Pub Date : 2026-03-12DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2026.1795428
Yen-Chiang Chang, Jie Sun, Fan-Yu Liu
To advance the construction of the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) as a world-class international shipping hub, this study examines the structural challenges arising from fragmented regional shipping governance. Given the coexistence of distinct legal systems and regulatory regimes within the GBA, disparities in shipping legislation, enforcement mechanisms, and judicial practices have generated institutional barriers to market integration. Through a systematic doctrinal and institutional analysis of the existing legal framework, this paper identifies three principal constraints: pronounced divergences in substantive shipping rules, the absence of institutionalized enforcement information-sharing mechanisms, and limitations in cross-border judicial coordination. These factors collectively increase regulatory uncertainty and transaction costs, thereby impeding the competitiveness of the regional shipping sector. To address these deficiencies, the paper proposes the establishment of a standing coordination body led by the National People’s Congress to guide rule-of-law integration in the GBA. By strengthening legislative hierarchy, promoting harmonization of shipping regulations, enhancing intergovernmental cooperation, and deepening cross-border judicial coordination mechanisms, a more unified and authoritative governance framework can be constructed. Such reforms would provide high-level rule-of-law safeguards for the sustainable and integrated development of the GBA’s shipping market.
{"title":"Mechanism innovation for shipping legal coordination in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area","authors":"Yen-Chiang Chang, Jie Sun, Fan-Yu Liu","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2026.1795428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1795428","url":null,"abstract":"To advance the construction of the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) as a world-class international shipping hub, this study examines the structural challenges arising from fragmented regional shipping governance. Given the coexistence of distinct legal systems and regulatory regimes within the GBA, disparities in shipping legislation, enforcement mechanisms, and judicial practices have generated institutional barriers to market integration. Through a systematic doctrinal and institutional analysis of the existing legal framework, this paper identifies three principal constraints: pronounced divergences in substantive shipping rules, the absence of institutionalized enforcement information-sharing mechanisms, and limitations in cross-border judicial coordination. These factors collectively increase regulatory uncertainty and transaction costs, thereby impeding the competitiveness of the regional shipping sector. To address these deficiencies, the paper proposes the establishment of a standing coordination body led by the National People’s Congress to guide rule-of-law integration in the GBA. By strengthening legislative hierarchy, promoting harmonization of shipping regulations, enhancing intergovernmental cooperation, and deepening cross-border judicial coordination mechanisms, a more unified and authoritative governance framework can be constructed. Such reforms would provide high-level rule-of-law safeguards for the sustainable and integrated development of the GBA’s shipping market.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147440474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-12DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2026.1796093
Le Liu, Yue Sun
As key nodes of the New Maritime Silk Road, enhancing port resilience is essential to ensure the stable operation of ports. It is also a crucial measure to achieve coordinated development between ports and cities and to promote the shared prosperity of regions along the New Maritime Silk Road. Currently, ports along this route lack sufficient resilience, facing challenges such as an unreasonable industrial structure, inadequate institutional adjustments, and fragmented supply chains—issues evident in organizational, institutional, and supply chain resilience assessments—that require urgent resolution. Based on a comprehensive analysis of internal motivations, external conditions for improving port resilience, and the temporal and spatial evolution trends of port centers, the author proposes a mechanism to enhance the resilience of China’s ports along the New Maritime Silk Road. This mechanism includes optimizing the industrial structure through collaborative efforts between ports and cities; adjusting port systems; establishing an international consultation, cooperation, and early warning mechanism to support sustainable port development; strengthening strategic cooperation among ports to implement a development model based on internal and external circulation; and enhancing the construction of both port software and hardware infrastructure. These measures aim to improve the resilience of ports along the New Maritime Silk Road, promote coordinated development along the route, achieve shared prosperity, and ultimately realize the sustainable development and regional integration of the New Maritime Silk Road.
{"title":"Resilience improvement strategies: an inevitable choice for the sustainable development of China’s ports along the New Maritime Silk Road","authors":"Le Liu, Yue Sun","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2026.1796093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1796093","url":null,"abstract":"As key nodes of the New Maritime Silk Road, enhancing port resilience is essential to ensure the stable operation of ports. It is also a crucial measure to achieve coordinated development between ports and cities and to promote the shared prosperity of regions along the New Maritime Silk Road. Currently, ports along this route lack sufficient resilience, facing challenges such as an unreasonable industrial structure, inadequate institutional adjustments, and fragmented supply chains—issues evident in organizational, institutional, and supply chain resilience assessments—that require urgent resolution. Based on a comprehensive analysis of internal motivations, external conditions for improving port resilience, and the temporal and spatial evolution trends of port centers, the author proposes a mechanism to enhance the resilience of China’s ports along the New Maritime Silk Road. This mechanism includes optimizing the industrial structure through collaborative efforts between ports and cities; adjusting port systems; establishing an international consultation, cooperation, and early warning mechanism to support sustainable port development; strengthening strategic cooperation among ports to implement a development model based on internal and external circulation; and enhancing the construction of both port software and hardware infrastructure. These measures aim to improve the resilience of ports along the New Maritime Silk Road, promote coordinated development along the route, achieve shared prosperity, and ultimately realize the sustainable development and regional integration of the New Maritime Silk Road.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147440472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Overfishing and coastal environmental alteration threaten recruitment of the migratory Japanese eel ( Anguilla japonica ), and unrecorded losses from capture-induced damage may undermine fishery sustainability. Using empirical monitoring data from China’s eastern coast, we evaluated the capture-induced damage rate (CIDR) as a practical ecological indicator for glass eel protection by characterizing its spatiotemporal dynamics, quantifying the combined effects of environmental (temperature, tide) and fishing (effort, net type) drivers, and deriving actionable thresholds and adaptive strategies to reduce concealed losses. CIDR showed marked spatiotemporal variability, with elevated risk concentrated within the recruitment season. Damage increased nonlinearly with fishing effort and was strongly amplified at higher temperatures, identifying 15 - 22 °C as a critical risk interval. Neap tides were associated with a marginally higher CIDR than intermediate tides, while protector installation effectively reduced damage; under the “spring tide + protector” scenario, CIDR decreased by 14.3% (medium effort) and 61.8% (high effort), corresponding to 15.16 and 65.71 fewer damaged glass eels per 1,000 m 2 , respectively. The safe upper limit of fishing effort for rotating nets was estimated at 5.7 × 10 3 m 2 , with 100% compliance in the observed data set. We propose an adaptive management framework that integrates real-time temperature/tide data, dynamic effort adjustment, and mandatory protector use to keep CIDR within a safe range. Future research should validate the indicator’s applicability across different marine regions and refine thresholds to enhance the sustainability of eel fisheries and coastal ecosystem governance.
{"title":"Drivers and mitigation of capture-induced damage in glass eels (Anguilla japonica): empirical evidence from China’s east coast","authors":"Cangsong Zheng, Sikai Wang, Tingting Zhang, Gang Yang, Zhi Geng, Junlin Ren, Feng Zhao","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2026.1770453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1770453","url":null,"abstract":"Overfishing and coastal environmental alteration threaten recruitment of the migratory Japanese eel ( <jats:italic>Anguilla japonica</jats:italic> ), and unrecorded losses from capture-induced damage may undermine fishery sustainability. Using empirical monitoring data from China’s eastern coast, we evaluated the capture-induced damage rate (CIDR) as a practical ecological indicator for glass eel protection by characterizing its spatiotemporal dynamics, quantifying the combined effects of environmental (temperature, tide) and fishing (effort, net type) drivers, and deriving actionable thresholds and adaptive strategies to reduce concealed losses. CIDR showed marked spatiotemporal variability, with elevated risk concentrated within the recruitment season. Damage increased nonlinearly with fishing effort and was strongly amplified at higher temperatures, identifying 15 - 22 °C as a critical risk interval. Neap tides were associated with a marginally higher CIDR than intermediate tides, while protector installation effectively reduced damage; under the “spring tide + protector” scenario, CIDR decreased by 14.3% (medium effort) and 61.8% (high effort), corresponding to 15.16 and 65.71 fewer damaged glass eels per 1,000 m <jats:sup>2</jats:sup> , respectively. The safe upper limit of fishing effort for rotating nets was estimated at 5.7 × 10 <jats:sup>3</jats:sup> m <jats:sup>2</jats:sup> , with 100% compliance in the observed data set. We propose an adaptive management framework that integrates real-time temperature/tide data, dynamic effort adjustment, and mandatory protector use to keep CIDR within a safe range. Future research should validate the indicator’s applicability across different marine regions and refine thresholds to enhance the sustainability of eel fisheries and coastal ecosystem governance.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147440471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-11DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2025.1691156
Jeremie Bauer, Julio Lorda, Rodrigo Beas-Luna, Luis Malpica-Cruz, Alicia Abadía-Cardoso, Andrea Paz-Lacavex, Jorge Olmos
Kelp forests are experiencing extreme declines globally, yet local social-ecological factors may mediate their responses to climate perturbations. Using a combination of long-term field surveys (2016–2023) and satellite data (2004–2023), we examined the regional effects of the 2014–2016 marine heatwaves regime on kelp forest ecosystems along a 600 km latitudinal gradient in Baja California, Mexico. We documented three distinct geographical subregion trajectories: (1) a remarkable resilience of giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera , at its thermal limits in the southern subregion, recovering 95% of the historical canopy area despite experiencing the highest temperatures; (2) understory-dominated state in the mid-subregion, with a 96% decrease in M. pyrifera canopy, where understory brown macroalgae filled the ecological niche left by declining giant kelp, maintained by moderate herbivore densities; and (3) a shift to an urchin barren alternative stable state in the northern subregion, characterized by a 2,485% increase in herbivore densities from 2016 to 2023 —dominated by purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (44%)— and a 95% reduction in giant kelp canopy area compared to pre-warming baseline. The southern subregion’s resilience was associated with high predators’ (10.26 ± 5.63 per 60 m²) and low herbivores’ (25.20 ± 8.89 per 60 m²) densities, dominated by turban snails Megastraea spp. (83%) with S. purpuratus absent. In contrast, the northern subregion’s shift from kelp forests to urchin barrens coincided with low predator abundances (5.05 ± 2.32 per 60 m²), potentially linked to fragmented fisheries management. Our findings challenge the assumption that range-edge populations are inherently more vulnerable to warming and underscore how local biological factors and management approaches can either enhance or compromise ecosystem resilience to climate stress. These divergent trajectories suggest that while temperature acts as an initial driver of change, the persistence of alternative states is governed by ecological feedback involving predator-herbivore dynamics, herbivores’ assemblages, and management contexts, providing insights for developing climate-adaptive conservation strategies under intensifying global environmental change.
{"title":"Extreme marine heatwaves drive divergent kelp forest trajectories and alternative stable states","authors":"Jeremie Bauer, Julio Lorda, Rodrigo Beas-Luna, Luis Malpica-Cruz, Alicia Abadía-Cardoso, Andrea Paz-Lacavex, Jorge Olmos","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2025.1691156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1691156","url":null,"abstract":"Kelp forests are experiencing extreme declines globally, yet local social-ecological factors may mediate their responses to climate perturbations. Using a combination of long-term field surveys (2016–2023) and satellite data (2004–2023), we examined the regional effects of the 2014–2016 marine heatwaves regime on kelp forest ecosystems along a 600 km latitudinal gradient in Baja California, Mexico. We documented three distinct geographical subregion trajectories: (1) a remarkable resilience of giant kelp <jats:italic>Macrocystis pyrifera</jats:italic> , at its thermal limits in the southern subregion, recovering 95% of the historical canopy area despite experiencing the highest temperatures; (2) understory-dominated state in the mid-subregion, with a 96% decrease in <jats:italic>M. pyrifera</jats:italic> canopy, where understory brown macroalgae filled the ecological niche left by declining giant kelp, maintained by moderate herbivore densities; and (3) a shift to an urchin barren alternative stable state in the northern subregion, characterized by a 2,485% increase in herbivore densities from 2016 to 2023 —dominated by purple sea urchin <jats:italic>Strongylocentrotus purpuratus</jats:italic> (44%)— and a 95% reduction in giant kelp canopy area compared to pre-warming baseline. The southern subregion’s resilience was associated with high predators’ (10.26 ± 5.63 per 60 m²) and low herbivores’ (25.20 ± 8.89 per 60 m²) densities, dominated by turban snails <jats:italic>Megastraea</jats:italic> spp. (83%) with <jats:italic>S. purpuratus</jats:italic> absent. In contrast, the northern subregion’s shift from kelp forests to urchin barrens coincided with low predator abundances (5.05 ± 2.32 per 60 m²), potentially linked to fragmented fisheries management. Our findings challenge the assumption that range-edge populations are inherently more vulnerable to warming and underscore how local biological factors and management approaches can either enhance or compromise ecosystem resilience to climate stress. These divergent trajectories suggest that while temperature acts as an initial driver of change, the persistence of alternative states is governed by ecological feedback involving predator-herbivore dynamics, herbivores’ assemblages, and management contexts, providing insights for developing climate-adaptive conservation strategies under intensifying global environmental change.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"109 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147393257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-11DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2026.1686580
Edcel R. Sudaria, Charina Lyn Amedo-Repollo
Ichthyoplankton dispersal influences recruitment and sustainability of economically important fish populations. Illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing has driven recruitment overfishing in the municipal waters of the Sulu Sea. To support stock replenishment, this study developed a high-resolution hydrodynamic model (Delft3D-FLOW) quantitatively validated in Panay Strait and idealized, passive particle-tracking setup (Delft3D-PART) to simulate round scad dispersal under varying El Niño-Southern Oscillation phases: 2010–11 La Niña, 2013–14 neutral, and 2015–16 El Niño. Palawan and the closed season area retained most of the particles across all ENSO phases. During La Niña, the Mindoro and Panay straits functioned as dispersal corridors and transported particles toward Panay. Under neutral conditions, Cuyo was a source and self-seeding zone. El Niño weakened the East Asian Winter Monsoon, leading to surface current reversal and increased particle losses, which may reduce stock replenishment potential. Marine protected areas inside municipal waters are identified as candidate sites that could complement the closed season area by safeguarding key sink and source zones. Because larval behavior and mortality were not included, simulated dispersal patterns represent physically plausible but conservative estimates of connectivity. Accordingly, management implications are intended as science-based preliminary guidance to support conservation and fisheries planning in data-limited regions.
浮游鱼的扩散影响着经济上重要鱼类种群的补充和可持续性。非法、不报告和不受管制的捕捞导致了苏禄海市政水域的过度捕捞。为了支持库存补充，本研究开发了一个高分辨率的流体动力学模型（Delft3D-FLOW），并在Panay海峡进行了定量验证，以及理想化的被动粒子跟踪设置（Delft3D-PART），以模拟不同El Niño-Southern振荡阶段（2010-11 La Niña， 2013-14中性和2015-16 El Niño）下的圆沙粒扩散。在所有ENSO阶段，巴拉望岛和闭季地区保留了大部分颗粒。在La Niña期间，民都洛岛和班乃岛海峡作为扩散走廊，向班乃岛输送颗粒。在中性条件下，库约是一个来源和自我播种区。厄尔尼诺Niño减弱了东亚冬季风，导致地表流逆转和颗粒损失增加，这可能会降低库存补充的潜力。城市水域内的海洋保护区被确定为候选地点，可以通过保护关键的汇和源区来补充闭季区。由于没有包括幼虫的行为和死亡率，模拟的扩散模式代表了物理上合理但保守的连通性估计。因此，所涉管理问题旨在作为基于科学的初步指导，以支持数据有限区域的养护和渔业规划。
{"title":"A hydrodynamic and particle-tracking model reveals ENSO-driven dispersal patterns of round scad ichthyoplankton in the Sulu Sea, Philippines","authors":"Edcel R. Sudaria, Charina Lyn Amedo-Repollo","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2026.1686580","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1686580","url":null,"abstract":"Ichthyoplankton dispersal influences recruitment and sustainability of economically important fish populations. Illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing has driven recruitment overfishing in the municipal waters of the Sulu Sea. To support stock replenishment, this study developed a high-resolution hydrodynamic model (Delft3D-FLOW) quantitatively validated in Panay Strait and idealized, passive particle-tracking setup (Delft3D-PART) to simulate round scad dispersal under varying El Niño-Southern Oscillation phases: 2010–11 La Niña, 2013–14 neutral, and 2015–16 El Niño. Palawan and the closed season area retained most of the particles across all ENSO phases. During La Niña, the Mindoro and Panay straits functioned as dispersal corridors and transported particles toward Panay. Under neutral conditions, Cuyo was a source and self-seeding zone. El Niño weakened the East Asian Winter Monsoon, leading to surface current reversal and increased particle losses, which may reduce stock replenishment potential. Marine protected areas inside municipal waters are identified as candidate sites that could complement the closed season area by safeguarding key sink and source zones. Because larval behavior and mortality were not included, simulated dispersal patterns represent physically plausible but conservative estimates of connectivity. Accordingly, management implications are intended as science-based preliminary guidance to support conservation and fisheries planning in data-limited regions.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"114 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147393258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-11DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2026.1768972
Luiza Pasetti Fiorini, Mario Luiz Mascagni, Antonio Henrique da Fontoura Klein
Embayed beaches along rocky coasts exhibit complex shoreline dynamics driven by the interaction between wave climate variability, headland-controlled exposure, and sediment exchange within semi-enclosed cells. This study investigate four decades (1984–2023) of shoreline evolution across 12 embayed beaches along the Santa Catarina coast, southern Brazil, by integrating satellite-derived shorelines, space–time statistical analysis, hybrid wave modeling, and large-scale climate modes. Shoreline positions were extracted from Landsat imagery using the CASSIE-Shoreline algorithm and analyzed through Hovmöller diagrams and transect-based trends to diagnose chronic erosion, dynamic equilibrium, and accretionary behavior. Nearshore wave forcing was reconstructed using the BinWaves hybrid framework, combining CAWCR/CSIRO deep-water hindcasts with SWAN-based nearshore propagation. The resulting reconstruction was validated against available in situ observations. While uncertainties inherent to nearshore wave modeling in complex embayed settings are acknowledged, the approach remains robust for identifying long-term storm-wave patterns. Results reveal a bimodal storm-wave climate dominated by easterly and southerly waves, superimposed on a persistent counterclockwise rotation of the mean storm-wave direction of ~2° over four decades, reaching up to ~5.2° during spring. This directional shift increases wave exposure at northeast- and east-facing embayments, coinciding with a statistically significant increase in storm-wave frequency in these sectors, while south-facing beaches exhibit stable storm occurrence. The Southern Annular Mode (SAM) shows the strongest positive correlation with storm-wave frequency, indicating that SAM-driven variability dominates extreme-wave generation in the South Atlantic. The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) exerts a weaker control on storm extremes and likely modulates background hydroclimatic conditions. Decadal reversals in erosion–accretion patterns observed at several south-facing beaches are consistent with large-scale modulation associated with the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). Together, these results demonstrate that shoreline evolution in embayed systems is primarily governed by climate-driven variability in storm-wave direction, frequency, and clustering, rather than by changes in mean wave conditions. The integrated satellite–modeling approach provides a robust and transferable framework for assessing climate-sensitive coastal morphodynamics everywhere including in data-limited regions.
{"title":"Four decades of embayed coastline evolution assessed through the integration of remote sensing (CASSIE) and hybrid wave modeling (BinWaves) tools","authors":"Luiza Pasetti Fiorini, Mario Luiz Mascagni, Antonio Henrique da Fontoura Klein","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2026.1768972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1768972","url":null,"abstract":"Embayed beaches along rocky coasts exhibit complex shoreline dynamics driven by the interaction between wave climate variability, headland-controlled exposure, and sediment exchange within semi-enclosed cells. This study investigate four decades (1984–2023) of shoreline evolution across 12 embayed beaches along the Santa Catarina coast, southern Brazil, by integrating satellite-derived shorelines, space–time statistical analysis, hybrid wave modeling, and large-scale climate modes. Shoreline positions were extracted from Landsat imagery using the CASSIE-Shoreline algorithm and analyzed through Hovmöller diagrams and transect-based trends to diagnose chronic erosion, dynamic equilibrium, and accretionary behavior. Nearshore wave forcing was reconstructed using the BinWaves hybrid framework, combining CAWCR/CSIRO deep-water hindcasts with SWAN-based nearshore propagation. The resulting reconstruction was validated against available <jats:italic>in situ</jats:italic> observations. While uncertainties inherent to nearshore wave modeling in complex embayed settings are acknowledged, the approach remains robust for identifying long-term storm-wave patterns. Results reveal a bimodal storm-wave climate dominated by easterly and southerly waves, superimposed on a persistent counterclockwise rotation of the mean storm-wave direction of ~2° over four decades, reaching up to ~5.2° during spring. This directional shift increases wave exposure at northeast- and east-facing embayments, coinciding with a statistically significant increase in storm-wave frequency in these sectors, while south-facing beaches exhibit stable storm occurrence. The Southern Annular Mode (SAM) shows the strongest positive correlation with storm-wave frequency, indicating that SAM-driven variability dominates extreme-wave generation in the South Atlantic. The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) exerts a weaker control on storm extremes and likely modulates background hydroclimatic conditions. Decadal reversals in erosion–accretion patterns observed at several south-facing beaches are consistent with large-scale modulation associated with the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). Together, these results demonstrate that shoreline evolution in embayed systems is primarily governed by climate-driven variability in storm-wave direction, frequency, and clustering, rather than by changes in mean wave conditions. The integrated satellite–modeling approach provides a robust and transferable framework for assessing climate-sensitive coastal morphodynamics everywhere including in data-limited regions.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"127 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147393326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-11DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2026.1735256
Kuria Ndungu, Caroline Mengeot, Louise Valestrand, Kai Sørensen, Andrew L. King
Seawater samples for total dissolved inorganic carbon ( CT ) and total alkalinity ( AT ) measurements of the seawater carbonate system are typically preserved with mercuric chloride (HgCl 2 ), but mercury use is globally regulated under the Minamata Convention. We tested silver nitrate (AgNO 3 ; 25 and 50 μM) as an alternative preservative for oligotrophic seawater. No significant differences ( p > 0.05) in CT were observed between HgCl 2 -treated samples (2,177 ± 2 μmol kg −1 ) and either 25 μM (2,178 ± 2 μmol kg −1 ) or 50 μM (2,177 ± 1 μmol kg −1 ) AgNO 3 treatments after a 2-day storage. Untreated samples showed a significant CT increase over the same period. After 21 days, both AgNO 3 treatments showed significantly elevated CT compared to HgCl 2 . AT remained stable across all treatments for 3 months. This initial investigation demonstrates that AgNO 3 is suitable for short-term (≤2 days) preservation, enabling shipboard carbonate chemistry analysis with simplified disposal compared to mercury-contaminated samples. Further studies with diverse marine waters are needed to establish broader applicability.
用于测量海水碳酸盐体系的总溶解无机碳（C T）和总碱度（A T）的海水样品通常用氯化汞（HgCl 2）保存，但汞的使用在全球范围内受到《水俣公约》的管制。我们测试了硝酸银（agno3； 25和50 μM）作为低营养海水的替代防腐剂。HgCl 2处理（2177±2 μmol kg - 1）的样品与25 μM（2178±2 μmol kg - 1）或50 μM(2177±1 μmol kg - 1) AgNO 3处理2 d后的C T无显著差异（p > 0.05）。未经处理的样品在同一时期显示出显著的碳水化合物增加。21天后，两种agno3处理均显示与hgcl2相比，C T显著升高。在3个月的治疗中，A - T保持稳定。这项初步研究表明，agno3适合短期（≤2天）保存，与汞污染的样品相比，可以简化处理，从而实现船上碳酸盐化学分析。需要对不同的海水进行进一步的研究，以建立更广泛的适用性。
{"title":"Silver nitrate preserves seawater carbonate chemistry for short-term storage","authors":"Kuria Ndungu, Caroline Mengeot, Louise Valestrand, Kai Sørensen, Andrew L. King","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2026.1735256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1735256","url":null,"abstract":"Seawater samples for total dissolved inorganic carbon ( <jats:italic>C</jats:italic> <jats:sub>T</jats:sub> ) and total alkalinity ( <jats:italic>A</jats:italic> <jats:sub>T</jats:sub> ) measurements of the seawater carbonate system are typically preserved with mercuric chloride (HgCl <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> ), but mercury use is globally regulated under the Minamata Convention. We tested silver nitrate (AgNO <jats:sub>3</jats:sub> ; 25 and 50 μM) as an alternative preservative for oligotrophic seawater. No significant differences ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &gt; 0.05) in <jats:italic>C</jats:italic> <jats:sub>T</jats:sub> were observed between HgCl <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> -treated samples (2,177 ± 2 μmol kg <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> ) and either 25 μM (2,178 ± 2 μmol kg <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> ) or 50 μM (2,177 ± 1 μmol kg <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> ) AgNO <jats:sub>3</jats:sub> treatments after a 2-day storage. Untreated samples showed a significant <jats:italic>C</jats:italic> <jats:sub>T</jats:sub> increase over the same period. After 21 days, both AgNO <jats:sub>3</jats:sub> treatments showed significantly elevated <jats:italic>C</jats:italic> <jats:sub>T</jats:sub> compared to HgCl <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> . <jats:italic>A</jats:italic> <jats:sub>T</jats:sub> remained stable across all treatments for 3 months. This initial investigation demonstrates that AgNO <jats:sub>3</jats:sub> is suitable for short-term (≤2 days) preservation, enabling shipboard carbonate chemistry analysis with simplified disposal compared to mercury-contaminated samples. Further studies with diverse marine waters are needed to establish broader applicability.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147393663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Coastal aquaculture ponds represent a significant contributor to economic growth and food provision, underscoring the necessity of precise spatial mapping to support sustainable resource management. Current extraction methods often rely on single-source data and are easily confused by spectral heterogeneity in complex coastal environments, leading to blurred boundaries and misclassification. To overcome these challenges, this study proposes an innovative hybrid model that combines multi-source feature stacking with a hierarchical decision-tree architecture for coarse extraction, followed by an ensemble-learning framework for fine-scale classification. Implemented on the Google Earth Engine cloud platform, the model integrates Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data to leverage complementary spectral, microwave, and terrain features. Applied to the Zhoushan Archipelago in China, the approach produced a high-resolution distribution map of aquaculture ponds with clear boundaries and accurate geolocation. Compared with conventional approaches such as random forest (RF), classification regression trees (CART) and support vector machines (SVM), the proposed model achieved an overall accuracy of 87.34%, improving by 2.55% to 5.39%. The model also achieved a Kappa Coefficient of 73.82% and an F1 score of 89.46%, demonstrating its effectiveness and reliability for automated coastal aquaculture pond extraction in complex coastal environments.
{"title":"A novel hybrid model for coastal aquaculture ponds integrating hierarchical decision-tree and ensemble-learning approaches from Sentinel satellites","authors":"Xiaoyan Yang, Jianqiang Wang, Jian Gao, Pingping Liu, Xingbai Hu, Fei Zhang, Chao Chen","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2026.1778967","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1778967","url":null,"abstract":"Coastal aquaculture ponds represent a significant contributor to economic growth and food provision, underscoring the necessity of precise spatial mapping to support sustainable resource management. Current extraction methods often rely on single-source data and are easily confused by spectral heterogeneity in complex coastal environments, leading to blurred boundaries and misclassification. To overcome these challenges, this study proposes an innovative hybrid model that combines multi-source feature stacking with a hierarchical decision-tree architecture for coarse extraction, followed by an ensemble-learning framework for fine-scale classification. Implemented on the Google Earth Engine cloud platform, the model integrates Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data to leverage complementary spectral, microwave, and terrain features. Applied to the Zhoushan Archipelago in China, the approach produced a high-resolution distribution map of aquaculture ponds with clear boundaries and accurate geolocation. Compared with conventional approaches such as random forest (RF), classification regression trees (CART) and support vector machines (SVM), the proposed model achieved an overall accuracy of 87.34%, improving by 2.55% to 5.39%. The model also achieved a Kappa Coefficient of 73.82% and an F1 score of 89.46%, demonstrating its effectiveness and reliability for automated coastal aquaculture pond extraction in complex coastal environments.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"77 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147393259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-11DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2026.1801883
Jinlei Zhang, Zehui Jiang, Xiaoran Liu
Amid global climate governance and the green and low-carbon transition of the shipping industry, China’s success in regulating shipping carbon emissions is crucial to achieving its carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals, as well as advancing international climate governance. As the world’s largest ship-owning nation and the biggest goods trading country, China plays a key role in this effort. This paper systematically examines the current situation of policy-law synergy governance for green and low-carbon shipping in China, based on the analytical framework of Rechtspolitik (legal policy objectives → legal policy instruments → alignment between objectives and instruments). This study finds that China has preliminarily established the legal policy objectives for green and low-carbon shipping, however, it suffers from insufficient quantitative indicators and lacks effective mechanisms to translate policy goals into binding legal obligations. Regarding legal policy instruments, despite the current hybrid regulatory framework incorporating both command-and-control and market-based approaches, market-based instruments have not yet played the leading role and remain confined to pilot programs or principled provisions. To enhance the effectiveness of policy-law synergy governance, this paper proposes three pathways to achieve a dynamic balance between policy flexibility and legal stability, and to enhance governance effectiveness based on the fundamental paradigm of policy-law synergy governance. Those three pathways are constructing a clearly defined policy system and introducing policies exploring the inclusion of the shipping industry into the carbon emission trading market, enacting specific law on carbon peak and carbon neutrality, and promoting the establishment of dedicated chapters on “green and low-carbon shipping” in local regulations of coastal provinces and municipalities. This paper not only provides theoretical insights and practical guidance for the policy-law synergy in green and low-carbon shipping in China, but also offers a transferable governance model for promoting the green and low-carbon transition of the shipping industry in countries at similar developmental stages and facing similar challenges.
{"title":"Bridging gaps between legal considerations and implementation: synergistic governance for China’s shipping decarbonization","authors":"Jinlei Zhang, Zehui Jiang, Xiaoran Liu","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2026.1801883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1801883","url":null,"abstract":"Amid global climate governance and the green and low-carbon transition of the shipping industry, China’s success in regulating shipping carbon emissions is crucial to achieving its carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals, as well as advancing international climate governance. As the world’s largest ship-owning nation and the biggest goods trading country, China plays a key role in this effort. This paper systematically examines the current situation of policy-law synergy governance for green and low-carbon shipping in China, based on the analytical framework of Rechtspolitik (legal policy objectives → legal policy instruments → alignment between objectives and instruments). This study finds that China has preliminarily established the legal policy objectives for green and low-carbon shipping, however, it suffers from insufficient quantitative indicators and lacks effective mechanisms to translate policy goals into binding legal obligations. Regarding legal policy instruments, despite the current hybrid regulatory framework incorporating both command-and-control and market-based approaches, market-based instruments have not yet played the leading role and remain confined to pilot programs or principled provisions. To enhance the effectiveness of policy-law synergy governance, this paper proposes three pathways to achieve a dynamic balance between policy flexibility and legal stability, and to enhance governance effectiveness based on the fundamental paradigm of policy-law synergy governance. Those three pathways are constructing a clearly defined policy system and introducing policies exploring the inclusion of the shipping industry into the carbon emission trading market, enacting specific law on carbon peak and carbon neutrality, and promoting the establishment of dedicated chapters on “green and low-carbon shipping” in local regulations of coastal provinces and municipalities. This paper not only provides theoretical insights and practical guidance for the policy-law synergy in green and low-carbon shipping in China, but also offers a transferable governance model for promoting the green and low-carbon transition of the shipping industry in countries at similar developmental stages and facing similar challenges.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147393262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-11DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2026.1769593
Andrea Prófumo, Octavio R. Salazar, Carlos Angulo-Preckler, Carlos M. Duarte, Manuel Aranda, Conxita Avila
Antarctic marine invertebrates are sensitive to temperature fluctuations, and therefore vulnerable to ongoing ocean warming. To investigate molecular responses to heat stress, the benthic isopod Spinoserolis beddardi and the asteroid Diplasterias sp., both adapted to ~0 °C conditions, were used. Organisms were exposed to short-term thermal increments of +3 °C and +7 °C in controlled aquarium experiments. After one week, transcriptomes were sequenced, generating a total of 245 Gb (26 libraries) for Diplasterias sp. and 312 Gb (29 libraries) for S. beddardi . sp. De novo assemblies yielded 392,214 and 438,423 protein-coding transcripts, of which 75,983 and 65,497, respectively, had significant matches to metazoan proteins. S. beddardi showed a faster but limited response, with high transcriptional activation at +3 °C (1,140 up- and 733 down-regulated transcripts) but reduced differential expression at +7 ºC, a temperature that induced mortality and phenotypic stress. Contrarily, Diplasterias sp. displayed broader transcriptional changes increasing with temperature, with 1,175 up- and 1,128 down-regulated transcripts at +7 °C and significant differences between treatments. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses indicated that cellular structure, metabolic pathways, protein folding, and reproductive processes underpin thermal stress responses of both species. This study provides the first comparative transcriptomic insight into the heat stress responses in these two Antarctic benthic invertebrates, offering a framework to assess their resilience under projected ocean warming scenarios.
{"title":"Heat stress triggers distinct transcriptomic responses in cold-adapted Antarctic marine invertebrates","authors":"Andrea Prófumo, Octavio R. Salazar, Carlos Angulo-Preckler, Carlos M. Duarte, Manuel Aranda, Conxita Avila","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2026.1769593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1769593","url":null,"abstract":"Antarctic marine invertebrates are sensitive to temperature fluctuations, and therefore vulnerable to ongoing ocean warming. To investigate molecular responses to heat stress, the benthic isopod <jats:italic>Spinoserolis beddardi</jats:italic> and the asteroid <jats:italic>Diplasterias</jats:italic> sp., both adapted to ~0 °C conditions, were used. Organisms were exposed to short-term thermal increments of +3 °C and +7 °C in controlled aquarium experiments. After one week, transcriptomes were sequenced, generating a total of 245 Gb (26 libraries) for <jats:italic>Diplasterias</jats:italic> sp. and 312 Gb (29 libraries) for <jats:italic>S. beddardi</jats:italic> . sp. <jats:italic>De novo</jats:italic> assemblies yielded 392,214 and 438,423 protein-coding transcripts, of which 75,983 and 65,497, respectively, had significant matches to metazoan proteins. <jats:italic>S. beddardi</jats:italic> showed a faster but limited response, with high transcriptional activation at +3 °C (1,140 up- and 733 down-regulated transcripts) but reduced differential expression at +7 ºC, a temperature that induced mortality and phenotypic stress. Contrarily, <jats:italic>Diplasterias</jats:italic> sp. displayed broader transcriptional changes increasing with temperature, with 1,175 up- and 1,128 down-regulated transcripts at +7 °C and significant differences between treatments. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses indicated that cellular structure, metabolic pathways, protein folding, and reproductive processes underpin thermal stress responses of both species. This study provides the first comparative transcriptomic insight into the heat stress responses in these two Antarctic benthic invertebrates, offering a framework to assess their resilience under projected ocean warming scenarios.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147393264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：