, Alejandro Hernández-Serrano, Óscar Izquierdo-Monge, Paula Peña-Carro, Ángel Hernández-Jiménez, Fernando Frechoso-Escudero, Enrique Baeyens
In recent years, the interest in electric direct current (DC) technologies (such as converters, batteries, and electric vehicles) has increased due to their potential in energy efficiency and sustainability. However, the vast majority of electric systems and networks are based on alternating current (AC) as they also have certain advantages regarding cost-effective transport and robustness. In this paper, an AC/DC optimal power flow method for hybrid microgrids and several key performance indicators (KPIs) for its techno-economic assessment are presented. The combination of both calculations allows users to determine the viability of their hybrid microgrids. AC/DC networks have been modeled considering their most common elements. For the power flow method, polynomial optimization is formulated considering four different objective functions: the minimization of energy losses, voltage deviation, and operational costs and the maximization of the microgrid generation. The power flow method and the techno–economic analysis are implemented in Python and validated in the Centro de Desarrollo de Energías Renovables (CEDER) demonstrator for TIGON. The results show that the calculated power flow variables and those measured at CEDER are practically the same. In addition, the KPIs are obtained and compared for four operating scenarios: baseline, no battery, battery flexibility, and virtual battery (VB) flexibility. The last scenario results in the most profitable option.
近年来,直流电(DC)技术(如转换器、电池和电动汽车)因其在能源效率和可持续性方面的潜力而备受关注。然而,绝大多数电力系统和网络都以交流电(AC)为基础,因为交流电在经济高效的传输和稳健性方面也具有一定的优势。本文介绍了一种适用于混合微电网的交流/直流优化功率流方法,以及用于技术经济评估的若干关键性能指标(KPI)。结合这两种计算方法,用户可以确定其混合微电网的可行性。交流/直流电网的建模考虑了其最常见的元素。对于功率流方法,考虑到四个不同的目标函数,制定了多项式优化方案:能量损失最小化、电压偏差最小化、运行成本最小化以及微电网发电量最大化。功率流方法和技术经济分析在 Python 中实现,并在 TIGON 的可再生能源开发中心(CEDER)演示器中进行了验证。结果表明,计算得出的电力流变量与在 CEDER 测得的变量基本一致。此外,还获得并比较了四种运行方案的关键绩效指标:基线、无电池、电池灵活性和虚拟电池(VB)灵活性。最后一种方案的盈利能力最强。
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引用次数: 0
A comprehensive evaluation index system for low-carbon development of power systems in a load-intensive city 负荷密集型城市电力系统低碳发展的综合评价指标体系
IF 3.4 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.3389/fenrg.2024.1453754
Yi Liang, Hong Dong, Yuqun Gao, Liujun Hu, Yanna Gao, Zihan Lin, Fanhong Zeng, Yunxia Xu
There is a relative lack of research aimed at developing a comprehensive index system for low-carbon development of power systems in load-intensive cities in China. First, this paper outlined the main challenges faced in the urban power system development process and determined development goals and key indexes that combined the macro goals and requirements of constructing new power systems with the development characteristics and trends of load-intensive urban power systems. Second, a comprehensive index system and evaluation method for the low-carbon development of power systems was proposed to consider the perspectives of safety, efficiency, clean energy, low carbon, and flexibility. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed index system and evaluation method was verified by taking the development of actual power systems in ultra-large-load-intensive cities as an example, providing support for the development decision making of actual urban power system construction and transformation.
中国负荷密集型城市电力系统低碳发展的综合指标体系研究相对缺乏。首先,本文概述了城市电力系统发展过程中面临的主要挑战,结合建设新型电力系统的宏观目标和要求,以及负荷密集型城市电力系统的发展特点和趋势,确定了发展目标和关键指标。其次,从安全、高效、清洁能源、低碳、灵活等角度出发,提出了电力系统低碳发展的综合指标体系和评价方法。最后,以超大负荷密集型城市实际电力系统发展为例,验证了所提指标体系和评价方法的有效性,为实际城市电力系统建设和改造的发展决策提供了支持。
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引用次数: 0
Improved droop control strategy for distributed photovoltaic power generation systems 分布式光伏发电系统的改进型下垂控制策略
IF 3.4 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.3389/fenrg.2024.1430580
Deng Zhengwan, Gao Ningyu, Zhu Yali
The control strategy of a distributed photovoltaic (PV) power generation system within a microgrid consists of an inner-loop controller and an outer-loop controller. The inner-loop controller is divided into two types, namely, the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control strategy and DC bus voltage support strategy. Switching between these two control strategies results in issues such as DC bus overvoltage, system oscillations, or even PV system failure. An improved droop control strategy with a novel inner-loop controller is proposed, incorporating an output power derivative regulator. The control system unifies MPPT and DC bus voltage support strategy without switching the controller structure. A simulation model is built to validate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy, and the results show that the ripple of DC bus voltage decreases by more than 60%.
微电网中分布式光伏发电系统的控制策略由内环控制器和外环控制器组成。内环控制器分为两种,即最大功率点跟踪(MPPT)控制策略和直流母线电压支持策略。在这两种控制策略之间切换会导致直流母线电压过高、系统振荡甚至光伏系统故障等问题。本文提出了一种改进的下垂控制策略,该策略采用新型内环控制器,并结合了输出功率导数调节器。该控制系统统一了 MPPT 和直流母线电压支持策略,无需切换控制器结构。建立了一个仿真模型来验证所提控制策略的有效性,结果表明直流母线电压纹波降低了 60% 以上。
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引用次数: 0
A multi-agent optimal operation methodology of electric, thermal, and hydrogen integrated energy system based on ADMM algorithm 基于 ADMM 算法的电、热、氢综合能源系统多代理优化操作方法
IF 3.4 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-08-29 DOI: 10.3389/fenrg.2024.1428303
Dongxu Zhou, Jingzhou Xu, Can Zhang, Pengchao Wei, Guangsheng Pan, Zhongfan Gu
This article presents a study on the distributed optimization operation method for micro-energy grid clusters within an electric, thermal, and hydrogen integrated energy system. The research focuses on precisely modeling the Power-to-Hydrogen (P2H) conversion process in electrolytic cells by considering their startup characteristics. An optimization operation model is established, with each micro-energy grid as the principal entity, to cater to their individual interests and demands. The Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) algorithm is adopted for distributed solution. Case studies demonstrate that the connection topology between micro-energy grids significantly impacts the total operating cost, and the effectiveness of the ADMM algorithm is validated through a comparison with centralized optimization approaches.
本文介绍了一项关于电、热、氢综合能源系统中微型能源网群分布式优化运行方法的研究。研究的重点是通过考虑电解槽的启动特性,精确模拟电解槽的电能制氢(P2H)转换过程。以每个微型能源网为主体,建立优化运行模型,以满足其各自的利益和需求。采用交替方向乘法(ADMM)算法进行分布式求解。案例研究表明,微型能源网之间的连接拓扑结构会对总运营成本产生重大影响,通过与集中式优化方法的比较,ADMM 算法的有效性得到了验证。
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引用次数: 0
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