Microplastics are widespread pollutants in aquatic environments, posing a significant threat to the health of marine ecosystems. However, little is known about the impact of plastics on deep-sea microbial communities. In this paper, we investigated the effects of polystyrene (PS) microplastics with three particle sizes (60 nm, 600 nm and 1 µm) and three concentrations (10, 50, 150 mg/L) as well as PS films (1 × 1 cm) on the deep-sea microbial community inoculated with water of 3370 m water depth from Pacific Ocean by using reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection, growth rate, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and high-throughput sequencing. Microplastics surface rotting (600 nm and 1 µm) and further fragmentation (60 nm) were observed caused by plastic-degrading microbial erosion after 50 days’ incubation. Similarly, deformation of PS film, including formation of obvious wrinkles and deep pits and the generation of microplastics and nanoplastics were also observed. Microplastics from commercial and plastic films could stimulate the bacterial community to secrete extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), favouring biofilm formation and resistance to external stress. Compared with larger microplastics, 60 nm microplastics and plastic films significantly inhibited the growth of bacterial communities with enhanced ROS production. The abundance of Moraxellaceae dominated in all enriched samples with the addition of microplastics, while the abundance of Alcanivoracaceae also increased in the 60 nm and plastic film enrichments, in contrast to dominant bacteria of Colwelliaceae, Marinobacteraceae, Rhodobacteraceae and Alcanivoracaceae the deep seawater in situ. Correspondingly, the functional changes of the communities were observed via functional prediction by 16S rRNA gene based on their alterations in bacterial community structure. The study provides insights into the effects of microplastics and nanoplastics on deep-sea microbial communities.
{"title":"Influence of microplastics on the structure and function of deep-sea communities during long-term enrichment processes","authors":"Shiwei Lv, YuFei Li, Qing Yuan, Yao Lu, Yonglian Ye, Yangsheng Zhong, Renjiu Liu, Sufang Zhao, Jingyu Xia, Lingyu Zeng, Zongze Shao","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2024.1479919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1479919","url":null,"abstract":"Microplastics are widespread pollutants in aquatic environments, posing a significant threat to the health of marine ecosystems. However, little is known about the impact of plastics on deep-sea microbial communities. In this paper, we investigated the effects of polystyrene (PS) microplastics with three particle sizes (60 nm, 600 nm and 1 µm) and three concentrations (10, 50, 150 mg/L) as well as PS films (1 × 1 cm) on the deep-sea microbial community inoculated with water of 3370 m water depth from Pacific Ocean by using reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection, growth rate, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and high-throughput sequencing. Microplastics surface rotting (600 nm and 1 µm) and further fragmentation (60 nm) were observed caused by plastic-degrading microbial erosion after 50 days’ incubation. Similarly, deformation of PS film, including formation of obvious wrinkles and deep pits and the generation of microplastics and nanoplastics were also observed. Microplastics from commercial and plastic films could stimulate the bacterial community to secrete extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), favouring biofilm formation and resistance to external stress. Compared with larger microplastics, 60 nm microplastics and plastic films significantly inhibited the growth of bacterial communities with enhanced ROS production. The abundance of <jats:italic>Moraxellaceae</jats:italic> dominated in all enriched samples with the addition of microplastics, while the abundance of <jats:italic>Alcanivoracaceae</jats:italic> also increased in the 60 nm and plastic film enrichments, in contrast to dominant bacteria of <jats:italic>Colwelliaceae</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Marinobacteraceae</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Rhodobacteraceae</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Alcanivoracaceae</jats:italic> the deep seawater in situ. Correspondingly, the functional changes of the communities were observed via functional prediction by 16S rRNA gene based on their alterations in bacterial community structure. The study provides insights into the effects of microplastics and nanoplastics on deep-sea microbial communities.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142597467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-06DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2024.1423721
Wei Yeng Yeong, Paolo Martelli, Tabris Yik To Chung, Henry Chun Lok Tsui, Tommaso Gerussi, Brian Chin Wing Kot
IntroductionCrocodilians have significant ecological, conservational, and economic roles. They are also commonly raised for commercial purposes and kept as zoological specimens. Although ultrasonography has been used in zoological contexts for health assessments of crocodilians, published studies on a detailed ultrasonography protocol and ultrasonographic anatomy are lacking. This study aimed to establish a standardized ultrasonography protocol and pictorial reference of the ultrasonographic appearances of the coelomic organs of crocodilians.MethodsA total of 7 crocodilians comprising 4 different species were included in this study. The crocodilians were manually restrained and underwent a non-contrasted and contrasted computed tomography (CT) scan, followed by an ultrasonography (USG) examination. Ultrasound fusion imaging technique enabled greater confidence in establishing a clear organ localization and correlation between modalities by visualizing the same anatomy from the same view angle.ResultsThe heart, caudal vena cava, liver, fat body (steatotheca), spleen, stomach, duodenal loops, pancreas, kidneys, testes, ovaries and cloaca were visualized in all species. Longitudinal and transverse images of the coelomic structures were acquired when possible. The ultrasonographic characteristics of the coelomic organs, including transducer positioning, acoustic window and approach, shape, size, marginations, and echo pattern were documented.DiscussionThe findings of this study provided a useful ultrasonographic protocol and anatomical reference of the coelomic organs in crocodilians. Invaluable insights into the practicality and adequacy of ultrasonography in evaluating the coelomic structures of crocodilians as part of health assessment and disease diagnosis were also discussed.
{"title":"Ultrasonographic technique and appearance of the coelomic organs in crocodilians","authors":"Wei Yeng Yeong, Paolo Martelli, Tabris Yik To Chung, Henry Chun Lok Tsui, Tommaso Gerussi, Brian Chin Wing Kot","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2024.1423721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1423721","url":null,"abstract":"IntroductionCrocodilians have significant ecological, conservational, and economic roles. They are also commonly raised for commercial purposes and kept as zoological specimens. Although ultrasonography has been used in zoological contexts for health assessments of crocodilians, published studies on a detailed ultrasonography protocol and ultrasonographic anatomy are lacking. This study aimed to establish a standardized ultrasonography protocol and pictorial reference of the ultrasonographic appearances of the coelomic organs of crocodilians.MethodsA total of 7 crocodilians comprising 4 different species were included in this study. The crocodilians were manually restrained and underwent a non-contrasted and contrasted computed tomography (CT) scan, followed by an ultrasonography (USG) examination. Ultrasound fusion imaging technique enabled greater confidence in establishing a clear organ localization and correlation between modalities by visualizing the same anatomy from the same view angle.ResultsThe heart, caudal vena cava, liver, fat body (steatotheca), spleen, stomach, duodenal loops, pancreas, kidneys, testes, ovaries and cloaca were visualized in all species. Longitudinal and transverse images of the coelomic structures were acquired when possible. The ultrasonographic characteristics of the coelomic organs, including transducer positioning, acoustic window and approach, shape, size, marginations, and echo pattern were documented.DiscussionThe findings of this study provided a useful ultrasonographic protocol and anatomical reference of the coelomic organs in crocodilians. Invaluable insights into the practicality and adequacy of ultrasonography in evaluating the coelomic structures of crocodilians as part of health assessment and disease diagnosis were also discussed.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142594627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-06DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2024.1469451
Jen McRuer, Emma McKinley, Diz L. Glithero, Martha Paiz-Domingo
IntroductionThe overarching goal of the UN Ocean Decade is to “change humanity's relationship with the ocean.” While this may be a challenge, it is, at the same time, a once in a generation opportunity. How can 8 billion people, including those who don't live near coastal areas, be inspired to value and care for the ocean? This is the essence of ocean literacy, and the driver of ocean literacy research (OLR).MethodsIn 2021, we began a research initiative to co-create a global OLR agenda by the developing OLR community, to better understand existing research themes, gaps, future priorities, actions, and impacts of ocean literacy initiatives. To deliver this, a series of virtual workshops – with the first taking place as part of the UN Ocean Decade Laboratories – was complemented by a participatory methodology using digital survey and mapping tools for crowdsourced collaboration.Results and discussionThrough this process, four initial OLR priorities were identified, including measuring ocean literacy, the role of ocean literacy as a policy mechanism, and alignment of OLR with climate change and the blue economy agendas. Finally, a working definition of OLR was developed to further guide OLR priorities for the UN Ocean Decade and beyond.
{"title":"Ocean literacy research community: co-identifying gaps and priorities to advance the UN Ocean Decade","authors":"Jen McRuer, Emma McKinley, Diz L. Glithero, Martha Paiz-Domingo","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2024.1469451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1469451","url":null,"abstract":"IntroductionThe overarching goal of the UN Ocean Decade is to “change humanity's relationship with the ocean.” While this may be a challenge, it is, at the same time, a once in a generation opportunity. How can 8 billion people, including those who don't live near coastal areas, be inspired to value and care for the ocean? This is the essence of ocean literacy, and the driver of ocean literacy research (OLR).MethodsIn 2021, we began a research initiative to co-create a global OLR agenda by the developing OLR community, to better understand existing research themes, gaps, future priorities, actions, and impacts of ocean literacy initiatives. To deliver this, a series of virtual workshops – with the first taking place as part of the UN Ocean Decade Laboratories – was complemented by a participatory methodology using digital survey and mapping tools for crowdsourced collaboration.Results and discussionThrough this process, four initial OLR priorities were identified, including measuring ocean literacy, the role of ocean literacy as a policy mechanism, and alignment of OLR with climate change and the blue economy agendas. Finally, a working definition of OLR was developed to further guide OLR priorities for the UN Ocean Decade and beyond.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142588602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IntroductionFish re-identification (re-ID) is of great significance for fish monitoring and can contribute to aquaculture and fish breeding. Synchronizing information from different cameras is beneficial for optimizing re-ID performance.MethodsWe constructed the first underwater fish re-identification benchmark dataset (FS48) under three camera conditions. FS48 encompasses 48 different fish identities, 10,300 frames, and 39,088 bounding boxes, covering various lighting conditions and background environments. Additionally, we developed the first robust and accurate fish re-identification baseline, FSNet, which fuses information from three camera positions by extracting features from synchronized video frames of each position and combining the synchronized information.ResultsThe experimental results show that FS48 is universal and of high quality. FSNet has an effective network design and demonstrates good performance, achieving better re-identification performance by combining information from three positions, helping improve overall re-test accuracy, and evaluating the effectiveness of re-identification among detectors.DiscussionOur dataset will be released upon acceptance of this paper, which is expected to further promote the development of underwater fish re-identification.
{"title":"Take good care of your fish: fish re-identification with synchronized multi-view camera system","authors":"Suzhen Fan, Chengyang Song, Haiyang Feng, Zhibin Yu","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2024.1429459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1429459","url":null,"abstract":"IntroductionFish re-identification (re-ID) is of great significance for fish monitoring and can contribute to aquaculture and fish breeding. Synchronizing information from different cameras is beneficial for optimizing re-ID performance.MethodsWe constructed the first underwater fish re-identification benchmark dataset (FS48) under three camera conditions. FS48 encompasses 48 different fish identities, 10,300 frames, and 39,088 bounding boxes, covering various lighting conditions and background environments. Additionally, we developed the first robust and accurate fish re-identification baseline, FSNet, which fuses information from three camera positions by extracting features from synchronized video frames of each position and combining the synchronized information.ResultsThe experimental results show that FS48 is universal and of high quality. FSNet has an effective network design and demonstrates good performance, achieving better re-identification performance by combining information from three positions, helping improve overall re-test accuracy, and evaluating the effectiveness of re-identification among detectors.DiscussionOur dataset will be released upon acceptance of this paper, which is expected to further promote the development of underwater fish re-identification.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142594907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-06DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2024.1497808
Jin Tan
Internal solitary waves in polar regions have attracted much interest recently. It is important to understand how sea ice affects them as this may have a profound influence on human activities and the environment. In this study, experiments on internal solitary waves with and without two types of sea ice (ice sheet and ice keel) are presented, as well as corresponding simulations using the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation, the Benjamin-Ono (BO) equation, and the variable-coefficient Korteweg-de Vries (vKdV) equation, which is a derivation of the KdV equation. Comparison between experiments without sea ice and simulations using the KdV and BO equations proves the suitability of the former over the latter for this study. The experiments with sea ice and theoretical simulations using the vKdV equation provide evidence for wave deformation, oscillation occurring in the rear of the wave, and a decrease in amplitude. The latter suggests possibilities of energy dissipation or the emission of small amplitude linear waves. The sharp vertices of the ice result in occasional inconsistency with the vKdV predictions. Nonetheless, the vKdV equation is still suitable for modeling internal solitary waves under sea ice, giving generally accurate results that can assist further studies. This is the first time the vKdV equation has been applied to investigate the impacts of sea ice on internal solitary waves.
{"title":"Experimental and theoretical studies of sea ice effects on internal solitary waves","authors":"Jin Tan","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2024.1497808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1497808","url":null,"abstract":"Internal solitary waves in polar regions have attracted much interest recently. It is important to understand how sea ice affects them as this may have a profound influence on human activities and the environment. In this study, experiments on internal solitary waves with and without two types of sea ice (ice sheet and ice keel) are presented, as well as corresponding simulations using the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation, the Benjamin-Ono (BO) equation, and the variable-coefficient Korteweg-de Vries (vKdV) equation, which is a derivation of the KdV equation. Comparison between experiments without sea ice and simulations using the KdV and BO equations proves the suitability of the former over the latter for this study. The experiments with sea ice and theoretical simulations using the vKdV equation provide evidence for wave deformation, oscillation occurring in the rear of the wave, and a decrease in amplitude. The latter suggests possibilities of energy dissipation or the emission of small amplitude linear waves. The sharp vertices of the ice result in occasional inconsistency with the vKdV predictions. Nonetheless, the vKdV equation is still suitable for modeling internal solitary waves under sea ice, giving generally accurate results that can assist further studies. This is the first time the vKdV equation has been applied to investigate the impacts of sea ice on internal solitary waves.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142594905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-06DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2024.1476097
Wanchuan Dong, Xinlu Bai, Linlin Zhao, Hao Dong, Changdong Liu
The Northwest Pacific Ocean is the most productive fishing ground in the Pacific Ocean, with a continuous rise in water temperature since 1990. We developed stacked species distribution models (SSDMs) to estimate the impacts of climate change on the distribution dynamics of economically significant species under three climate change scenarios for the periods 2040-2060 and 2080-2100. Overall, water temperature is the most important factor in shaping the distribution patterns of species, followed by water depth. The predictive results indicate that all the species show a northward migration in the future, and the migration distance varies greatly among species. Most pelagic species will expand their habitats under climate change, implying their stronger adaptability than benthic species. Tropical fishes are more adaptable to climate change than species in other climate zones. Though limitations existed, our study provided baseline information for designing a climate-adaptive, dynamic fishery management strategy for maintaining sustainable fisheries.
{"title":"Comparative analysis of climate-induced habitat shift of economically significant species with diverse ecological preferences in the Northwest Pacific","authors":"Wanchuan Dong, Xinlu Bai, Linlin Zhao, Hao Dong, Changdong Liu","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2024.1476097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1476097","url":null,"abstract":"The Northwest Pacific Ocean is the most productive fishing ground in the Pacific Ocean, with a continuous rise in water temperature since 1990. We developed stacked species distribution models (SSDMs) to estimate the impacts of climate change on the distribution dynamics of economically significant species under three climate change scenarios for the periods 2040-2060 and 2080-2100. Overall, water temperature is the most important factor in shaping the distribution patterns of species, followed by water depth. The predictive results indicate that all the species show a northward migration in the future, and the migration distance varies greatly among species. Most pelagic species will expand their habitats under climate change, implying their stronger adaptability than benthic species. Tropical fishes are more adaptable to climate change than species in other climate zones. Though limitations existed, our study provided baseline information for designing a climate-adaptive, dynamic fishery management strategy for maintaining sustainable fisheries.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142594659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-05DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2024.1387121
Claire Siddiqui, Tim Rixen, Niko Lahajnar, Tarron Lamont, Anja K. van der Plas
Bottom-trawl fishery is known to cause major disturbances to marine sediments as the dragging of trawl gears across the seabed fosters sediment resuspension, which can lead to organic particle remineralization and release of benthic CO2 and nutrients into bottom waters. However, its effects on carbon cycling and biological productivity, especially in highly productive regions like the Benguela Upwelling System (BUS), are less well studied. Here, we simulated carbon (C) and nutrient pathways from the trawled coastal seabed to overlying water masses that are being upwelled into the sunlit surface within the BUS, using shipboard data on sea surface and water column characteristics and published benthic CO2 emission estimates from bottom-trawled sediments. The latter reports 4.35 and 0.64 Tg C year-1 to be released from the seabed into upwelling source waters after bottom trawling in the northern (NBUS) and southern (SBUS) subsystems, respectively. Based on these values, we estimated a corresponding nitrate (N) input of 1.39 and 0.47 µmol kg-1 year-1, enhancing source water nitrate concentrations by ~5% and ~2%. Trawl-induced nitrate input into the sunlit surface could support a new production of 3.14 and 0.47 Tg C year-1 in the NBUS and SBUS, respectively, recapturing only 2/3 of CO2 released after bottom trawling into biomass, mainly due to differences in stoichiometric C:N ratios between the sediment (~9) and surface biomass (Redfield, 6.6). The remaining benthic CO2 can thereby lead to an increase in surface CO2 concentration and its partial pressure (pCO2), impeding CO2 uptake of the biological carbon pump in the BUS by 1.3 Tg C year-1, of which 1 Tg C year-1 is emitted to the atmosphere across the northern subsystem. Our results demonstrate the extent to which bottom trawling may affect the CO2 storage potential of coastal sediments on a basin-wide level, highlighting the need to better resolve small-scale sediment characteristics and C:N ratios to refine trawl-induced benthic carbon and nutrient effluxes within the BUS.
众所周知，底拖网渔业对海洋沉积物造成了严重干扰，因为拖网渔具在海底拖曳会造成沉积物悬浮，从而导致有机颗粒再矿化，并将底栖生物的二氧化碳和营养物质释放到底层水域。然而，其对碳循环和生物生产力的影响，尤其是对本格拉上升流系统（BUS）等高产地区的影响，还没有得到很好的研究。在这里，我们利用有关海面和水体特征的船载数据，以及已发表的底拖网沉积物底栖二氧化碳排放估算值，模拟了从拖网沿岸海床到上覆水体的碳和营养盐的路径，这些上覆水体在 BUS 内被上涌到阳光照射的海面。后者报告称，在北部（NBUS）和南部（SBUS）子系统进行底拖网捕捞后，从海底释放到上涌源水中的二氧化碳分别为 4.35 和 0.64 兆吨/年。根据这些数值，我们估计相应的硝酸盐（N）输入量分别为 1.39 和 0.47 µmol kg-1 year-1，使源水硝酸盐浓度分别增加约 5% 和 2%。拖网诱导的硝酸盐输入到日照表层可支持 NBUS 和 SBUS 每年分别产生 3.14 和 0.47 Tg C，仅将底拖网捕捞后释放的 CO2 的 2/3 重新捕获为生物量，这主要是由于沉积物（约 9）和表层生物量（Redfield，6.6）之间的 C:N 化学计量比的差异。因此，剩余的底栖生物二氧化碳会导致地表二氧化碳浓度及其分压（pCO2）的增加，从而阻碍 BUS 生物碳泵对二氧化碳的吸收，每年增加 1.3 Tg C，其中 1 Tg C 每年排放到整个北部子系统的大气中。我们的研究结果表明，底拖网捕捞可能会在一定程度上影响整个海盆沿岸沉积物的 CO2 储存潜力，突出表明需要更好地解析小尺度沉积物特征和 C:N 比值，以完善底拖网捕捞引起的 BUS 底栖生物碳和营养物质外流。
{"title":"Simulating potential impacts of bottom trawling on the biological carbon pump: a case study in the Benguela Upwelling System","authors":"Claire Siddiqui, Tim Rixen, Niko Lahajnar, Tarron Lamont, Anja K. van der Plas","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2024.1387121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1387121","url":null,"abstract":"Bottom-trawl fishery is known to cause major disturbances to marine sediments as the dragging of trawl gears across the seabed fosters sediment resuspension, which can lead to organic particle remineralization and release of benthic CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> and nutrients into bottom waters. However, its effects on carbon cycling and biological productivity, especially in highly productive regions like the Benguela Upwelling System (BUS), are less well studied. Here, we simulated carbon (C) and nutrient pathways from the trawled coastal seabed to overlying water masses that are being upwelled into the sunlit surface within the BUS, using shipboard data on sea surface and water column characteristics and published benthic CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> emission estimates from bottom-trawled sediments. The latter reports 4.35 and 0.64 Tg C year<jats:sup>-1</jats:sup> to be released from the seabed into upwelling source waters after bottom trawling in the northern (NBUS) and southern (SBUS) subsystems, respectively. Based on these values, we estimated a corresponding nitrate (N) input of 1.39 and 0.47 µmol kg<jats:sup>-1</jats:sup> year<jats:sup>-1</jats:sup>, enhancing source water nitrate concentrations by ~5% and ~2%. Trawl-induced nitrate input into the sunlit surface could support a new production of 3.14 and 0.47 Tg C year<jats:sup>-1</jats:sup> in the NBUS and SBUS, respectively, recapturing only 2/3 of CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> released after bottom trawling into biomass, mainly due to differences in stoichiometric C:N ratios between the sediment (~9) and surface biomass (Redfield, 6.6). The remaining benthic CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> can thereby lead to an increase in surface CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> concentration and its partial pressure (pCO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>), impeding CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> uptake of the biological carbon pump in the BUS by 1.3 Tg C year<jats:sup>-1</jats:sup>, of which 1 Tg C year<jats:sup>-1</jats:sup> is emitted to the atmosphere across the northern subsystem. Our results demonstrate the extent to which bottom trawling may affect the CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> storage potential of coastal sediments on a basin-wide level, highlighting the need to better resolve small-scale sediment characteristics and C:N ratios to refine trawl-induced benthic carbon and nutrient effluxes within the BUS.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142588603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-05DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2024.1430701
Geraint Rhys Whittaker
Sharing complex oceanic research in an accessible way with the public is being identified by scientific institutions, universities, governmental departments, and NGOs as a critical intervention in promoting better engagement with the sea. Art–science collaborations play an integral role in this. Traditionally, these involve pairing artists and marine scientists to work on a project which is then presented to an audience. Increasingly however more interactive relationships with the public are being seen as a beneficial way to merge art and scientific data. The Ocean Science Jam is such a project that brings musicians, artists, dancers, performers, and the public together to respond creatively in real time to visual and audio cues based on a theme related to marine scientists’ work. By mixing creativity with science in an integrative way the Ocean Science Jam not only acts as tool for public communication but also opens new ways for scientific data to be interpreted by non-scientists. This paper will explore this initiative from design to delivery highlighting the results of facilitating with the public moments where new responses to ocean science can be created through art. It will do so by combining the reflections of the creator of the Ocean Science Jam as well as feedback from the scientists and public who have participated. It will argue for the benefits of using improvisation and artistic co-creation for developing moments of embodied oceanic exchange and connection.
{"title":"A song for Pelagibacter. Using creative improvisation as a tool for novel science communication through the Ocean Science Jam","authors":"Geraint Rhys Whittaker","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2024.1430701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1430701","url":null,"abstract":"Sharing complex oceanic research in an accessible way with the public is being identified by scientific institutions, universities, governmental departments, and NGOs as a critical intervention in promoting better engagement with the sea. Art–science collaborations play an integral role in this. Traditionally, these involve pairing artists and marine scientists to work on a project which is then presented to an audience. Increasingly however more interactive relationships with the public are being seen as a beneficial way to merge art and scientific data. The Ocean Science Jam is such a project that brings musicians, artists, dancers, performers, and the public together to respond creatively in real time to visual and audio cues based on a theme related to marine scientists’ work. By mixing creativity with science in an integrative way the Ocean Science Jam not only acts as tool for public communication but also opens new ways for scientific data to be interpreted by non-scientists. This paper will explore this initiative from design to delivery highlighting the results of facilitating with the public moments where new responses to ocean science can be created through art. It will do so by combining the reflections of the creator of the Ocean Science Jam as well as feedback from the scientists and public who have participated. It will argue for the benefits of using improvisation and artistic co-creation for developing moments of embodied oceanic exchange and connection.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142588779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-05DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2024.1480745
Panmin He, Ming Li, Jinxing Fu, Yanling Liao, Bo Yi, Bingmiao Gao
Developing novel, efficient, and safe peptide drugs from sea anemones has aroused great interest in countries around the world today. Sea anemones contain complex protein and peptide toxins, which determine the diversity of their biological activities. In this study, a variety of activities were assessed for crude venom extracted from five species of South China Sea anemones, including hemolytic, enzyme inhibition, anticancer, insecticidal, analgesic and lethal activities. The most toxic sea anemone was found to be Heteractis magnifica, which has high lethal activity in mice with an LD50 of 11.0 mg/kg. The crude venom of H. magnifica also exhibited a range of the most potent activities, including hemolytic, trypsin inhibitory, cytotoxic activity against U251 and A549 cells, insecticidal and analgesic activities. In addition, the crude venom of Stichodactyla haddoni was the most effective inhibitor of pepsin, and the crude venom of Heteractis crispa was extremely strong toxicity to HepG2 cells. These findings are of great significance for exploring the potential and application of South China Sea anemone resources, and are expected to provide new directions and possibilities for the development of novel anticancer drugs, analgesics and biopesticides.
{"title":"Diversity of biological activities of crude venom extracted from five species of South China Sea anemones","authors":"Panmin He, Ming Li, Jinxing Fu, Yanling Liao, Bo Yi, Bingmiao Gao","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2024.1480745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1480745","url":null,"abstract":"Developing novel, efficient, and safe peptide drugs from sea anemones has aroused great interest in countries around the world today. Sea anemones contain complex protein and peptide toxins, which determine the diversity of their biological activities. In this study, a variety of activities were assessed for crude venom extracted from five species of South China Sea anemones, including hemolytic, enzyme inhibition, anticancer, insecticidal, analgesic and lethal activities. The most toxic sea anemone was found to be <jats:italic>Heteractis magnifica</jats:italic>, which has high lethal activity in mice with an LD<jats:sub>50</jats:sub> of 11.0 mg/kg. The crude venom of <jats:italic>H. magnifica</jats:italic> also exhibited a range of the most potent activities, including hemolytic, trypsin inhibitory, cytotoxic activity against U251 and A549 cells, insecticidal and analgesic activities. In addition, the crude venom of <jats:italic>Stichodactyla haddoni</jats:italic> was the most effective inhibitor of pepsin, and the crude venom of <jats:italic>Heteractis crispa</jats:italic> was extremely strong toxicity to HepG2 cells. These findings are of great significance for exploring the potential and application of South China Sea anemone resources, and are expected to provide new directions and possibilities for the development of novel anticancer drugs, analgesics and biopesticides.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142588784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-04DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2024.1448427
Zhaoyi Wang, Marie Drevillon, Pierre De Mey-Frémaux, Elisabeth Remy, Nadia Ayoub, Dakui Wang, Bruno Levier
This study aims to characterize the high frequency radar and numerically simulated low-frequency filtered currents in the south-eastern Bay of Biscay (study area) using a K-means classification algorithm based on an improved Euclidean Distance calculation method that does not take missing values. The errors between observations and simulations was estimated and predicted based on this classification method. Results indicate that predominantly eastward (northward) currents over the Spanish (French) continental shelf/slope in winter and more variable currents in the west and south-west in summer. The model classification results for circulation characteristics are in relatively good agreement with HF radar results, especially for currents on the Spanish (French) shelf/slope. In addition, the probabilistic relationship between observed and modeled currents was explored, obtaining the probability of occurrence of modeled current groups when each group of observed currents occurs. Finally, predictions of model and observed current errors were made based on the classification results, and it was found that the predictions based on the classification of all data had the smallest errors, with a 17% improvement over the unclassified control experiment. This study provides a foundation for subsequent model error testing, forecast product improvement and data assimilation.
{"title":"High frequency radar error classification and prediction based on K-means methods","authors":"Zhaoyi Wang, Marie Drevillon, Pierre De Mey-Frémaux, Elisabeth Remy, Nadia Ayoub, Dakui Wang, Bruno Levier","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2024.1448427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1448427","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to characterize the high frequency radar and numerically simulated low-frequency filtered currents in the south-eastern Bay of Biscay (study area) using a K-means classification algorithm based on an improved Euclidean Distance calculation method that does not take missing values. The errors between observations and simulations was estimated and predicted based on this classification method. Results indicate that predominantly eastward (northward) currents over the Spanish (French) continental shelf/slope in winter and more variable currents in the west and south-west in summer. The model classification results for circulation characteristics are in relatively good agreement with HF radar results, especially for currents on the Spanish (French) shelf/slope. In addition, the probabilistic relationship between observed and modeled currents was explored, obtaining the probability of occurrence of modeled current groups when each group of observed currents occurs. Finally, predictions of model and observed current errors were made based on the classification results, and it was found that the predictions based on the classification of all data had the smallest errors, with a 17% improvement over the unclassified control experiment. This study provides a foundation for subsequent model error testing, forecast product improvement and data assimilation.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142574608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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