Designing protected area zones that align with species’ space use and key habitat requirements is critical for effective biodiversity conservation. This study presents a species-oriented approach using very high-resolution (VHR) satellite imagery to assess and optimize the spatial zoning of a national nature reserve in China. We identified individual whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus) and analyzed their abundance and distribution from 2009 to 2016, including a detailed overwintering period. The satellite-derived data revealed substantial shifts in habitat use, including a tripling of swan numbers on the western shores and a sharp decline in Yangyuchi Bay. Over half of the swans were located in mudflats and unprotected or under-designated areas. By comparing swan distribution with existing zoning, we proposed a rezoning strategy that adds 301.8 hectares to the core zone. Our findings demonstrate how satellite-based wildlife monitoring can support adaptive, species-informed management of protected areas and contribute to the global target of conserving 30% of land and sea areas by 2030.
{"title":"Improving marine protected area zoning through species-oriented analysis using wildlife remote sensing","authors":"Peng Zhao, Shuming Liu, Fengxia Wang, Jiarui Li, Jian Zhang","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2026.1735150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1735150","url":null,"abstract":"Designing protected area zones that align with species’ space use and key habitat requirements is critical for effective biodiversity conservation. This study presents a species-oriented approach using very high-resolution (VHR) satellite imagery to assess and optimize the spatial zoning of a national nature reserve in China. We identified individual whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus) and analyzed their abundance and distribution from 2009 to 2016, including a detailed overwintering period. The satellite-derived data revealed substantial shifts in habitat use, including a tripling of swan numbers on the western shores and a sharp decline in Yangyuchi Bay. Over half of the swans were located in mudflats and unprotected or under-designated areas. By comparing swan distribution with existing zoning, we proposed a rezoning strategy that adds 301.8 hectares to the core zone. Our findings demonstrate how satellite-based wildlife monitoring can support adaptive, species-informed management of protected areas and contribute to the global target of conserving 30% of land and sea areas by 2030.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147358877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
External container trucks and yard cranes are key equipment for yard operations in automated container terminals, and their operational efficiency is crucial to improving terminal service levels. In the context of growing uncertainties in global shipping—such as geopolitical conflicts, pandemics, and natural disasters—enhancing the resilience of port operations has become increasingly important. The uncertain arrival sequence of external container trucks within their appointment windows, coupled with the misalignment between container storage locations and truck arrival order, often leads to frequent container relocations in the yard. To address this issue, this paper develops a collaborative scheduling optimization model for external container trucks and yard cranes under a scenario of partial information availability, with the goal of minimizing the total cost of import container operations. In this context, operational resilience is realized through the model’s ability to swiftly recover efficiency by minimizing costs (e.g., reducing relocations and waiting times) via coordinated scheduling when facing the mismatch disruption. The model is solved using an improved Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, and the optimization outcomes are analyzed. Results demonstrate that by adjusting the number of trucks per group, optimizing the container retrieval sequence, and rationally assigning yard crane tasks, it is possible to reduce container relocation costs, truck waiting costs, and crane movement costs, thereby lowering the overall cost of import container operations and contributing to more resilient and intelligent yard management.
{"title":"Collaborative scheduling of external container trucks and yard cranes for resilient port operations","authors":"Yamin Zhou, Yongsheng Yang, Han Zhang, Bing Sun, Shiwen Zhu, Xinqiang Chen, Octavian Postolache","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2026.1753197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1753197","url":null,"abstract":"External container trucks and yard cranes are key equipment for yard operations in automated container terminals, and their operational efficiency is crucial to improving terminal service levels. In the context of growing uncertainties in global shipping—such as geopolitical conflicts, pandemics, and natural disasters—enhancing the resilience of port operations has become increasingly important. The uncertain arrival sequence of external container trucks within their appointment windows, coupled with the misalignment between container storage locations and truck arrival order, often leads to frequent container relocations in the yard. To address this issue, this paper develops a collaborative scheduling optimization model for external container trucks and yard cranes under a scenario of partial information availability, with the goal of minimizing the total cost of import container operations. In this context, operational resilience is realized through the model’s ability to swiftly recover efficiency by minimizing costs (e.g., reducing relocations and waiting times) via coordinated scheduling when facing the mismatch disruption. The model is solved using an improved Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, and the optimization outcomes are analyzed. Results demonstrate that by adjusting the number of trucks per group, optimizing the container retrieval sequence, and rationally assigning yard crane tasks, it is possible to reduce container relocation costs, truck waiting costs, and crane movement costs, thereby lowering the overall cost of import container operations and contributing to more resilient and intelligent yard management.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147358878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2026.1685250
Abdulsalam Husain Al Hashmi, Rajasekhar Thankamony, Hamad Abdulla Al Hammadi, Thies Thiemann
This study investigates the prevalence and sources of microplastics (MPs, 300–5,000 µm) in the marine environment of Abu Dhabi Emirate, UAE—an underexplored region with significant anthropogenic influence. Samples were collected from ten ecologically distinct site categories, including areas near oilfields, near desalination plants, port and marinas, aquaculture activities, public beaches, confined areas, newly developed areas, point sources, near offshore islands and natural habitats. “Natural habitats” showed the lowest MP levels (3.33 particles/100 g sediment; 4.5 P/L water), while sites near oilfields, ports, and offshore islands had the highest (8.2–9.3 P/L water; 5.0–6.6 P/100 g sediment). A total of 1,493 MPs were characterized by size, shape, and color. Polymer analysis of 240 MPs identified acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (31%), cellulose acetate (27%), nylon-66 (20%), and PET (10%) as dominant types. Smaller MPs (100–300 µm) were also quantified at selected categories. Pollution Load Index (PLI) analysis, using natural habitats as a baseline, indicated the greatest anthropogenic impact near offshore oilfields and islands, highlighting spatial variations in MP contamination.
{"title":"Microplastic pollution in marine waters and sediments of Abu Dhabi Emirate, UAE","authors":"Abdulsalam Husain Al Hashmi, Rajasekhar Thankamony, Hamad Abdulla Al Hammadi, Thies Thiemann","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2026.1685250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1685250","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the prevalence and sources of microplastics (MPs, 300–5,000 µm) in the marine environment of Abu Dhabi Emirate, UAE—an underexplored region with significant anthropogenic influence. Samples were collected from ten ecologically distinct site categories, including areas near oilfields, near desalination plants, port and marinas, aquaculture activities, public beaches, confined areas, newly developed areas, point sources, near offshore islands and natural habitats. “Natural habitats” showed the lowest MP levels (3.33 particles/100 g sediment; 4.5 P/L water), while sites near oilfields, ports, and offshore islands had the highest (8.2–9.3 P/L water; 5.0–6.6 P/100 g sediment). A total of 1,493 MPs were characterized by size, shape, and color. Polymer analysis of 240 MPs identified acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (31%), cellulose acetate (27%), nylon-66 (20%), and PET (10%) as dominant types. Smaller MPs (100–300 µm) were also quantified at selected categories. Pollution Load Index (PLI) analysis, using natural habitats as a baseline, indicated the greatest anthropogenic impact near offshore oilfields and islands, highlighting spatial variations in MP contamination.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147358879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-27DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2026.1771101
Ana Francisca dos Santos David, Ana Julia Gaspar Schmitz, João Pedro Garrote, Maria Luiza Souza Vitor, Lorenzo Fontanive Bueno, Marcos Edgar Herkenhoff
The increasing exposure of coastal ecosystems to pollution, eutrophication, ocean acidification, hypoxia and accelerating climate change has highlighted the need for molecular tools capable of detecting sublethal and early biological responses before ecological deterioration becomes evident. In this context, epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNA expression provide sensitive and mechanistically informative indicators of organismal responses to environmental stress. This manuscript synthesizes current knowledge on how these epigenetic pathways respond to key anthropogenic and climate-driven stressors across marine taxa, emphasizing their roles in mediating plasticity, acclimatization and potential adaptive trajectories. We review methodological advances in environmental epigenomics, including high-throughput DNA methylation and chromatin-mapping techniques, and discussed the challenges posed by non-model marine species, including the scarcity of reference genomes. We also evaluate the practical application of epigenetic biomarkers as part of marine biomonitoring frameworks, with particular attention to their potential integration into effect-based assessment tools within the European Union Water Framework Directive. By connecting mechanistic insights with applied management perspectives, this manuscript highlights how epigenetic markers can improve early-warning capabilities, guide conservation planning and enhance the predictive power of coastal ecosystem assessments in the face of rapid environmental change.
{"title":"Marine environmental epigenetics: mechanisms, stress responses and applications to biomonitoring","authors":"Ana Francisca dos Santos David, Ana Julia Gaspar Schmitz, João Pedro Garrote, Maria Luiza Souza Vitor, Lorenzo Fontanive Bueno, Marcos Edgar Herkenhoff","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2026.1771101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1771101","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing exposure of coastal ecosystems to pollution, eutrophication, ocean acidification, hypoxia and accelerating climate change has highlighted the need for molecular tools capable of detecting sublethal and early biological responses before ecological deterioration becomes evident. In this context, epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNA expression provide sensitive and mechanistically informative indicators of organismal responses to environmental stress. This manuscript synthesizes current knowledge on how these epigenetic pathways respond to key anthropogenic and climate-driven stressors across marine taxa, emphasizing their roles in mediating plasticity, acclimatization and potential adaptive trajectories. We review methodological advances in environmental epigenomics, including high-throughput DNA methylation and chromatin-mapping techniques, and discussed the challenges posed by non-model marine species, including the scarcity of reference genomes. We also evaluate the practical application of epigenetic biomarkers as part of marine biomonitoring frameworks, with particular attention to their potential integration into effect-based assessment tools within the European Union Water Framework Directive. By connecting mechanistic insights with applied management perspectives, this manuscript highlights how epigenetic markers can improve early-warning capabilities, guide conservation planning and enhance the predictive power of coastal ecosystem assessments in the face of rapid environmental change.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147292411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-27DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2026.1778827
Yuanyuan Wang, Mingyu Wang, Jianqiang Shi, Zuo Ni, Guobin Li
Introduction The detection of occluded marine vessels is critical for the safe navigation and operation of unmanned surface vehicles (USVs). While image-based detection methods have achieved substantial accuracy, their high computational and memory requirements prohibit deployment on resource-constrained embedded platforms. To address this, we propose eAodeMar (efficient AodeMar), a lightweight version built upon our prior AodeMar model, specifically designed for efficient occluded marine vessel detection. Methods The efficiency of eAodeMar is achieved by integrating Ghost convolution modules into both the backbone and the feature fusion network, significantly reducing model parameters and computational load while maintaining accuracy. To ensure practical applicability, the optimized model is deployed on an embedded GPU platform (Jetson Xavier NX), incorporating dedicated structural refinement and inference acceleration techniques. Results Extensive experiments on the public MVDD13 dataset demonstrate that eAode- Mar reduces parameter count and computational load by 7.00% and 0.89%, respectively, with only a marginal accuracy drop of 0.42%, while achieving a remarkable 42.12% improvement in inference speed. When deployed on the Jetson Xavier NX device, it attains a real-time detection rate of 28.57 FPS on the SMD video stream. Discussion These comprehensive results validate that eAodeMar effectively balances high precision with high efficiency in occlusion-prone maritime environments. The model demonstrates strong potential for real-world ocean engineering applications, offering a practical solution for real-time detection on embedded systems.
{"title":"eAodeMar: a lightweight and real-time occluded marine vessel detection network for embedded marine platforms","authors":"Yuanyuan Wang, Mingyu Wang, Jianqiang Shi, Zuo Ni, Guobin Li","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2026.1778827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1778827","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction The detection of occluded marine vessels is critical for the safe navigation and operation of unmanned surface vehicles (USVs). While image-based detection methods have achieved substantial accuracy, their high computational and memory requirements prohibit deployment on resource-constrained embedded platforms. To address this, we propose eAodeMar (efficient AodeMar), a lightweight version built upon our prior AodeMar model, specifically designed for efficient occluded marine vessel detection. Methods The efficiency of eAodeMar is achieved by integrating Ghost convolution modules into both the backbone and the feature fusion network, significantly reducing model parameters and computational load while maintaining accuracy. To ensure practical applicability, the optimized model is deployed on an embedded GPU platform (Jetson Xavier NX), incorporating dedicated structural refinement and inference acceleration techniques. Results Extensive experiments on the public MVDD13 dataset demonstrate that eAode- Mar reduces parameter count and computational load by 7.00% and 0.89%, respectively, with only a marginal accuracy drop of 0.42%, while achieving a remarkable 42.12% improvement in inference speed. When deployed on the Jetson Xavier NX device, it attains a real-time detection rate of 28.57 FPS on the SMD video stream. Discussion These comprehensive results validate that eAodeMar effectively balances high precision with high efficiency in occlusion-prone maritime environments. The model demonstrates strong potential for real-world ocean engineering applications, offering a practical solution for real-time detection on embedded systems.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"228 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147292414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, caused by Okadaic acid (OA) and its analogues, threatens nearshore ecosystems and public health. This study systematically compared eight Prorocentrum lima strains isolated from China’s coastal waters with respect to growth characteristics, toxin profiles and concentrations, toxin esterification status, and cytotoxicity. A multidimensional evaluation of toxin-producing potential and biological effects was conducted by integrating full-cycle culturing, LC–MS/MS analysis, and a Neuro-2a cell-based MTT bioassay. The results showed that OA and Diarrhetic shellfish toxin-1 (DTX-1) were detected in all strains, whereas DTX-2 was not detected. Total toxin levels measured after hydrolysis ranged from 17.07 to 31.84 pg OA-eq·cell − ¹, and esterification ratios differed markedly among strains (53.37%–93.07%), with strain 1115 exhibiting the highest ratio. Growth kinetics varied among strains, and a resource-allocation trade-off was observed between growth rate and toxin production. Cytotoxicity assays showed that toxicity increased with both concentration and exposure duration; overall, free toxin extracts were significantly more toxic than total toxin extracts ( p < 0.05), and toxic potency differed significantly among strains. OA-equivalent fitted concentrations back-calculated from the 24 h OA dose–response curve were generally higher than LC–MS/MS-measured concentrations, and fitted concentrations were significantly positively correlated with esterification ratios, suggesting that the contribution of esterified forms or their metabolites to overall toxicity may be underestimated by chemical analysis. In summary, P. lima exhibited pronounced intraspecific heterogeneity in toxin yield, chemotype, and biological effects. Integrating chemical analysis with cell-based bioassays enables a more comprehensive and accurate assessment of strain-associated ecological and public health risks.
{"title":"Toxicity screening of eight Prorocentrum lima (Dinophyceae) strains of coastal China","authors":"Junkai Feng, Xueru Wei, Pengrui Ren, Peipei Zhang, Minlu Liu, Yue Gao","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2026.1789052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1789052","url":null,"abstract":"Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, caused by Okadaic acid (OA) and its analogues, threatens nearshore ecosystems and public health. This study systematically compared eight <jats:italic>Prorocentrum lima</jats:italic> strains isolated from China’s coastal waters with respect to growth characteristics, toxin profiles and concentrations, toxin esterification status, and cytotoxicity. A multidimensional evaluation of toxin-producing potential and biological effects was conducted by integrating full-cycle culturing, LC–MS/MS analysis, and a Neuro-2a cell-based MTT bioassay. The results showed that OA and Diarrhetic shellfish toxin-1 (DTX-1) were detected in all strains, whereas DTX-2 was not detected. Total toxin levels measured after hydrolysis ranged from 17.07 to 31.84 pg OA-eq·cell <jats:sup>−</jats:sup> ¹, and esterification ratios differed markedly among strains (53.37%–93.07%), with strain 1115 exhibiting the highest ratio. Growth kinetics varied among strains, and a resource-allocation trade-off was observed between growth rate and toxin production. Cytotoxicity assays showed that toxicity increased with both concentration and exposure duration; overall, free toxin extracts were significantly more toxic than total toxin extracts ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.05), and toxic potency differed significantly among strains. OA-equivalent fitted concentrations back-calculated from the 24 h OA dose–response curve were generally higher than LC–MS/MS-measured concentrations, and fitted concentrations were significantly positively correlated with esterification ratios, suggesting that the contribution of esterified forms or their metabolites to overall toxicity may be underestimated by chemical analysis. In summary, <jats:italic>P. lima</jats:italic> exhibited pronounced intraspecific heterogeneity in toxin yield, chemotype, and biological effects. Integrating chemical analysis with cell-based bioassays enables a more comprehensive and accurate assessment of strain-associated ecological and public health risks.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147292699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-27DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2026.1760724
Yusuke Iwabuchi, Shinsuke Iwasaki
The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Reanalysis version 5 (ERA5) is one of the most widely used atmospheric reanalysis datasets provided by the ECMWF. However, the transition in the sea ice dataset between 1978 and 1979 may introduce inconsistencies that affect various surface meteorological variables. This study evaluated ERA5 sea ice data in the Sea of Okhotsk (SO), focusing on the years 1978 and 1979. Furthermore, the impact of this sea ice transition on meteorological variables was evaluated. In 1979, ERA5 sea ice coverage reached the coastal areas of Hokkaido in the southern SO, with an extent of approximately 1.1 × 10 6 km². In contrast, an unrealistically low sea ice cover of approximately 0.5 × 10 6 km² was observed before 1978. This discontinuity in sea ice stems primarily from issues with assimilated sea ice data used in ERA5. In 1978, the unrealistic negative bias in sea ice cover arguably contributed to positive biases in significant wave height, sea surface temperature, surface air temperature, and surface winds. In the case of wave observations, from 1975 to 1978, ERA5 overestimated significant wave height by more than 60% compared to observations from February to April when sea ice was present. These findings highlight the need for caution when analyzing long-term changes in ice-covered areas when using ERA5 data, particularly for periods before 1979.
{"title":"Sea-ice discontinuity in ERA5 during 1978–1979 and its impacts in the Sea of Okhotsk","authors":"Yusuke Iwabuchi, Shinsuke Iwasaki","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2026.1760724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1760724","url":null,"abstract":"The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Reanalysis version 5 (ERA5) is one of the most widely used atmospheric reanalysis datasets provided by the ECMWF. However, the transition in the sea ice dataset between 1978 and 1979 may introduce inconsistencies that affect various surface meteorological variables. This study evaluated ERA5 sea ice data in the Sea of Okhotsk (SO), focusing on the years 1978 and 1979. Furthermore, the impact of this sea ice transition on meteorological variables was evaluated. In 1979, ERA5 sea ice coverage reached the coastal areas of Hokkaido in the southern SO, with an extent of approximately 1.1 × 10 <jats:sup>6</jats:sup> km². In contrast, an unrealistically low sea ice cover of approximately 0.5 × 10 <jats:sup>6</jats:sup> km² was observed before 1978. This discontinuity in sea ice stems primarily from issues with assimilated sea ice data used in ERA5. In 1978, the unrealistic negative bias in sea ice cover arguably contributed to positive biases in significant wave height, sea surface temperature, surface air temperature, and surface winds. In the case of wave observations, from 1975 to 1978, ERA5 overestimated significant wave height by more than 60% compared to observations from February to April when sea ice was present. These findings highlight the need for caution when analyzing long-term changes in ice-covered areas when using ERA5 data, particularly for periods before 1979.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147292412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-27DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2026.1754632
Sarthak Dash, Sugyanta Priyadarshini, Nisrutha Dulla, Bhargav Appasani, Amitkumar V. Jha, Lopamudra Ray, Snigdharani Panda, Nicu Bizon, Alin Gheorghita Mazare
Introduction Seaweed research has witnessed substantial traction in recent years, stimulating interest among researchers, academic bodies, industry players, policymakers, and philanthropic bodies to explore its potential applications for commercialization. Despite the growing body of literature, there is a paucity in investigating the quantitative trend in scientific research trajectory of commercialization of seaweeds and understanding the interconnectivity among the barriers hindering the large-scale commercialization of seaweed. Methods For addressing this gap, the current study has conducted a dual approach, integrating comprehensive bibliometric analysis (2000-2025) with Fuzzy Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM) MICMAC methodology, using VOSViewer, Biblioshiny and RStudio to examine the global seaweed commercialization research. 331 documents were extracted from Scopus (n=230) and Web of Science (n=101) database which summed up to be 258 documents after removing 73 duplicates. Results The results reveal a sharp increase in research output in 2025 (n=67) projecting greater scholarly interest in commercialization of seaweed, as a pathway to enhancing marine sustainability outcomes. Further, after identifying conceptual patterns and thematic trends related to seaweed commercialization and blue tourism governance under bibliometric analysis, the Fuzzy ISM-MICMAC analysis was conducted through a combination of 23 academic and industry expert interviews and extensive literature review. Consequently, 7 validated key barriers were identified that are restricting the commercialization of seaweed and water hyacinth across food, biofuel, pharmaceutical, and fertilizer sectors. These key barriers are further segregated into four-levels and four-quadrants based on their dependence and driving power. Discussion The novelty of the study lies in it being the first to apply both bibliometric and Fuzzy ISM-MICAMAC analysis on seaweed commercialization, suggesting a potential sequential policy framework to address the barriers hindering commercialization and emphasizing the need for sustained knowledge exchange in this promising domain.
近年来，海藻研究取得了巨大的进展，激发了研究人员、学术机构、行业参与者、政策制定者和慈善机构探索其潜在商业化应用的兴趣。尽管文献越来越多，但对海藻商业化科学研究轨迹的定量趋势研究以及对阻碍海藻大规模商业化的障碍之间的相互联系的了解却很少。为了解决这一差距，本研究采用了双重方法，将综合文献计量分析（2000-2025）与模糊解释结构建模（ISM） MICMAC方法相结合，使用VOSViewer、Biblioshiny和RStudio来研究全球海藻商业化研究。从Scopus （n=230）和Web of Science （n=101）数据库中提取文献331篇，剔除重复73篇后，共提取文献258篇。结果显示，2025年的研究产出大幅增加（n=67），预示着对海藻商业化的更大学术兴趣，这是提高海洋可持续性成果的途径。此外，在通过文献计量分析确定了与海藻商业化和蓝色旅游治理相关的概念模式和主题趋势后，通过23个学术和行业专家访谈和广泛的文献综述，进行了模糊ISM-MICMAC分析。因此，确定了7个经过验证的关键障碍，这些障碍限制了海藻和水葫芦在食品、生物燃料、制药和肥料领域的商业化。这些关键障碍根据其依赖性和驱动力进一步划分为四个层次和四个象限。该研究的新颖之处在于，它首次将文献计量学和模糊ISM-MICAMAC分析应用于海藻商业化，提出了一个潜在的顺序政策框架，以解决阻碍商业化的障碍，并强调在这个有前途的领域中需要持续的知识交流。
{"title":"Unveiling the research trajectory and key barriers in seaweed commercialization using bibliometric and fuzzy ISM-MICMAC methods (2000-2025)","authors":"Sarthak Dash, Sugyanta Priyadarshini, Nisrutha Dulla, Bhargav Appasani, Amitkumar V. Jha, Lopamudra Ray, Snigdharani Panda, Nicu Bizon, Alin Gheorghita Mazare","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2026.1754632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1754632","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction Seaweed research has witnessed substantial traction in recent years, stimulating interest among researchers, academic bodies, industry players, policymakers, and philanthropic bodies to explore its potential applications for commercialization. Despite the growing body of literature, there is a paucity in investigating the quantitative trend in scientific research trajectory of commercialization of seaweeds and understanding the interconnectivity among the barriers hindering the large-scale commercialization of seaweed. Methods For addressing this gap, the current study has conducted a dual approach, integrating comprehensive bibliometric analysis (2000-2025) with Fuzzy Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM) MICMAC methodology, using VOSViewer, Biblioshiny and RStudio to examine the global seaweed commercialization research. 331 documents were extracted from Scopus (n=230) and Web of Science (n=101) database which summed up to be 258 documents after removing 73 duplicates. Results The results reveal a sharp increase in research output in 2025 (n=67) projecting greater scholarly interest in commercialization of seaweed, as a pathway to enhancing marine sustainability outcomes. Further, after identifying conceptual patterns and thematic trends related to seaweed commercialization and blue tourism governance under bibliometric analysis, the Fuzzy ISM-MICMAC analysis was conducted through a combination of 23 academic and industry expert interviews and extensive literature review. Consequently, 7 validated key barriers were identified that are restricting the commercialization of seaweed and water hyacinth across food, biofuel, pharmaceutical, and fertilizer sectors. These key barriers are further segregated into four-levels and four-quadrants based on their dependence and driving power. Discussion The novelty of the study lies in it being the first to apply both bibliometric and Fuzzy ISM-MICAMAC analysis on seaweed commercialization, suggesting a potential sequential policy framework to address the barriers hindering commercialization and emphasizing the need for sustained knowledge exchange in this promising domain.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"116 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147292413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-27DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2026.1769853
Irini Tsikopoulou, Irida Maina, Nadia Papadopoulou, François Bastardie, Chris J. Smith
To inform ecosystem-based fisheries management in line with the EU legislation objectives for marine fisheries, we evaluated the ecological outcomes of alternative spatial management scenarios to fisheries that consider the ecological impact of bottom trawling on the benthic ecosystem in the Eastern Ionian Sea. Trawling intensity in terms of swept area ratio (SAR) and benthic community sensitivity were combined to estimate the relative benthic status (RBS). Then, five management scenarios were tested. The scenarios include four static closure scenarios (below 800 m, below 600 m, the least-trawled 10% of fishing grounds, and areas shallower than 150 m), where trawling is completely excluded without fishing effort redistribution, and one with a trawl ban in all marine protected areas, where fishing effort displacement is modelled dynamically. Baseline RBS was high (>0.9 on a scale of 0 to 1 where 1 is unaffected benthic community) in all habitats, reflecting relatively low benthic degradation due to bottom trawling. Excluding bottom trawling from areas shallower than 150 m in depth produced the greatest improvements, while thresholds at 600 or 800 m depth, and the closure of the 10% least-trawled grounds, had no significant effects on benthic ecological status. Closure of trawling in the marine protected areas produced mixed outcomes, with improvements in some habitats but localized declines due to displaced effort in others. Our study demonstrates the value of including benthic indicators in spatial management strategies to guide adaptive, evidence-based fisheries governance, balancing conservation objectives with socio-economic sustainability.
{"title":"Integrating benthic ecological status and spatial planning to guide sustainable bottom-contacting fisheries in the Eastern Mediterranean","authors":"Irini Tsikopoulou, Irida Maina, Nadia Papadopoulou, François Bastardie, Chris J. Smith","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2026.1769853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1769853","url":null,"abstract":"To inform ecosystem-based fisheries management in line with the EU legislation objectives for marine fisheries, we evaluated the ecological outcomes of alternative spatial management scenarios to fisheries that consider the ecological impact of bottom trawling on the benthic ecosystem in the Eastern Ionian Sea. Trawling intensity in terms of swept area ratio (SAR) and benthic community sensitivity were combined to estimate the relative benthic status (RBS). Then, five management scenarios were tested. The scenarios include four static closure scenarios (below 800 m, below 600 m, the least-trawled 10% of fishing grounds, and areas shallower than 150 m), where trawling is completely excluded without fishing effort redistribution, and one with a trawl ban in all marine protected areas, where fishing effort displacement is modelled dynamically. Baseline RBS was high (&gt;0.9 on a scale of 0 to 1 where 1 is unaffected benthic community) in all habitats, reflecting relatively low benthic degradation due to bottom trawling. Excluding bottom trawling from areas shallower than 150 m in depth produced the greatest improvements, while thresholds at 600 or 800 m depth, and the closure of the 10% least-trawled grounds, had no significant effects on benthic ecological status. Closure of trawling in the marine protected areas produced mixed outcomes, with improvements in some habitats but localized declines due to displaced effort in others. Our study demonstrates the value of including benthic indicators in spatial management strategies to guide adaptive, evidence-based fisheries governance, balancing conservation objectives with socio-economic sustainability.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147292416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-25DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2026.1688637
Riccardo Pieraccini, Grace Dixon, Tobias Dolch, Nico Koedam, Sarah Merolla, Lisa Picatto, Francesca Petrucci, Mirta Teichberg, Tom Van der Stocken, Ann Vanreusel
Eelgrass ( Zostera marina ) meadows are foundational marine habitats that support biodiversity and provide key ecosystem services, including carbon sequestration, fisheries production, and shoreline stabilization. Yet, their global decline demands expanded restoration efforts. Seed-based restoration offers a scalable alternative to labor-intensive transplantation, but low germination and seedling emergence remain major constraints. Here, we tested gibberellic acid (GA 3 ) priming on dormant Z. marina seeds from three temperate North Atlantic populations (one intertidal annual population and two subtidal perennial populations) differing in origin, age, and handling history. GA 3 priming consistently improved germination success and reduced time to germination across all populations, with optimal responses at 9 and 20 mg L - ¹. Positive effects in the older seed cohort (stored for approximately 16 months) and in sterilized seeds suggest that GA 3 can mitigate physiological constraints associated with long-term storage or handling. Although the experimental design does not separate ecological from geographic influences, including populations from contrasting habitats provides a valuable test of GA 3 priming under varied seed conditions. As a simple, transferable pre-treatment, GA 3 priming shows strong potential to enhance seed readiness and increase nursery or restoration seed stocks, supporting more sustainable use of limited Z. marina seed resources. We further outline how GA 3 priming can be incorporated as a short immersion step within existing seed-handling workflows and provide a back-of-the-envelope consumables cost estimate to contextualize scale-up potential.
大叶草（Zostera marina）草甸是支持生物多样性和提供关键生态系统服务的基础海洋栖息地，包括碳封存、渔业生产和海岸线稳定。然而，它们的全球衰退需要扩大恢复工作。以种子为基础的修复提供了可扩展的替代劳动密集型移植，但低发芽率和幼苗出苗率仍然是主要限制。在此，我们对来自三个温带北大西洋种群（一个潮间带一年生种群和两个潮下多年生种群）不同来源、年龄和处理历史的休眠Z. marina种子进行了赤霉素（ga3）启动试验。ga3在所有群体中均能提高萌发成功率，缩短萌发时间，以9和20 mg L -¹处理效果最佳。在较老的种子队列（储存约16个月）和灭菌种子中产生的积极作用表明，GA 3可以减轻与长期储存或处理相关的生理限制。虽然实验设计没有将生态影响与地理影响分开，但包括来自不同栖息地的种群，为不同种子条件下的ga3启动提供了有价值的测试。作为一种简单、可转移的预处理方法，ga3预处理在提高种子准备度和增加苗圃或恢复种子存量方面显示出强大的潜力，支持更可持续地利用有限的Z. marina种子资源。我们进一步概述了如何将GA 3启动作为现有种子处理工作流程中的一个简短沉浸步骤，并提供了一个粗略的耗材成本估算，以了解扩大规模的潜力。
{"title":"Gibberellic acid priming enhances Zostera marina seed germination: implications for restoration","authors":"Riccardo Pieraccini, Grace Dixon, Tobias Dolch, Nico Koedam, Sarah Merolla, Lisa Picatto, Francesca Petrucci, Mirta Teichberg, Tom Van der Stocken, Ann Vanreusel","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2026.1688637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1688637","url":null,"abstract":"Eelgrass ( <jats:italic>Zostera marina</jats:italic> ) meadows are foundational marine habitats that support biodiversity and provide key ecosystem services, including carbon sequestration, fisheries production, and shoreline stabilization. Yet, their global decline demands expanded restoration efforts. Seed-based restoration offers a scalable alternative to labor-intensive transplantation, but low germination and seedling emergence remain major constraints. Here, we tested gibberellic acid (GA <jats:sub>3</jats:sub> ) priming on dormant <jats:italic>Z. marina</jats:italic> seeds from three temperate North Atlantic populations (one intertidal annual population and two subtidal perennial populations) differing in origin, age, and handling history. GA <jats:sub>3</jats:sub> priming consistently improved germination success and reduced time to germination across all populations, with optimal responses at 9 and 20 mg L <jats:sup>-</jats:sup> ¹. Positive effects in the older seed cohort (stored for approximately 16 months) and in sterilized seeds suggest that GA <jats:sub>3</jats:sub> can mitigate physiological constraints associated with long-term storage or handling. Although the experimental design does not separate ecological from geographic influences, including populations from contrasting habitats provides a valuable test of GA <jats:sub>3</jats:sub> priming under varied seed conditions. As a simple, transferable pre-treatment, GA <jats:sub>3</jats:sub> priming shows strong potential to enhance seed readiness and increase nursery or restoration seed stocks, supporting more sustainable use of limited <jats:italic>Z. marina</jats:italic> seed resources. We further outline how GA <jats:sub>3</jats:sub> priming can be incorporated as a short immersion step within existing seed-handling workflows and provide a back-of-the-envelope consumables cost estimate to contextualize scale-up potential.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147279490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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