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Sensor-based peat thickness mapping of a cultivated bog in Denmark 基于传感器的丹麦人工沼泽泥炭厚度测绘
IF 5.6 1区 农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2024.117091
Diana Vigah Adetsu , Triven Koganti , Rasmus Jes Petersen , Jesper Bjergsted Pedersen , Dominik Zak , Mogens Humlekrog Greve , Amélie Beucher
Draining peatlands for agriculture transforms them into significant carbon (C) sources. Restoring drained peatlands is increasingly recognized as a climate action strategy to reduce terrestrial greenhouse gas emissions. Restoration efforts often require accurate inputs, like peat thickness (PT), for C-stock estimation and monitoring; however, these are often lacking or available at suboptimal accuracy levels. In this study, apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) from proximal electromagnetic induction (EMI) surveys and topographic variables derived from a LiDAR-based digital elevation model were assessed as covariates for PT mapping of an agricultural bog, separately and combined, using the quantile random forest algorithm. Local models were trained separately for the large (308 ha) and small (42 ha) EMI surveyed areas, while global models combined data from both areas for a full site analysis. The subsurface was characterized based on resistivity variations in inverted towed transient electromagnetic (tTEM) data. The results indicated that combining topographic and ECa covariates yielded the best PT prediction accuracy for the global model, with a coefficient of determination of 0.61 and a normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) of 0.10. The best large area local model was less accurate than the former (NRMSE of 0.18), while the best small area local model (NRMSE of 0.11) was superior to the best global model. Models trained with only topographic or ECa covariates were the least accurate, especially for the ECa-only model. The tTEM results revealed a heterogenous site characterized by a thin, resistive peat layer overlying stratified postglacial deposits of clay, sand, and saline chalk. Our findings show that covariates characterizing surface and subsurface properties are essential for accurate PT mapping and can inform tailored land use planning and restoration initiatives for degraded peatlands.
抽干泥炭地用于农业会使其变成重要的碳(C)来源。人们日益认识到,恢复排水泥炭地是减少陆地温室气体排放的气候行动战略。恢复工作通常需要泥炭厚度(PT)等准确输入数据,以估算和监测碳储量;然而,这些数据往往缺乏或精度不高。在这项研究中,利用量子随机森林算法,将近距离电磁感应(EMI)勘测得出的表观电导率(ECa)和基于激光雷达的数字高程模型得出的地形变量作为协变量,分别或合并进行评估,以绘制农业沼泽的泥炭厚度图。针对大面积(308 公顷)和小面积(42 公顷)的 EMI 勘测区域分别训练了局部模型,而全局模型则结合了两个区域的数据,进行了全面的现场分析。根据反演拖曳瞬变电磁(tTEM)数据中的电阻率变化对地下进行了特征描述。结果表明,结合地形和导电率协变因素,全局模型的 PT 预测精度最高,决定系数为 0.61,归一化均方根误差(NRMSE)为 0.10。最佳大面积局部模型的准确度低于前者(归一化均方根误差为 0.18),而最佳小面积局部模型(归一化均方根误差为 0.11)则优于最佳全局模型。仅使用地形或ECa协变量训练的模型准确度最低,尤其是仅使用ECa的模型。tTEM 结果显示了一个异质地点,其特点是在粘土、沙和盐碱白垩的冰川后沉积层上覆盖着一层薄薄的电阻泥炭层。我们的研究结果表明,表层和地下属性的协变量对于精确绘制PT图至关重要,可为退化泥炭地的土地利用规划和恢复措施提供依据。
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引用次数: 0
Plants and microorganisms both contribute to soil organic matter formation through mineral interactions: Evidence from a subtropical forest succession 植物和微生物通过矿物质相互作用促进了土壤有机质的形成:来自亚热带森林演替的证据
IF 5.6 1区 农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2024.117099
Yiren Zhu , Minghui Hu , Dafeng Hui , Guoxiang Niu , Jianling Li , Xianyu Yao , Yuanliu Hu , Xiaolin Huang , Yonghui Li , Deqiang Zhang , Qi Deng
Understanding the formation and stabilization of soil organic carbon (SOC) is essential for predicting SOC dynamics. Traditionally, it was believed that SOC accumulates primarily through the selective retention of recalcitrant plant lignin components. However, an emerging hypothesis suggests that microbial necromass adsorbed onto mineral-associated soil fractions play a more significant role in promoting SOC formation. In this study, we tested the above hypothesis by investigating SOC content, particulate fraction (LF + POC) vs. mineral-associated fraction (MAOC), along with microbial necromass (amino sugars as biomarker) and plant lignin component (lignin phenols as biomarker) in the topsoil (0–20 cm) and subsoil (20–40 cm) across three successional stages: early coniferous forest, middle mixed forest and climax broadleaved forest in southern China. Results showed that SOC content increased with forest succession, accompanied by increasing contributions of MAOC in both soil layers. Interestingly, the contribution of microbial necromass to SOC increased throughout the succession only in the subsoil, whereas in the topsoil, it increased from the early to the middle stage, then slightly decreased at the climax stage. Additionally, the contributions of lignin phenols or LF + POC to SOC decreased in both soil layers with forest succession. A partial least squares path model further revealed that MAOC played a dominate role in governing SOC accumulation, driven by active mineral content combined with plant-derived dissolved organic matter in the topsoil and microbial necromass in the subsoil. Collectively, our findings suggest that plants and microorganisms contribute to SOC formation through interactions with minerals, unveiling an intricate interactive mechanism of plant–microbe-mineral continuum in SOC stabilization.
了解土壤有机碳(SOC)的形成和稳定对预测 SOC 动态至关重要。传统上,人们认为 SOC 主要是通过选择性保留难降解的植物木质素成分而积累的。然而,一种新出现的假说认为,吸附在与矿物相关的土壤组分上的微生物坏死物质在促进 SOC 形成方面发挥着更重要的作用。在本研究中,我们通过研究中国南方早期针叶林、中期混交林和晚期阔叶林三个演替阶段表层土(0-20 厘米)和底层土(20-40 厘米)中的 SOC 含量、颗粒部分(LF + POC)与矿质相关部分(MAOC),以及微生物尸体(氨基糖作为生物标记)和植物木质素成分(木质素酚作为生物标记),验证了上述假说。结果表明,SOC 含量随森林演替而增加,同时两层土壤中 MAOC 的贡献率也在增加。有趣的是,在整个演替过程中,微生物坏死物质对 SOC 的贡献仅在底土中有所增加,而在表土中,微生物坏死物质对 SOC 的贡献从早期阶段到中期阶段都有所增加,在高潮阶段略有减少。此外,随着森林演替,木质素酚或 LF + POC 对 SOC 的贡献在两层土壤中均有所下降。偏最小二乘法路径模型进一步表明,表层土壤中的活性矿物含量与植物来源的溶解有机物以及底层土壤中的微生物坏死物质共同驱动 MAOC 在 SOC 积累中发挥主导作用。总之,我们的研究结果表明,植物和微生物通过与矿物质的相互作用促进了 SOC 的形成,揭示了 SOC 稳定过程中植物-微生物-矿物质连续体之间错综复杂的互动机制。
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引用次数: 0
Consistent positive response but inconsistent microbial mechanisms of absorptive root litter-induced priming effect to warming at different decomposition stages 在不同的分解阶段,吸收性根屑诱导升温效应的积极反应一致,但微生物机制不一致
IF 5.6 1区 农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2024.117079
Dongmei Wu , Xiaohong Wang , Ailian Fan , Yuqi Chen , Zhijie Yang , Maokui Lyu , Xiaodong Yao , Jianfen Guo , Yusheng Yang , Guangshui Chen
The fresh carbon (C) induced priming effect (PE) on soil organic C (SOC) decomposition is critical for global C cycling. Climate warming could raise absorptive roots production and turnover, and then increase the input of absorptive roots litter (ABRL). Therefore, it is urgent to understand the PE induced by ABRL under warming. We conducted a 210-day experiment by adding ABRL of Cunninghamia lanceolata into a C4 soil and incubating them at 19 °C and 23 °C. We found that adding ABRL caused positive PE throughout the incubation. At the early stage (ES: first 30 days), labile C compounds dominated the decomposition of ABRL, significantly higher dissolved organic C (DOC), microbial biomass C (MBC), and absolute hydrolase activities were found in the ABRL treatment than in the control. These results supports that labile C inputs stimulating microbial growth, enzyme activities and cause positive PE via co-metabolic. At the later stage (LS: after 180 days), the release of structural C compounds dominated the decomposition of ABRL, a significantly lower available nitrogen (N) and a significantly higher specific potential N-acquisition (Nacq) enzymes were found in the ABRL treatment than in the control. These results suggests that microbes utilizing the C as energy to increase Nacq enzymes to decompose SOC for N mining under N limitation induced positive PE. Warming significantly increased the PEs at both stages. At the ES, warming increased the MBC at the cost of DOC, suggesting that warming intensifies the microbial co-metabolism. At the LS, warming significantly decreased the available N and increases the absolute potential oxidases activities, suggesting an increased N limitation and oxidation for N-rich recalcitrant SOC, i.e., a promoted microbial N mining. Nevertheless, we did not observe a significant effect of ABRL addition on the temperature sensitivity of SOC decomposition compared to the control. This study provides a valuable insight that warming could consistently increase the ABRL induced PE but through different microbial mechanisms along with the decomposition processing.
新碳(C)对土壤有机碳(SOC)分解的启动效应(PE)对全球碳循环至关重要。气候变暖会提高吸收根的产量和周转率,进而增加吸收根垃圾(ABRL)的输入。因此,亟需了解气候变暖下吸收性根系垃圾诱导的PE。我们进行了一项为期 210 天的实验,在 C4 土壤中添加秃杉的 ABRL,并分别在 19 °C 和 23 °C 下培养。我们发现,在整个培养过程中,添加 ABRL 都会引起正的 PE。在早期阶段(ES:前 30 天),可溶性 C 化合物主导了 ABRL 的分解,发现 ABRL 处理中的溶解有机 C(DOC)、微生物生物量 C(MBC)和绝对水解酶活性显著高于对照组。这些结果证明,可溶性 C 输入可刺激微生物的生长和酶活性,并通过共代谢产生正 PE。在后期阶段(LS:180 天后),结构性 C 化合物的释放主导了 ABRL 的分解,发现 ABRL 处理中的可用氮(N)显著低于对照组,特定潜在氮获取酶(Nacq)显著高于对照组。这些结果表明,在氮限制条件下,微生物利用 C 作为能量来增加 Nacq 酶,以分解 SOC 开采氮,从而诱导了正 PE。升温明显增加了两个阶段的 PEs。在 ES 阶段,升温增加了 MBC,但以 DOC 为代价,这表明升温加强了微生物的协同代谢。在 LS 阶段,气候变暖明显降低了可用氮,增加了绝对潜在氧化酶活性,这表明对富含氮的难降解 SOC 的氮限制和氧化增加,即促进了微生物的氮开采。然而,与对照组相比,我们没有观察到添加 ABRL 对 SOC 分解的温度敏感性有显著影响。这项研究提供了一个有价值的见解,即升温可持续增加 ABRL 诱导的 PE,但在分解过程中会通过不同的微生物机制进行。
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引用次数: 0
Arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphal networks and glomalin-related soil protein jointly promote soil aggregation and alter aggregate hierarchy in Calcaric Regosol 丛枝菌根菌丝网络和谷胱甘肽相关土壤蛋白质共同促进土壤团聚并改变钙质团粒结构
IF 5.6 1区 农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2024.117096
Lingling Ji , Xiuhua Chen , Chuanqin Huang , Wenfeng Tan
The Loess Plateau of China (LPC) is one of the most severely eroded areas in the arid and semi-arid regions of northern China. Improving soil aggregate stability and hierarchy in Calcaric Regosol is vital for mitigating soil erosion. However, Calcaric Regosol exhibits weak aggregate hierarchy, and there is limited correlation between its aggregate stability and soil organic matter (SOM). Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, known for their soil-structuring capabilities, may hold potential for improving aggregate stability, yet their specific impact on calcareous soil remains unclear. In this study, a three-compartment growth system was used to separate the root and AM fungi, and the impact of AM fungi on soil aggregate stability and hierarchy was quantified. The AM fungi, Rhizophagus intraradices and Funneliformis mosseae, were separately inoculated into mycorrhizal compartments under well-watered and drought stress conditions. Aggregate stability was measured through the wet sieving method and ultrasonic dispersive technology, while aggregate hierarchy was assessed by characteristic disruption and dispersion curves. The results revealed that AM fungi significantly increased the water-stable aggregate stability, and the inoculation reduced the rate of macroaggregate disruption and microaggregate dispersion rate mediated by hyphal network and glomalin. Despite these improvements, the characteristic curves indicated no strong aggregate hierarchy. A permutation test identified hyphal length and glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) as critical factors contributing to soil aggregate stability. These results suggest that increases in hyphae and GRSP, which are important components of SOM, promote soil aggregation and modify aggregate hierarchy in calcareous soils. This study introduces an energy-based approach to investigate the soil aggregate hierarchy, proposing AM fungi as an effective ecological strategy to restore aggregate stability and mitigate soil erosion on the LPC.
中国黄土高原(LPC)是中国北方干旱和半干旱地区水土流失最严重的地区之一。提高钙质团粒结构的稳定性和层次性对减轻水土流失至关重要。然而,钙质团粒结构薄弱,团粒稳定性与土壤有机质(SOM)之间的相关性有限。丛枝菌根(AM)真菌以其土壤结构能力而著称,可能具有改善团聚稳定性的潜力,但其对石灰性土壤的具体影响仍不清楚。本研究采用三室生长系统将根和 AM 真菌分开,并量化了 AM 真菌对土壤团聚体稳定性和层次结构的影响。在水分充足和干旱胁迫条件下,将 AM 真菌(Rhizophagus intraradices 和 Funneliformis mosseae)分别接种到菌根分区中。聚合体稳定性通过湿筛法和超声波分散技术进行测量,聚合体层次结构则通过特征破坏和分散曲线进行评估。结果表明,AM 真菌显著提高了水稳聚合稳定性,接种降低了由菌丝网络和胶霉素介导的大聚合体破坏率和微聚合体分散率。尽管有这些改善,但特征曲线表明聚集体并没有很强的层次性。通过置换检验,确定菌丝长度和胶霉素相关土壤蛋白质(GRSP)是影响土壤团聚稳定性的关键因素。这些结果表明,作为 SOM 重要组成部分的菌丝和 GRSP 的增加会促进土壤团聚,并改变石灰性土壤中的团聚层次结构。这项研究引入了一种基于能量的方法来研究土壤团聚体的层次结构,并提出了一种有效的生态策略,即利用 AM 真菌来恢复团聚体的稳定性并减轻 LPC 上的土壤侵蚀。
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引用次数: 0
On soil districts 关于土壤区
IF 5.6 1区 农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2024.117065
Alexandre M.J.-C. Wadoux , Léa Courteille , Dominique Arrouays , Lucas De Carvalho Gomes , Jérôme Cortet , Rachel E. Creamer , Einar Eberhardt , Mogens H. Greve , Erik Grüneberg , Roland Harhoff , Gerard B.M. Heuvelink , Ina Krahl , Philippe Lagacherie , Ladislav Miko , Vera L. Mulder , László Pásztor , Silvia Pieper , Anne C. Richer-de-Forges , Antonio Rafael Sánchez-Rodríguez , David Rossiter , Johanna Wetterlind
In 2023, the European Commission released a legislative proposal for a Directive on Soil Monitoring and Resilience which aims to define a legal framework to achieve healthy soils across the European Union (EU) by 2050. A key component of the initial Directive is the mandate for Member States to establish basic geographic soil governance units, referred to as soil districts, and appoint a district-specific authority to oversee the implementation of soil health assessments. This paper proposes an operational definition of the districts following the conditions outlined in the proposal for the Directive and discusses various attention points for their implementation. Tentative districts were developed for seven EU countries, considering soil type, climate, topography, and land cover factors, starting from the smallest existing administrative unit (i.e. municipalities). Experts were asked to report on the applicability of the proposed districts within well-known pedo-ecological regions and discuss the relevance of the districts for establishing an EU-wide monitoring network and reporting on soil health and degradation. The outcomes highlight the need for detailed soil maps to account for specific soil types when stratifying countries into soil districts. The soilscape approach allows for a consistent method to defining soil districts across Member States. This enables contrasting soils within a district to be managed in a similar manner, with soil degradation/health thresholds applied to each district based on land cover. However, it is unclear whether soil districts as currently formulated in the Directive are in fact the right tool to support local soil management and monitoring of soil health. Districts can help ensure that all soil conditions are covered in a monitoring system, but they may not provide support for soil management or monitoring at a local scale due to short-scale soil variability and threats affecting soil management within the same soilscape. Beyond the use of districts for designing a European/national scale monitoring system, the districts can help create animations and other educational tools to promote soil literacy and connectivity of users to soils locally.
2023 年,欧盟委员会发布了《土壤监测和恢复力指令》的立法提案,旨在确定一个法律框架,以便到 2050 年在整个欧盟(EU)实现健康的土壤。最初指令的一个关键组成部分是授权成员国建立基本的地理土壤治理单位(称为土壤区),并任命一个特定地区的机构来监督土壤健康评估的实施。本文根据《指令》提案中概述的条件,提出了地区的操作定义,并讨论了实施过程中的各种注意事项。考虑到土壤类型、气候、地形和土地覆盖因素,从现有最小的行政单位(即市镇)开始,为七个欧盟国家制定了暂定地区。专家们被要求报告拟议分区在著名的生态区域内的适用性,并讨论这些分区对于建立全欧盟监测网络和报告土壤健康与退化情况的相关性。研究结果突出表明,在将各国划分为土壤区时,需要绘制详细的土壤地图,以考虑特定的土壤类型。土壤景观方法允许采用一致的方法来定义各成员国的土壤区。这样就能以类似的方式管理一个区内的不同土壤,并根据土地覆盖情况对每个区适用土壤退化/健康阈值。然而,目前还不清楚《指令》中规定的土壤区是否是支持当地土壤管理和土壤健康监测的正确工具。分区可以帮助确保监测系统涵盖所有土壤条件,但由于短尺度的土壤变化和影响同一土壤景观内土壤管理的威胁,分区可能无法为当地尺度的土壤管理或监测提供支持。除了利用地区来设计欧洲/国家级监测系统外,地区还可以帮助制作动画和其他教育工具,以促进土壤知识的普及和用户与当地土壤的联系。
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引用次数: 0
Long-term nitrogen addition has a positive legacy effect on soil respiration in subtropical Moso bamboo forests 长期氮添加对亚热带毛竹林的土壤呼吸有积极的遗产效应
IF 5.6 1区 农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2024.117092
Quan Li , Chao Zhang , Man Shi , Jianhua Lv , Changhui Peng , Junbo Zhang , Scott X. Chang , Tingting Cao , Tong Li , Xinzhang Song
Soil respiration (Rs), a critical component of the global carbon (C) cycle, is sensitive to changes in nitrogen (N) deposition. However, the temporal dynamics of the effects of long-term (≥ five years) N addition and its cessation on Rs in forests remain uncertain. We conducted a continuous field experiment, which included three years of N cessation after seven years of N addition at different rates (0, 30, 60, and 90 kg N∙ha−1∙yr−1), in a subtropical Moso bamboo forest to explore the response of Rs and its components, determine the influence of biotic and abiotic factors to long-term N addition, and identify any legacy effects. We found a two-phase pattern of Rs, with a significant increase in the first two years across three N addition rates and a constant significant increase in the last five years across low and medium N addition; however, Rs did not change under high N addition. The nitrogen addition legacy effects significantly increased Rs and autotrophic respiration but reduced heterotrophic respiration, which could persist for at least three years. The mechanism underlying the temporal variation in Rs and its components was related to the increase in fine root biomass and changes in soil microbial biomass and bacteria to fungi ratio. These findings have advanced our understanding of soil CO2 dynamics in subtropical forests under N deposition. Moreover, they reveal that the legacy effects of long-term N addition should be incorporated into global C cycle modeling to reflect the persistent effects of N deposition on forest ecosystem C budgets.
土壤呼吸(Rs)是全球碳(C)循环的重要组成部分,对氮(N)沉积的变化非常敏感。然而,长期(≥ 5 年)添加氮和停止添加氮对森林中 Rs 影响的时间动态仍不确定。我们在亚热带毛竹林中进行了一项连续的田间试验,包括在以不同速率(0、30、60 和 90 千克氮-公顷-1-年-1)添加氮七年后停止添加氮三年,以探索 Rs 及其组分的响应,确定生物和非生物因素对长期添加氮的影响,并识别任何遗留效应。我们发现了 Rs 的两阶段模式,在三种氮添加率下,Rs 在前两年显著增加,在中低氮添加率下,Rs 在最后五年持续显著增加;然而,在高氮添加率下,Rs 没有变化。氮添加遗留效应显著提高了 Rs 和自养呼吸作用,但降低了异养呼吸作用,这种效应可持续至少三年。Rs及其组分的时间变化机制与细根生物量的增加以及土壤微生物生物量和细菌与真菌比例的变化有关。这些发现加深了我们对氮沉降条件下亚热带森林土壤二氧化碳动态的理解。此外,这些发现还揭示了应将长期氮添加的遗留效应纳入全球碳循环模型,以反映氮沉积对森林生态系统碳预算的持续影响。
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引用次数: 0
Can inert pool models improve predictions of biochar long-term persistence in soils? 惰性池模型能否改善生物炭在土壤中长期持久性的预测?
IF 5.6 1区 农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2024.117093
Haichao Li , Elias S. Azzi , Cecilia Sundberg , Erik Karltun , Harald Cederlund
The long-term persistence of biochar in soil is often predicted by extrapolating mineralization data from short-term laboratory incubations. Single first-order, double first-order, triple first-order and power models have been employed for this purpose, all of which have an inherent assumption that biochar is biodegradable. However, recent insights challenge this assumption by suggesting that a large fraction of biochar is inert. If so, it would make sense to reflect this in the models used, by incorporating an inert carbon (C) pool. We hypothesized that such inert pool models would fit better to incubation data than existing models and give more reliable long-term predictions. We evaluated this by fitting the models to data from a recently compiled extensive dataset of biochar incubations. The inclusion of an inert pool enhanced the model fits over first-order models in most cases. However, inert pool models overestimated biochar persistence compared to the measured outcomes. By contrast, the double first-order model, which has been the most widely used to date, underestimated biochar persistence even in the short term. The power model in general outperformed all other models and gave the most reliable predictions, although it was sensitive to increasing or fluctuating mineralization rates in the datasets.
生物炭在土壤中的长期持久性通常是通过推断短期实验室培养的矿化数据来预测的。为此采用了单一阶、双一阶、三一阶和幂模型,所有这些模型都有一个固有的假设,即生物炭是可生物降解的。然而,最近的研究表明,生物炭中有很大一部分是惰性的,从而对这一假设提出了挑战。如果是这样的话,那么在所使用的模型中通过纳入惰性碳 (C) 池来反映这一点是有意义的。我们假设,这种惰性碳库模型将比现有模型更适合孵化数据,并能提供更可靠的长期预测。我们通过将模型与最近编制的大量生物炭培养数据集进行拟合来评估这一点。在大多数情况下,与一阶模型相比,惰性池的加入增强了模型的拟合效果。然而,与测量结果相比,惰性池模型高估了生物炭的持久性。相比之下,迄今为止使用最广泛的双一阶模型即使在短期内也低估了生物炭的持久性。尽管幂模型对数据集中矿化率的增加或波动比较敏感,但它的表现总体上优于所有其他模型,并给出了最可靠的预测。
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引用次数: 0
Monitoring soil cracking using OFDR-based distributed temperature sensing framework 利用基于 OFDR 的分布式温度传感框架监测土壤裂缝
IF 5.6 1区 农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2024.117090
Jin-Jian Xu , Chao-Sheng Tang , Yaowen Yang , Zhao-Jun Zeng , Lin Li , Qing Cheng , Xi-Ying Zhang , Bin Shi
Soil cracking induced by extreme drought represents a widespread natural phenomenon occurring across the earth surface, capable of triggering multiple weakening mechanisms within surface soils, potentially leading to the instability and failure of slopes and agricultural infrastructures. This study proposes an innovative geophysical monitoring framework for detecting field soil cracking by combining the actively heated fiber-optic (AHFO) method and distributed fibre optical sensing (DFOS) based on optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) technique, referred to as AH-OFDR framework. Laboratory calibration tests, field monitoring tests, numerical simulations, and sensitivity analyses were employed to comprehensively evaluate the feasibility, effectiveness, and limitations of the AH-OFDR framework for soil crack monitoring. Laboratory calibration confirmed that the DFOS-OFDR technique achieves a minimum spatial resolution and readout accuracy of 1 mm, along with a temperature measurement accuracy of ±0.1 °C. Field monitoring verified that the AH-OFDR framework can accurately detect soil cracks ranging in width from 0.01 m to 0.12 m. Additionally, numerical simulations not only validated the effectiveness of the AH-OFDR framework across a broader range of crack widths, from 0.01 m to 0.50 m, but also established a quantitative relationship between temperature changes and the spatial distribution of crack positions and widths. Notably, a critical crack width threshold of 0.30 m was identified within the AH-OFDR framework, significantly impacting the prediction of soil crack widths. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated the remarkable crack detection capabilities of the AH-OFDR framework, irrespective of the soil crack width and spacing. The AH-OFDR framework holds substantial potential as an innovative and high-resolution observational method for advancing our understanding of diverse geological and hydrogeological processes.
极端干旱引起的土壤开裂是一种普遍存在于地球表面的自然现象,能够引发地表土壤的多种弱化机制,可能导致边坡和农业基础设施的不稳定和破坏。本研究提出了一种创新的地球物理监测框架,通过结合主动加热光纤(AHFO)方法和基于光频域反射仪(OFDR)技术的分布式光纤传感(DFOS)来检测野外土壤开裂,简称为 AH-OFDR 框架。通过实验室校准试验、现场监测试验、数值模拟和灵敏度分析,全面评估了 AH-OFDR 框架用于土壤裂缝监测的可行性、有效性和局限性。实验室校准证实,DFOS-OFDR 技术的最小空间分辨率和读出精度为 1 毫米,温度测量精度为 ±0.1 °C。此外,数值模拟不仅验证了 AH-OFDR 框架在从 0.01 米到 0.50 米的更大裂缝宽度范围内的有效性,还确定了温度变化与裂缝位置和宽度的空间分布之间的定量关系。值得注意的是,AH-OFDR 框架确定了 0.30 米的临界裂缝宽度阈值,对土壤裂缝宽度的预测产生了重大影响。敏感性分析表明,无论土壤裂缝宽度和间距如何,AH-OFDR 框架都具有出色的裂缝检测能力。作为一种创新的高分辨率观测方法,AH-OFDR 框架具有巨大的潜力,可促进我们对各种地质和水文地质过程的了解。
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引用次数: 0
Depth impacts on the aggregate-mediated mechanisms of root carbon stabilization in soil: Trade-off between MAOM and POM pathways 深度对土壤中根碳稳定的聚合介导机制的影响:MAOM 和 POM 途径之间的权衡
IF 5.6 1区 农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2024.117078
Sarah Fulton-Smith , Rebecca Even , M. Francesca Cotrufo
Agricultural practices that promote the formation of soil organic matter (SOM) are considered important climate change mitigation strategies by increasing resilience to climate shocks and promoting soil carbon sequestration. Efforts to increase root production and depth distribution through planting deep rooted crops and selective crop breeding have been identified as a promising strategy to achieve these goals. However, we lack a complete understanding of how the decomposition of roots in the deep soil (e.g., below 30 cm), contributes to SOM formation and stabilization. Here using unique soil-biomass microcosms in the field to trace 13C enriched root litter to a depth of 90 cm, we show that as decomposition dynamics change with depth, so do the SOM formation pathways. At our study site, root residues decomposed faster in the top 0–30 cm, achieving 97 % mass loss by 13 months of incubation compared to 77 % and 81 % in the 30–60 and 60–90 cm depths, respectively. Litter derived carbon (LDC) was preferentially recovered as stable mineral associated organic matter (MAOM), primarily within aggregates, with 67 % more in the 0–30 cm than in the 60–90 cm depth. At depth, root residues decomposed slower and accumulated as the less stable particulate organic matter (POM) within macroaggregates with 145 % more LDC recovered in light POM in the 60–90 cm depth than the 0–30 cm depth. We found that bulk SOM measurements were too coarse to elucidate the likely fate of newly incorporated litter in the soil, but our detailed fractionation demonstrated the relative contribution of new root inputs to functionally different SOM pools, MAOM and POM, and allowed us to interpret the role of microaggregates in these dynamics in new detail, particularly microaggregates within macroaggregates (i.e., occluded microaggregates). Our results highlight the importance of balancing the trade-off between MAOM and POM formation when considering strategies to enhance both carbon sequestration and soil health in agroecosystems. If POM is critical for aggregate formation and microaggregates play an important role in MAOM formation, efforts to increase soil carbon sequestration need to focus on both fractions and on supporting overall soil structure.
促进土壤有机质(SOM)形成的农业生产方式可增强对气候冲击的抵御能力,促进土壤固碳,因此被视为重要的气候变化减缓战略。通过种植深根作物和选择性作物育种来提高根系产量和深度分布,已被认为是实现这些目标的一种有前途的策略。然而,我们对根系在深层土壤(如 30 厘米以下)的分解如何促进 SOM 的形成和稳定还缺乏全面的了解。在这里,我们利用田间独特的土壤-生物量微生态系统来追踪富含 13C 的根系残渣至 90 厘米深,结果表明,随着分解动力学随深度的变化而变化,SOM 的形成途径也随之变化。在我们的研究地点,顶部 0-30 厘米处的根系残留物分解速度更快,经过 13 个月的培养,其质量损失率达到 97%,而在 30-60 厘米和 60-90 厘米深处,其质量损失率分别为 77% 和 81%。粪便衍生碳(LDC)主要以稳定的矿物伴生有机物(MAOM)的形式在聚集体中回收,0-30 厘米处比 60-90 厘米处多 67%。在深度上,根残留物的分解速度较慢,在大聚集体中以稳定性较差的颗粒有机物(POM)形式积累,在 60-90 厘米深度上,以轻 POM 形式回收的 LDC 比 0-30 厘米深度多 145%。我们发现,大量 SOM 测量结果过于粗略,无法阐明土壤中新加入的废弃物的可能归宿,但我们详细的分馏结果表明了新的根系输入对功能不同的 SOM 池(MAOM 和 POM)的相对贡献,并使我们能够以新的细节解释微团聚体在这些动态变化中的作用,特别是大团聚体中的微团聚体(即闭塞微团聚体)。我们的研究结果强调了在考虑提高农业生态系统碳固存和土壤健康的策略时,平衡 MAOM 和 POM 形成之间的权衡的重要性。如果 POM 对团聚体的形成至关重要,而微团聚体在 MAOM 的形成中起着重要作用,那么提高土壤固碳能力的工作就需要同时关注这两种团聚体和支持整体土壤结构。
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引用次数: 0
Forest gap regulates soil nematode community through understory plant diversity and soil pH 林隙通过林下植物多样性和土壤 pH 值调节土壤线虫群落
IF 5.6 1区 农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2024.117086
Haifeng Yin , Yu Su , Jie Zeng , Xianwei Li , Chuan Fan , Jing-Zhong Lu , Zheng Zhou , Anwei Yu , Simin Wang , Stefan Scheu , Valentyna Krashevska
Soil biodiversity and the structure of soil animal communities are important foundations for forest ecosystem functions. Forest gap formation is an important forest management practice used to transform monocultures into mixed forests. However, whether and how gap size and age affect soil biodiversity and modify nematode communities remains limited. We manipulated gap size (100, 200, and 400 m2) in Pinus massoniana plantations and studied the communities of soil nematodes, bacteria, fungi, and understory plants two and four years after gap formation. Compared to the no-gap treatment, soil nematode abundance across forest gaps increased by a factor of 1.40, which was largely attributed to the increase in herbivorous nematodes as the abundance and diversity of understory plants increased. The increased abundance of soil nematodes in forest gaps was also associated with increased soil pH presumably related to reduced input of pine needles. Furthermore, the abundance (−5.3 %) and diversity (−25.1 %) of soil nematodes decreased with gap age, presumably because of increased soil temperature and decreased soil moisture in the four- compared to the two-year-old gaps. In contrast to nematodes, the abundance and diversity of soil bacteria (21.8 % and 7.1 %) and fungi (10.5 % and 10.0 %) increased significantly with gap age. Overall, forest gaps increased the diversity of understory plants and soil biota, and changed the community and functional group structure of soil nematodes. These results provide guidelines for fostering soil biodiversity and maintaining soil functioning when transforming coniferous forests into mixed forests.
土壤生物多样性和土壤动物群落结构是森林生态系统功能的重要基础。形成林隙是一种重要的森林管理方法,用于将单一种植转变为混交林。然而,隙地的大小和年龄是否以及如何影响土壤生物多样性和改变线虫群落的研究仍然有限。我们操纵了马松人工林的间隙大小(100、200 和 400 m2),研究了间隙形成两年和四年后的土壤线虫、细菌、真菌和林下植物群落。与无间隙处理相比,林间隙地的土壤线虫数量增加了 1.40 倍,这主要是由于随着林下植物数量和多样性的增加,食草线虫也随之增加。林间空隙中土壤线虫数量的增加还与土壤 pH 值的增加有关,这可能与松针的输入量减少有关。此外,土壤线虫的丰度(-5.3%)和多样性(-25.1%)随林隙年龄的增长而降低,这可能是因为与两年林隙相比,四年林隙的土壤温度升高,土壤湿度降低。与线虫相反,土壤细菌(21.8 % 和 7.1 %)和真菌(10.5 % 和 10.0 %)的丰度和多样性随着间隙年龄的增长而显著增加。总体而言,林间空隙增加了林下植物和土壤生物区系的多样性,改变了土壤线虫的群落和功能群结构。这些结果为针叶林转变为混交林时促进土壤生物多样性和保持土壤功能提供了指导。
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