Pub Date : 2026-02-06DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2026.1774551
Runfa Xing, Lichuan Zhang, Bing Huang, Guangyao Han, Lu Liu
Underwater docking of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) was typically dependent on the complete visual detection of markers. When markers were only partially visible due to occlusion or departure from the field of view, conventional localization methods based on complete features were rendered ineffective, resulting in the interruption of docking operations. To address this limitation, an enhanced orientation-aware method based on a spatiotemporal attention convolutional neural network (CNN) was proposed in this study. The core of this method was a dual-path feature fusion architecture: discriminative features of visible marker segments were extracted from single frames by the spatial path, while the temporal path was employed to aggregate features across consecutive frames, thereby compensating for the insufficiency of single-frame information. These two pathways were adaptively fused through a spatiotemporal attention module, which was designed to dynamically focus on the most informative cues. Consequently, robust qualitative judgment of the marker’s relative orientation was achieved. Experimental validation conducted in underwater environments demonstrated that stable orientation awareness was maintained by the proposed method even under conditions where the marker was severely off-center or largely obscured. This approach was shown to significantly extend the initial capture range for AUV docking guidance, and the robustness and operational continuity of the system under extreme visual conditions were effectively enhanced.
{"title":"A spatio-temporal attention enhanced CNN method for marker localization in AUV docking","authors":"Runfa Xing, Lichuan Zhang, Bing Huang, Guangyao Han, Lu Liu","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2026.1774551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1774551","url":null,"abstract":"Underwater docking of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) was typically dependent on the complete visual detection of markers. When markers were only partially visible due to occlusion or departure from the field of view, conventional localization methods based on complete features were rendered ineffective, resulting in the interruption of docking operations. To address this limitation, an enhanced orientation-aware method based on a spatiotemporal attention convolutional neural network (CNN) was proposed in this study. The core of this method was a dual-path feature fusion architecture: discriminative features of visible marker segments were extracted from single frames by the spatial path, while the temporal path was employed to aggregate features across consecutive frames, thereby compensating for the insufficiency of single-frame information. These two pathways were adaptively fused through a spatiotemporal attention module, which was designed to dynamically focus on the most informative cues. Consequently, robust qualitative judgment of the marker’s relative orientation was achieved. Experimental validation conducted in underwater environments demonstrated that stable orientation awareness was maintained by the proposed method even under conditions where the marker was severely off-center or largely obscured. This approach was shown to significantly extend the initial capture range for AUV docking guidance, and the robustness and operational continuity of the system under extreme visual conditions were effectively enhanced.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146129304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-06DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2026.1748618
Minghao Li, Guifang Xue
This article examines how traditional knowledge (TK) would be effectively incorporated into regulations for the exploitation of mineral resources in the International Seabed Area (Exploitation Regulations). It first synthesizes references to TK within international law and instruments, highlighting its relevance to deep-sea mining (DSM) by defining its four core elements (subject, time, content, context) and demonstrating its value in filling scientific data gaps and informing environmental decision-making. Building on this foundation, the article analyzes the current status of TK in the Exploitation Regulations, revealing its fragmented and non-binding inclusion, and identifies three incorporation challenges: definitional absence, lack of systematic implementation mechanisms and epistemic tensions with scientific paradigms. To address these challenges, it proposes a structured framework of recommendations: 1) establishing a TK identification system; 2) developing implementation mechanisms for TK guided by “use as the priority, with protection as the secondary” principle; 3) establishing a four-step integration model to synergize TK and science. The article contributes by proposing a systematic framework for TK identification and incorporation, elevating it from an ancillary information source to a governance resource on par with science in the Exploitation Regulations, providing a viable way for ecologically resilient DSM governance.
{"title":"Traditional knowledge and its incorporation in the exploitation regulations","authors":"Minghao Li, Guifang Xue","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2026.1748618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1748618","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines how traditional knowledge (TK) would be effectively incorporated into regulations for the exploitation of mineral resources in the International Seabed Area (Exploitation Regulations). It first synthesizes references to TK within international law and instruments, highlighting its relevance to deep-sea mining (DSM) by defining its four core elements (subject, time, content, context) and demonstrating its value in filling scientific data gaps and informing environmental decision-making. Building on this foundation, the article analyzes the current status of TK in the Exploitation Regulations, revealing its fragmented and non-binding inclusion, and identifies three incorporation challenges: definitional absence, lack of systematic implementation mechanisms and epistemic tensions with scientific paradigms. To address these challenges, it proposes a structured framework of recommendations: 1) establishing a TK identification system; 2) developing implementation mechanisms for TK guided by “use as the priority, with protection as the secondary” principle; 3) establishing a four-step integration model to synergize TK and science. The article contributes by proposing a systematic framework for TK identification and incorporation, elevating it from an ancillary information source to a governance resource on par with science in the Exploitation Regulations, providing a viable way for ecologically resilient DSM governance.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146129306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-05DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2026.1743207
Adam Jon Andrews, Steven Brooks
Offshore energy structures introduce hard substrate to soft substrate-dominant habitats and may act as artificial reefs providing shelter and food to aggregating fish. In the Northeast Atlantic, knowledge on these effects is limited to shallow habitats in the southern North Sea. Given that effects may be misinterpreted as ‘nature positive’ contributions, or underestimated and impacting ecosystem services like fisheries, this data-gap hinders management. This is especially problematic for the rapid developments of floating offshore wind farms (OWFs), and decommissioning of floating oil and gas (O&G) platforms in deep (>100 m) habitats of Norway. In this study, we analysed the stable isotopic composition of muscle and liver and the condition of three codfishes of commercial importance (saithe; Pollachius virens , tusk; Brosme brosme and ling; Molva molva ) at a floating OWF and two floating O&G platforms off Norway to evaluate how codfish diet and habitat use may be altered by the structures. We find that differences in carbon, nitrogen and sulphur stable isotopes between offshore energy sites and control sites were lower for liver measurements (weeks prior to capture) than muscle (months prior to capture), indicating that codfish diet and habitat use was less impacted by offshore energy structures than longer-term natural feeding variation. Size explained some isotopic differences between sites in saithe, and condition differences between sites in tusk; suggesting that the diet and habitat use of the three species is not significantly impacted by offshore structures. However, we found evidence of lower condition in ling at Hywind Tampen OWF, corresponding to lower nitrogen isotope liver values in ling; that may indicate trade-offs in shelter and diet provision. Overall we highlight the need for further research on trophic effects of deep offshore energy structures to evaluate implications for management and conservation.
{"title":"Stable isotope insights into artificial reef effects of floating offshore energy structures in Norwegian North Sea codfishes","authors":"Adam Jon Andrews, Steven Brooks","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2026.1743207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1743207","url":null,"abstract":"Offshore energy structures introduce hard substrate to soft substrate-dominant habitats and may act as artificial reefs providing shelter and food to aggregating fish. In the Northeast Atlantic, knowledge on these effects is limited to shallow habitats in the southern North Sea. Given that effects may be misinterpreted as ‘nature positive’ contributions, or underestimated and impacting ecosystem services like fisheries, this data-gap hinders management. This is especially problematic for the rapid developments of floating offshore wind farms (OWFs), and decommissioning of floating oil and gas (O&amp;G) platforms in deep (&gt;100 m) habitats of Norway. In this study, we analysed the stable isotopic composition of muscle and liver and the condition of three codfishes of commercial importance (saithe; <jats:italic>Pollachius virens</jats:italic> , tusk; <jats:italic>Brosme brosme</jats:italic> and ling; <jats:italic>Molva molva</jats:italic> ) at a floating OWF and two floating O&amp;G platforms off Norway to evaluate how codfish diet and habitat use may be altered by the structures. We find that differences in carbon, nitrogen and sulphur stable isotopes between offshore energy sites and control sites were lower for liver measurements (weeks prior to capture) than muscle (months prior to capture), indicating that codfish diet and habitat use was less impacted by offshore energy structures than longer-term natural feeding variation. Size explained some isotopic differences between sites in saithe, and condition differences between sites in tusk; suggesting that the diet and habitat use of the three species is not significantly impacted by offshore structures. However, we found evidence of lower condition in ling at Hywind Tampen OWF, corresponding to lower nitrogen isotope liver values in ling; that may indicate trade-offs in shelter and diet provision. Overall we highlight the need for further research on trophic effects of deep offshore energy structures to evaluate implications for management and conservation.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146122044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-04DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2026.1688347
Peixiao Mao, Judith M. Schicks
The dissociation behavior of CH 4 – C 3 H 8 mixed gas hydrates in natural marine sediments is critical to global carbon storage and marine biogeochemical cycles, but the effects of sediment composition and dissociation pathways remain unclear. In this study, dissociation experiments were conducted using marine sediments from the South China Sea, including foraminifera-rich sands, mud-foraminifera sand mixtures, and muds, under controlled heating and depressurization. Hydrate dissociation dynamics and gas release were monitored using in situ and ex situ Raman spectroscopy, supplemented by microscopic observations. Our results show that dissociation of sII hydrate crystals in all sediments begins within the hydrate stability range. The morphological changes in hydrate crystal surfaces correlate with compositional shifts in sediments characterized by high heterogeneity and a broad particle-size distribution. In muddy sediments, dissociation behavior remained uniform regardless of the triggering mechanism, while hydrate crystals in foraminifera-rich sands exhibited distinct behaviors under heating compared to depressurization. Sediment composition influences gas release, although the L (CH 4 )/ S (CH 4 ) ratio remains nearly constant across all sediments. Specifically, coarse quartz particles enhance CH 4 and C 3 H 8 release, while clay minerals have negligible effects. Foraminifera-rich sands preferentially facilitate CH 4 release under heating, whereas they promote CH 4 and C 3 H 8 release under depressurization. These findings provide mechanistic and quantitative insights into sediment-carbon interactions in marine systems, with implications for sustainable carbon management and predicting ocean responses to anthropogenic and climate-driven perturbations.
天然海洋沉积物中ch4 - c3h8混合气体水合物的解离行为对全球碳储量和海洋生物地球化学循环至关重要，但沉积物组成和解离途径的影响尚不清楚。本研究利用南海海相沉积物，包括富有孔虫砂、泥-有孔虫砂混合物和泥浆，在控制加热和减压的条件下进行了解离实验。水合物解离动力学和气体释放监测使用原位和非原位拉曼光谱，辅以微观观察。我们的研究结果表明，所有沉积物中sII水合物晶体的解离开始于水合物稳定范围内。水合物晶体表面的形态变化与沉积物中具有高非均质性和宽粒度分布的成分变化有关。在泥质沉积物中，无论触发机制如何，解离行为都保持一致，而在富含有孔虫的砂中，水合物晶体在加热下的行为与减压下的行为不同。尽管L (ch4)/ S （ch4）比在所有沉积物中几乎保持恒定，但沉积物成分影响气体释放。具体来说，粗粒石英颗粒促进了ch4和c3h8的释放，而粘土矿物的影响可以忽略不计。富有孔虫砂在加热条件下有利于ch4释放，而在减压条件下有利于ch4和c3h8的释放。这些发现提供了海洋系统中沉积物-碳相互作用的机制和定量见解，对可持续碳管理和预测海洋对人为和气候驱动的扰动的反应具有重要意义。
{"title":"CH4–C3H8 mixed gas hydrate behavior in natural marine sediments: influence of sediment type and dissociation pathways","authors":"Peixiao Mao, Judith M. Schicks","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2026.1688347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1688347","url":null,"abstract":"The dissociation behavior of CH <jats:sub>4</jats:sub> – C <jats:sub>3</jats:sub> H <jats:sub>8</jats:sub> mixed gas hydrates in natural marine sediments is critical to global carbon storage and marine biogeochemical cycles, but the effects of sediment composition and dissociation pathways remain unclear. In this study, dissociation experiments were conducted using marine sediments from the South China Sea, including foraminifera-rich sands, mud-foraminifera sand mixtures, and muds, under controlled heating and depressurization. Hydrate dissociation dynamics and gas release were monitored using <jats:italic>in situ</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>ex situ</jats:italic> Raman spectroscopy, supplemented by microscopic observations. Our results show that dissociation of sII hydrate crystals in all sediments begins within the hydrate stability range. The morphological changes in hydrate crystal surfaces correlate with compositional shifts in sediments characterized by high heterogeneity and a broad particle-size distribution. In muddy sediments, dissociation behavior remained uniform regardless of the triggering mechanism, while hydrate crystals in foraminifera-rich sands exhibited distinct behaviors under heating compared to depressurization. Sediment composition influences gas release, although the <jats:italic>L</jats:italic> (CH <jats:sub>4</jats:sub> )/ <jats:italic>S</jats:italic> (CH <jats:sub>4</jats:sub> ) ratio remains nearly constant across all sediments. Specifically, coarse quartz particles enhance CH <jats:sub>4</jats:sub> and C <jats:sub>3</jats:sub> H <jats:sub>8</jats:sub> release, while clay minerals have negligible effects. Foraminifera-rich sands preferentially facilitate CH <jats:sub>4</jats:sub> release under heating, whereas they promote CH <jats:sub>4</jats:sub> and C <jats:sub>3</jats:sub> H <jats:sub>8</jats:sub> release under depressurization. These findings provide mechanistic and quantitative insights into sediment-carbon interactions in marine systems, with implications for sustainable carbon management and predicting ocean responses to anthropogenic and climate-driven perturbations.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146115943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-04DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2026.1739325
Ding Peng Liu, Taemin Heo
The rapid expansion of offshore renewables, particularly wind and wave, has intensified competition for marine space and constrained conventional fisheries, raising concerns for food security. To reconcile energy and seafood production, two multi-use strategies have emerged: integrated multi-purpose offshore platforms and co-location of distinct facilities within the same site. While most multi-purpose offshore platforms concepts remain pre-commercial, co-location offers a simpler, lower-risk pathway by deploying aquaculture systems alongside offshore energy arrays. This review synthesizes technical feasibility, site-selection methods, operational and maintenance synergies, and socio-ecological considerations for co-locating offshore wind/wave energy with aquaculture. We catalog global pilots and emerging commercial efforts, summarize decision tools, and outline criteria spanning resource exploitation, structural requirements, operational suitability, and environmental/socio-political constraints. We highlight cross-system interactions, especially wave “shadowing” that alters local metocean conditions, with implications for accessibility, structural reliability, and aquaculture performance. Finally, we propose an adaptive, iterative framework that updates site rankings after layout-driven climate modifications, and identify research gaps in reliability-constrained layout optimization, cable/anchoring risk management, and standardized screening checklists to move from pilots to bankable deployments.
{"title":"Co-locating offshore renewables and aquaculture: feasibility, site-selection, and O&M synergies—a state of the art review","authors":"Ding Peng Liu, Taemin Heo","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2026.1739325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1739325","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid expansion of offshore renewables, particularly wind and wave, has intensified competition for marine space and constrained conventional fisheries, raising concerns for food security. To reconcile energy and seafood production, two multi-use strategies have emerged: integrated multi-purpose offshore platforms and co-location of distinct facilities within the same site. While most multi-purpose offshore platforms concepts remain pre-commercial, co-location offers a simpler, lower-risk pathway by deploying aquaculture systems alongside offshore energy arrays. This review synthesizes technical feasibility, site-selection methods, operational and maintenance synergies, and socio-ecological considerations for co-locating offshore wind/wave energy with aquaculture. We catalog global pilots and emerging commercial efforts, summarize decision tools, and outline criteria spanning resource exploitation, structural requirements, operational suitability, and environmental/socio-political constraints. We highlight cross-system interactions, especially wave “shadowing” that alters local metocean conditions, with implications for accessibility, structural reliability, and aquaculture performance. Finally, we propose an adaptive, iterative framework that updates site rankings after layout-driven climate modifications, and identify research gaps in reliability-constrained layout optimization, cable/anchoring risk management, and standardized screening checklists to move from pilots to bankable deployments.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"92 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146115946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-04DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2025.1696369
Alp Gokgoz, Simon P. Oliver, James Brown, Voltaire Cerna, Gary Cases, Andrew Lawrence, Isabelle Faringstam
Population risk assessments are important tools for understanding the sustainability of shark populations and informing their conservation. In the Philippines, policy makers have made inroads to progress legislative protection for sharks in recent years, yet a ban on targeted shark fisheries has not guaranteed the sustainability of their populations and bycatch and illegal fishing still represent a significant threat to elasmobranchs across the archipelago. Pelagic thresher sharks ( Alopias pelagicus ) are important to the region’s tourism economy but little is known of the status of their populations. We designed, tested, and deployed a remote stereo camera system (stereocam) to survey pelagic thresher sharks in the Central Visayan Sea and investigated their population dynamics over a 4-month period from December 2019 to March 2020. The stereocam was effective and accurate in taking key morphometric measurements from in situ observations that we used to assess the maturity of individual male and female pelagic thresher sharks. We then constructed a continuous four-stage model from our demographic data and best life history parameter estimates to determine the sustainability of A. pelagicus populations in the region. Our model projections showed that pelagic thresher sharks in the Central Visayan Sea would be vulnerable to a hypothetical fishing mortality of 5.3% per annum, with the removal of 15–18 females resulting in a decline in the population. Our study represents the first attempt to characterise the demographics of pelagic thresher sharks with stereo videography and provides a framework for future non-invasive assessments of threatened pelagic species.
{"title":"Stereo videography reveals fragility in a high value thresher shark population","authors":"Alp Gokgoz, Simon P. Oliver, James Brown, Voltaire Cerna, Gary Cases, Andrew Lawrence, Isabelle Faringstam","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2025.1696369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1696369","url":null,"abstract":"Population risk assessments are important tools for understanding the sustainability of shark populations and informing their conservation. In the Philippines, policy makers have made inroads to progress legislative protection for sharks in recent years, yet a ban on targeted shark fisheries has not guaranteed the sustainability of their populations and bycatch and illegal fishing still represent a significant threat to elasmobranchs across the archipelago. Pelagic thresher sharks ( <jats:italic>Alopias pelagicus</jats:italic> ) are important to the region’s tourism economy but little is known of the status of their populations. We designed, tested, and deployed a remote stereo camera system (stereocam) to survey pelagic thresher sharks in the Central Visayan Sea and investigated their population dynamics over a 4-month period from December 2019 to March 2020. The stereocam was effective and accurate in taking key morphometric measurements from <jats:italic>in situ</jats:italic> observations that we used to assess the maturity of individual male and female pelagic thresher sharks. We then constructed a continuous four-stage model from our demographic data and best life history parameter estimates to determine the sustainability of <jats:italic>A. pelagicus</jats:italic> populations in the region. Our model projections showed that pelagic thresher sharks in the Central Visayan Sea would be vulnerable to a hypothetical fishing mortality of 5.3% per annum, with the removal of 15–18 females resulting in a decline in the population. Our study represents the first attempt to characterise the demographics of pelagic thresher sharks with stereo videography and provides a framework for future non-invasive assessments of threatened pelagic species.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"287 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146115941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction High-precision radio wave propagation over maritime environments is of great importance for ensuring reliable maritime wireless communications. Methods To support the development of maritime transmission services, this work employs genetic algorithms to extract features from measured maritime data, thereby constructing a data-model-driven propagation model. The proposed model is established using measurement datasets collected in the South China Sea, covering the frequency range of 99 MHz to 1000 MHz over transmission distances up to 60 km. By integrating the strengths of both data-driven and model-driven approaches, a high-precision empirical model for maritime VHF and UHF propagation loss is developed. Specifically, we first analyze the propagation mechanisms of radio waves in the study region based on the measured data, and then combine them with the ITU-R P.2001 model to define a driving model with undetermined coefficients. These coefficients are subsequently determined using genetic algorithms through feature extraction from the measurement data. Finally, the proposed model is validated against the measurement dataset. Results Results demonstrate that the model achieves an average root-mean-square error of 2.13 dB, representing a 72.73% improvement compared with the ITU-R P.2001 model. Discussion The study of high-precision radio wave propagation over maritime environments is of great importance for ensuring reliable maritime wireless communications.
{"title":"Measured data and empirical model jointly driven prediction for path loss of VHF and UHF communication in the South China Sea","authors":"Yulong Hao, Zhongle Wu, Hongmei Zhao, Zehao Chen, Jinzi Ma, Jing Wang, Cheng Yang","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2026.1755348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1755348","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction High-precision radio wave propagation over maritime environments is of great importance for ensuring reliable maritime wireless communications. Methods To support the development of maritime transmission services, this work employs genetic algorithms to extract features from measured maritime data, thereby constructing a data-model-driven propagation model. The proposed model is established using measurement datasets collected in the South China Sea, covering the frequency range of 99 MHz to 1000 MHz over transmission distances up to 60 km. By integrating the strengths of both data-driven and model-driven approaches, a high-precision empirical model for maritime VHF and UHF propagation loss is developed. Specifically, we first analyze the propagation mechanisms of radio waves in the study region based on the measured data, and then combine them with the ITU-R P.2001 model to define a driving model with undetermined coefficients. These coefficients are subsequently determined using genetic algorithms through feature extraction from the measurement data. Finally, the proposed model is validated against the measurement dataset. Results Results demonstrate that the model achieves an average root-mean-square error of 2.13 dB, representing a 72.73% improvement compared with the ITU-R P.2001 model. Discussion The study of high-precision radio wave propagation over maritime environments is of great importance for ensuring reliable maritime wireless communications.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146115942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-04DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2026.1758141
Xiaojing Miao
Establishing a coherent network of area-based management tools (ABMTs) in areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ) is critical for the sustainable development of the ocean, which hinges on effective cooperation between the BBNJ Agreement and existing mechanisms. This paper introduces the concept of institutional complementarity as a novel perspective focused on synergistic potential, exploring pathways for such cooperation. It discusses significant gaps in complementarity between the BBNJ Agreement and existing mechanisms across three core dimensions: strategic objectives, operational rules and management practices, posing substantial challenges to effective cooperation. To address these challenges, this paper proposes stepwise pathways for strengthening institutional complementarity: coordinating objectives from dialogue to shared strategic plans, promoting rule compatibility from scientific guidelines to rule coordination, and enhancing management from collaborative capacity-building to joint actions.
{"title":"Establishing a coherent ABMTs network: how the BBNJ Agreement can foster cooperation with existing mechanisms from the perspective of institutional complementarity","authors":"Xiaojing Miao","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2026.1758141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1758141","url":null,"abstract":"Establishing a coherent network of area-based management tools (ABMTs) in areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ) is critical for the sustainable development of the ocean, which hinges on effective cooperation between the BBNJ Agreement and existing mechanisms. This paper introduces the concept of institutional complementarity as a novel perspective focused on synergistic potential, exploring pathways for such cooperation. It discusses significant gaps in complementarity between the BBNJ Agreement and existing mechanisms across three core dimensions: strategic objectives, operational rules and management practices, posing substantial challenges to effective cooperation. To address these challenges, this paper proposes stepwise pathways for strengthening institutional complementarity: coordinating objectives from dialogue to shared strategic plans, promoting rule compatibility from scientific guidelines to rule coordination, and enhancing management from collaborative capacity-building to joint actions.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146115945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-04DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2026.1732248
Woo-Hee Cho, Chang K. Seung, Ji-Hoon Choi, Do-Hoon Kim
Seafood industries of Busan in South Korea have currently suffered a notable decline in both regional output and value-added unlike the production growth in the past. In this situation, this study tries to evaluate the economic contribution of Busan’s seafood industries using the hypothetical extraction method (HEM), a well-established technique that has rarely been applied in fisheries contexts. Also, this study is a rare attempt to utilize the theoretically rigorous HEM to quantify the economic contribution of seafood industries within the SAM framework, addressing the limitation of IO models that do not consider distributional effects. The results showed, among others, that Wholesale Trade and Transportation Services are key industries for fishery managers and policymakers to recognize, as the economic contribution of the seafood industries to these sectors account for a large share of the regional economy due to their strong direct and total linkages. Interestingly, this study also discovered that the seafood industries make substantial contributions to several unexpected industries compared to their direct contributions, such as Real Estate & Leasing and Health & Social Services, due to accounting for the distributional effects captured in the SAM model.
{"title":"Evaluating economic contribution of seafood industries in Busan using hypothetical extraction method","authors":"Woo-Hee Cho, Chang K. Seung, Ji-Hoon Choi, Do-Hoon Kim","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2026.1732248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1732248","url":null,"abstract":"Seafood industries of Busan in South Korea have currently suffered a notable decline in both regional output and value-added unlike the production growth in the past. In this situation, this study tries to evaluate the economic contribution of Busan’s seafood industries using the hypothetical extraction method (HEM), a well-established technique that has rarely been applied in fisheries contexts. Also, this study is a rare attempt to utilize the theoretically rigorous HEM to quantify the economic contribution of seafood industries within the SAM framework, addressing the limitation of IO models that do not consider distributional effects. The results showed, among others, that Wholesale Trade and Transportation Services are key industries for fishery managers and policymakers to recognize, as the economic contribution of the seafood industries to these sectors account for a large share of the regional economy due to their strong direct and total linkages. Interestingly, this study also discovered that the seafood industries make substantial contributions to several unexpected industries compared to their direct contributions, such as Real Estate &amp; Leasing and Health &amp; Social Services, due to accounting for the distributional effects captured in the SAM model.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"280 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146115944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-03DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2026.1703896
Paul G. Thomson, Charitha B. Pattiaratchi, Christine E. Hanson
Over 16 years, Australia’s Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS) Ocean Glider program has collected high-resolution optical sensor data (scatter, chlorophyll- a (Chl)) and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) fluorescence) across 400+ missions. While these data are consistent within a mission, end users require assurance of dataset comparability over numerous missions and years. To understand sensor data stability, we compared ECOPuck scale factors (SFs) following calibrations and between instruments of the same model. We also examined variability in the fluorescent response of different phytoplankton species and the effect on Chl estimates. Finally, we compared matchups between ECOPuck fluorescence and Chl bottle samples. We found that SFs for Chl were stable and highly comparable over different missions and sensors, changing < 9% following calibration and <15% between instruments of the same model. SFs for scatter and CDOM following calibration for most sensors were also stable (changing <8%) but showed variability between sensors of the same model (generally <18%, but reaching 35%). We found large variations in the fluorescent response of different phytoplankton species compared to the factory-provided Chl SF (from a centric diatom species), indicating that in situ phytoplankton community composition may affect Chl estimates from fluorescence. Finally, we found that ECOPuck data overestimates in situ Chl by 1.1–2.9 times. Overall, our results indicate that Chl estimates between instruments of the same model are comparable. This significant finding provides researchers with confidence to unlock the treasure trove of IMOS glider data via ‘big data’ analyses and build vital regional oceanographic climatologies.
16年来，澳大利亚综合海洋观测系统（IMOS）海洋滑翔机项目在400多个任务中收集了高分辨率光学传感器数据（散射、叶绿素- a （Chl)）和彩色溶解有机物（CDOM）荧光）。虽然这些数据在一个任务中是一致的，但最终用户需要确保数据集在多个任务和年份之间的可比性。为了了解传感器数据的稳定性，我们比较了校准后和同一型号仪器之间的ECOPuck尺度因子（sf）。我们还研究了不同种类浮游植物的荧光响应变异性及其对Chl估计的影响。最后，我们比较了ECOPuck荧光和Chl瓶样品的匹配关系。我们发现，在不同的任务和传感器中，Chl的SFs是稳定的，具有高度可比性。9%的校准和&；lt；同一型号仪器之间相差15%。大多数传感器校准后的散射和CDOM的SFs也很稳定（变化&；lt;8%），但在同一模型的传感器之间存在差异（一般为&；lt;18%，但可达35%）。我们发现，与工厂提供的Chl SF（来自中心硅藻种）相比，不同浮游植物物种的荧光响应存在很大差异，这表明原位浮游植物群落组成可能会影响荧光估计的Chl。最后，我们发现ECOPuck数据高估了原位Chl 1.1-2.9倍。总体而言，我们的结果表明，相同模型的仪器之间的Chl估计值具有可比性。这一重大发现使研究人员有信心通过“大数据”分析解锁国际海事组织滑翔机数据的宝库，并建立重要的区域海洋气候学。
{"title":"Understanding the stability of the ECOPuck optical sensor: evaluation of long-term ocean glider data streams across decades","authors":"Paul G. Thomson, Charitha B. Pattiaratchi, Christine E. Hanson","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2026.1703896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1703896","url":null,"abstract":"Over 16 years, Australia’s Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS) Ocean Glider program has collected high-resolution optical sensor data (scatter, chlorophyll- <jats:italic>a</jats:italic> (Chl)) and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) fluorescence) across 400+ missions. While these data are consistent within a mission, end users require assurance of dataset comparability over numerous missions and years. To understand sensor data stability, we compared ECOPuck scale factors (SFs) following calibrations and between instruments of the same model. We also examined variability in the fluorescent response of different phytoplankton species and the effect on Chl estimates. Finally, we compared matchups between ECOPuck fluorescence and Chl bottle samples. We found that SFs for Chl were stable and highly comparable over different missions and sensors, changing &lt; 9% following calibration and &lt;15% between instruments of the same model. SFs for scatter and CDOM following calibration for most sensors were also stable (changing &lt;8%) but showed variability between sensors of the same model (generally &lt;18%, but reaching 35%). We found large variations in the fluorescent response of different phytoplankton species compared to the factory-provided Chl SF (from a centric diatom species), indicating that <jats:italic>in situ</jats:italic> phytoplankton community composition may affect Chl estimates from fluorescence. Finally, we found that ECOPuck data overestimates <jats:italic>in situ</jats:italic> Chl by 1.1–2.9 times. Overall, our results indicate that Chl estimates between instruments of the same model are comparable. This significant finding provides researchers with confidence to unlock the treasure trove of IMOS glider data via ‘big data’ analyses and build vital regional oceanographic climatologies.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146110618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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