Geoderma最新文献_第9页

Anthropic dark soils horizons in western Siberian taiga: origin, soil chemistry and sustainability of organic matter 西伯利亚泰加林西部的人类深色土壤层：起源、土壤化学和有机物的可持续性

IF 5.6 1区农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE

Geoderma

Pub Date : 2024-11-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2024.117101

Daria S. Derbilova , Priscia Oliva , David Sebag , Sergei Loiko , Asap Idimeshev , Eugeniy Barsukov , Liudmila S. Shirokova , Jean-Jacques Braun , Oleg S. Pokrovsky

引用次数: 0

The CAZyme family regulates the changes in soil organic carbon composition during vegetation restoration in the Mu Us desert CAZyme 家族调控穆乌斯沙漠植被恢复过程中土壤有机碳组成的变化

IF 5.6 1区农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE

Geoderma

Pub Date : 2024-11-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2024.117109

Zhouchang Yu , Wei Zhang , Hongqiang He , Yanrong Li , Zhiguo Xie , AHejiang Sailike , Hongjian Hao , Xingfang Tian , Lin Sun , Yujie Liang , Rong Fu , Peizhi Yang

Combatting desertification through vegetation restoration holds significant potential for soil carbon sequestration. However, understanding the effects of different restoration types on soil organic carbon component and the role of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) remains limited. This study assessed soils from four distinct vegetation types, namely grassland desert (GD), desert steppe (DS), typical steppe (TS), and artificial forest (AF), in the eastern part of the Mu Us Desert, China, examining physicochemical properties, carbon chemical composition, microbial community composition, and CAZyme gene abundance. Our research findings demonstrated that TS restoration significantly increased the content of various soil organic carbon (SOC) components. Compared to other vegetation types, the proportion of recalcitrant carbon (20–22%) was notably higher and exhibited a strong correlation with lignin and peptidoglycan, as determined by the analysis of CAZyme subfamily composition. GD and DS soils showed enrichment in cellulose and hemicellulose-decomposing CAZymes, leading to higher polysaccharide and aliphatic carbon levels. Significant changes were observed in the methyl carbon component amidst the decomposition of varied organic matter types, correlating strongly with Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria abundances. Our research elucidates the influence of distinct vegetation types on sandy soil carbon sequestration and stabilization, highlighting the crucial function of microbial communities and their CAZyme activities. These insights can guide enhanced land management strategies for improved carbon dynamics in arid ecosystems.

通过植被恢复防治荒漠化在土壤固碳方面具有巨大潜力。然而，人们对不同植被恢复类型对土壤有机碳成分的影响以及碳水化合物活性酶（CAZymes）作用的了解仍然有限。本研究评估了中国木乌斯沙漠东部四种不同植被类型的土壤，即草原荒漠（GD）、荒漠干草原（DS）、典型干草原（TS）和人工林（AF），考察了理化性质、碳化学成分、微生物群落组成和 CAZyme 基因丰度。我们的研究结果表明，TS 恢复显著增加了土壤有机碳（SOC）的各种成分含量。与其他植被类型相比，土壤中难降解碳的比例（20%-22%）明显较高，并且与木质素和肽聚糖有很强的相关性，这可以通过分析 CAZyme 亚家族的组成来确定。GD 和 DS 土壤中纤维素和半纤维素分解 CAZyme 的含量丰富，导致多糖和脂肪碳含量较高。在不同有机物类型的分解过程中，甲基碳成分发生了显著变化，这与蛋白细菌和酸性细菌的丰度密切相关。我们的研究阐明了不同植被类型对沙质土壤固碳和稳定的影响，强调了微生物群落及其 CAZyme 活动的关键作用。这些见解可以指导加强土地管理策略，改善干旱生态系统的碳动态。

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引用次数: 0

Assessing the impact of recycled water reuse on infiltration and soil structure 评估循环水再利用对渗透和土壤结构的影响

IF 5.6 1区农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE

Geoderma

Pub Date : 2024-11-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2024.117103

Usama Aldughaishi , Stephen R. Grattan , Floyid Nicolas , Srinivasa Rao Peddinti , Cassandra Bonfil , Felix Ogunmokun , Majdi Abou Najm , Mallika Nocco , Isaya Kisekka

Soil sodicity, salinity, clay dispersion, and clay soil cracking are significant issues for modern agriculture, especially in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) has traditionally been used to estimate potential changes in infiltration rates or hydraulic conductivity when sodium cations dominate irrigation water quality. Recent research indicates that the cation ratio of soil structural stability (CROSS_f and CROSS_opt) provides better predictive capabilities for soil structure and threshold electrolyte concentration than SAR, especially when water used for irrigation or aquifer recharge contains both potassium and sodium cations. In this study, soil columns filled with clay loam were used to assess the impact of recycled water reuse on soil structure stability and saturated hydraulic conductivity. Ten treatments were prepared using chloride solutions of sodium, potassium, calcium, and/or magnesium to create a broad range of synthetic recycled water qualities with varying SAR, CROSSf, and CROSS_opt values. After a pre-saturation process, the columns were maintained to have a constant 1 cm head of treatment solutions with a salinity of 1.5 dS/m. The results showed that CROSS_f had a stronger correlation with saturated hydraulic conductivity and soil aggregate stability in comparison to CROSS_opt and SAR. The R² for saturated hydraulic conductivity and soil structure were 0.90 and 0.94 for CROSS_f, 0.41 and 0.60 for CROSS_opt, and 0.75 and 0.78 for SAR, respectively. Notably, the treatments that received solutions with 0-SAR values but contained potassium had significantly more dispersible clay throughout the entire soil column than the treatment that received calcium chloride solution. It was concluded that the CROSS_f model could offer enhanced accuracy and insight into predicting the impact of recycled water reuse for irrigation on soil infiltration rate and soil aggregate stability.

土壤钠度、盐度、粘土分散和粘土开裂是现代农业面临的重大问题，尤其是在世界干旱和半干旱地区。钠吸附率（SAR）传统上用于估算钠阳离子主导灌溉水质时渗透率或水力传导性的潜在变化。最近的研究表明，与 SAR 相比，土壤结构稳定性的阳离子比率（CROSSf 和 CROSSopt）能更好地预测土壤结构和阈值电解质浓度，尤其是当灌溉用水或含水层补给水同时含有钾和钠离子时。在这项研究中，使用了填满粘壤土的土柱来评估循环水回用对土壤结构稳定性和饱和导水率的影响。使用钠、钾、钙和/或镁的氯化物溶液制备了十种处理方法，以形成具有不同 SAR 值、CROSSf 值和 CROSSopt 值的多种合成循环水水质。经过预饱和处理后，水柱中的处理溶液保持恒定的 1 厘米水头，盐度为 1.5 dS/m。结果表明，与 CROSSopt 和 SAR 相比，CROSSf 与饱和水力传导性和土壤集料稳定性的相关性更强。CROSSf 的饱和导水率和土壤结构的 R2 分别为 0.90 和 0.94，CROSSopt 为 0.41 和 0.60，SAR 为 0.75 和 0.78。值得注意的是，与接受氯化钙溶液的处理相比，接受 SAR 值为 0 但含有钾的溶液的处理在整个土壤柱中的可分散粘土含量要高得多。结论是，CROSSf 模型可以更准确、更深入地预测再生水回用于灌溉对土壤入渗率和土壤团聚稳定性的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Influence of saturated water content on estimating soil hydraulic properties from cumulative disc infiltrometer measurements 饱和含水量对通过累积圆盘入渗仪测量估算土壤水力特性的影响

IF 5.6 1区农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE

Geoderma

Pub Date : 2024-11-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2024.117089

D. Moret-Fernández , F. Lera , D. Yilmaz , L. Lassabatere , J.J. Jiménez , B. Latorre

The soil sorptivity, S, and saturated hydraulic conductivity, K_s, are fundamental soil hydraulic properties that can be estimated from the cumulative infiltration curve measured with a disc infiltrometer. The Haverkamp infiltration model is widely used to estimate S and K_s. This model includes as inputs the constants β and γ and the difference between the initial, θ_i, and final, θ_s, volumetric water contents, Δθ. Since Δθ would be expressive of the possible measurement errors, and assuming β, γ, and θ_i as known values, the first objective of this work is to analyze the influence of θ_s on the optimization of K_s and S. To this end, a sensitivity analysis, which consists of estimating K_s and S for a range of θ_s was applied on synthetic infiltration curves simulated for homogeneous columns of sand and loam soil. Then, and working on real soils under different tillage management, we evaluated different procedures to measure θ_s and analyzed its impact on K_s and S estimation. Four different techniques were compared: the gravimetric-core method and two TDR invasive (3 and 5 cm) and a non-invasive (NiP) probes. All TDR probes were connected to a low-cost NanoVNA. The sensitivity analysis showed that θ_s, K_s and S can be optimized simultaneously from the inverse analysis of an infiltration curve when β and γ are known values and the infiltration curve is near the steady-state zone. However, due to the intrinsic complexities of real soils and the fact that β and γ are unknown variables, we recommended to optimize K_s and S using measured θ_s. The NiP sensor connected to a NanoVNA provided a fast, inexpensive, clean, accurate and robust alternative to measure θ_s at the end of the infiltration experiments.

土壤吸水率 S 和饱和导流系数 Ks 是基本的土壤水力特性，可以通过圆盘入渗仪测量的累积入渗曲线估算出来。Haverkamp 渗透模型被广泛用于估算 S 和 Ks。该模型的输入包括常数 β 和 γ 以及初始体积含水量 θi 与最终体积含水量 θs 之间的差值 Δθ。由于 Δθ 可以表示可能的测量误差，并假设 β、γ 和 θi 为已知值，因此本研究的第一个目标是分析 θs 对 Ks 和 S 优化的影响。为此，我们对砂土和壤土均质柱模拟的合成渗透曲线进行了敏感性分析，包括估算 θs 范围内的 Ks 和 S。然后，在不同耕作管理下的真实土壤上，我们评估了测量 θs 的不同程序，并分析了其对 Ks 和 S 估算的影响。我们对四种不同的技术进行了比较：比重-岩心法、两种 TDR 侵入式探针（3 厘米和 5 厘米）以及一种非侵入式探针（NiP）。所有 TDR 探头都与低成本的 NanoVNA 相连。灵敏度分析表明，当 β 和 γ 为已知值且渗透曲线接近稳态区时，θs、Ks 和 S 可通过对渗透曲线的反分析同时进行优化。然而，由于实际土壤的内在复杂性以及 β 和 γ 是未知变量的事实，我们建议使用测量的 θs 来优化 Ks 和 S。连接到 NanoVNA 的 NiP 传感器为在渗透实验结束时测量 θs 提供了一种快速、廉价、清洁、准确和稳健的替代方法。

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引用次数: 0

Determining carbon storage of a complex peat stratigraphy using non– and minimal-invasive geophysical prospection techniques (Verlorener Bach and Loosbach valleys, southern Germany) 利用非侵入式和微侵入式地球物理勘探技术确定复杂泥炭地层的碳储量（德国南部 Verlorener Bach 谷和 Loosbach 谷）

IF 5.6 1区农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE

Geoderma

Pub Date : 2024-11-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2024.117095

Anne Köhler , Ulrike Werban , Marco Pohle , Johannes Rabiger-Völlmer , Birgit Schneider , Anneli Wanger-O’Neill , Stefanie Berg , Peter Dietrich , Christoph Zielhofer

This study investigates the stratigraphy and carbon storage of the Verlorener Bach and Loosbach valley fills, of the Alpine Foothills in Bavaria, using a combination of electromagnetic induction (EMI), electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), direct push electrical conductivity sensing (DP-EC) and drilling cores. We identified three distinct stratigraphic units, with Unit I consisting of gravel deposits, Unit II comprising Holocene peat layers, and Unit III containing redeposited carbonates and overbank deposits.

The integration of EMI data enhanced spatial resolution, while ERT data provided detailed insights into the thickness and distribution of these units. Correlating EMI-based apparent electrical conductivity values with stratigraphical data enabled the creation of a validated 3D model of sediment thickness. This approach revealed an inverted relief process where non-organic Unit III sediments remain elevated as surrounding organic-rich sediments shrink upon oxidation.

Additionally, geochemical analyses estimated the Total Carbon (TC) and Total Organic Carbon (TOC) content for Unit II, totaling 43 kt of TC and 35 kt of TOC across the entire 15-hectare study area. The high carbon storage in peatlands is attributed to the thickness of peat layers and sustained water saturation, preventing degradation. However, potential reductions in groundwater levels could lead to peat decomposition and carbon release.

This study demonstrates the effectiveness of integrating EMI, DP-EC and ERT data for stratigraphic analysis, providing a comprehensive understanding of spatial sediment stratigraphies and carbon storage in the study area. Our study demonstrates that it is possible to use geophysical prospecting methods not only to characterise surface sediments but also those located deeper in the ground. This allows for the analysis of both intact fen peats in terms of their carbon storage, as well as those that are no longer intact but buried.

这项研究采用电磁感应 (EMI)、电阻率断层扫描 (ERT)、直推电导率传感 (DP-EC) 和钻孔岩心相结合的方法，对巴伐利亚阿尔卑斯山麓 Verlorener Bach 和 Loosbach 谷地的地层和碳储量进行了研究。我们确定了三个不同的地层单元，第一单元由砾石沉积组成，第二单元包括全新世泥炭层，第三单元包含再沉积碳酸盐岩和过岸沉积。将基于 EMI 的表观电导率值与地层数据相关联，可以建立一个经过验证的沉积厚度三维模型。此外，地球化学分析估算了第二单元的总碳（TC）和总有机碳（TOC）含量，整个 15 公顷研究区域的总碳（TC）和总有机碳（TOC）含量分别为 43 千吨和 35 千吨。泥炭地的高碳储量归功于泥炭层的厚度和持续的水饱和度，从而防止了退化。这项研究证明了将 EMI、DP-EC 和 ERT 数据整合到地层分析中的有效性，从而全面了解了研究区域的空间沉积地层和碳储量。我们的研究表明，地球物理勘探方法不仅可以用于表层沉积物的特征描述，还可以用于深层沉积物的特征描述。这样既可以分析完整的沼泽泥炭的碳储量，也可以分析不再完整但被掩埋的泥炭。

{"title":"Determining carbon storage of a complex peat stratigraphy using non– and minimal-invasive geophysical prospection techniques (Verlorener Bach and Loosbach valleys, southern Germany)","authors":"Anne Köhler , Ulrike Werban , Marco Pohle , Johannes Rabiger-Völlmer , Birgit Schneider , Anneli Wanger-O’Neill , Stefanie Berg , Peter Dietrich , Christoph Zielhofer","doi":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2024.117095","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2024.117095","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the stratigraphy and carbon storage of the Verlorener Bach and Loosbach valley fills, of the Alpine Foothills in Bavaria, using a combination of electromagnetic induction (EMI), electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), direct push electrical conductivity sensing (DP-EC) and drilling cores. We identified three distinct stratigraphic units, with Unit I consisting of gravel deposits, Unit II comprising Holocene peat layers, and Unit III containing redeposited carbonates and overbank deposits.</div><div>The integration of EMI data enhanced spatial resolution, while ERT data provided detailed insights into the thickness and distribution of these units. Correlating EMI-based apparent electrical conductivity values with stratigraphical data enabled the creation of a validated 3D model of sediment thickness. This approach revealed an inverted relief process where non-organic Unit III sediments remain elevated as surrounding organic-rich sediments shrink upon oxidation.</div><div>Additionally, geochemical analyses estimated the Total Carbon (TC) and Total Organic Carbon (TOC) content for Unit II, totaling 43 kt of TC and 35 kt of TOC across the entire 15-hectare study area. The high carbon storage in peatlands is attributed to the thickness of peat layers and sustained water saturation, preventing degradation. However, potential reductions in groundwater levels could lead to peat decomposition and carbon release.</div><div>This study demonstrates the effectiveness of integrating EMI, DP-EC and ERT data for stratigraphic analysis, providing a comprehensive understanding of spatial sediment stratigraphies and carbon storage in the study area. Our study demonstrates that it is possible to use geophysical prospecting methods not only to characterise surface sediments but also those located deeper in the ground. This allows for the analysis of both intact fen peats in terms of their carbon storage, as well as those that are no longer intact but buried.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12511,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma","volume":"452 ","pages":"Article 117095"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142659733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Quantifying and visualizing soil macroaggregate pore structure and particulate organic matter in a Vertisol under various straw return practices using X-ray computed tomography 利用 X 射线计算机断层扫描技术量化和可视化不同秸秆还田措施下的荒漠土壤中的大颗粒孔隙结构和颗粒有机质

IF 5.6 1区农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE

Geoderma

Pub Date : 2024-11-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2024.117105

Zichun Guo , Tianyu Ding , Yuekai Wang , Ping Zhang , Lei Gao , Xinhua Peng

The structure of soil pores plays a crucial role in determining the distribution and retention of particulate organic matter (POM) within soil aggregates, yet the specific effects of different straw return practices on POM stabilization through soil pore structure remain poorly understood. This study aimed to quantify and visualize soil macroaggregates POM distribution and pore structure using advanced X-ray computed tomography (CT) and image processing techniques under three straw return practices: no-tillage with straw mulching (NTS), traditional rotary tillage with straw incorporation (RTS), and deep plowing with straw incorporation (DPS) in a Vertisol. A total of 27 soil aggregates (4–6 mm) from soil depths of 0–10, 10–20, and 20–40 cm were analyzed at an 8-μm resolution. The results showed that NTS significantly increased POM content and surface area density in the 0–10 cm soil layer compared to RTS. In contrast, DPS was most effective in deeper soil layers (20–40 cm), maintaining high POM content and promoting the development of extensive and well-connected pore networks, as evidenced by significantly higher connected porosity and mean breadth density of POM. Additionally, strong positive correlations were observed between POM content, connected porosity, and pore connectivity (P < 0.05). These findings highlight the importance of selecting appropriate straw return practices to optimize POM retention and enhance soil C storage, particularly in the context of sustainable soil management in Vertisols.

土壤孔隙结构在决定颗粒有机质（POM）在土壤团聚体中的分布和保留方面起着至关重要的作用，但人们对不同秸秆还田方法通过土壤孔隙结构稳定颗粒有机质的具体影响仍然知之甚少。本研究旨在利用先进的 X 射线计算机断层扫描（CT）和图像处理技术，量化和直观地显示在三种秸秆还田方式（秸秆覆盖免耕（NTS）、秸秆掺入传统旋耕（RTS）和秸秆掺入深耕（DPS））下，惰性土壤中土壤大团聚体 POM 的分布和孔隙结构。共分析了 0-10 厘米、10-20 厘米和 20-40 厘米土壤深度的 27 个土壤团聚体（4-6 毫米），分辨率为 8 微米。结果表明，与 RTS 相比，NTS 能明显提高 0-10 厘米土层中的 POM 含量和表面积密度。相比之下，DPS 在较深的土层（20-40 厘米）中最为有效，它能保持较高的 POM 含量，并促进广泛且连接良好的孔隙网络的发展，POM 的连接孔隙度和平均广度密度明显提高就是证明。此外，还观察到 POM 含量、连通孔隙度和孔隙连通性之间存在很强的正相关性（P < 0.05）。这些发现凸显了选择适当的秸秆还田方法以优化 POM 保留和提高土壤 C 储存的重要性，尤其是在椎体土壤可持续管理的背景下。

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引用次数: 0

Determination of aggregate stability in kaolinitic subsoils using an energy-based, laser diffraction method 利用基于能量的激光衍射法测定高岭土基土中骨料的稳定性

IF 5.6 1区农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE

Geoderma

Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2024.117104

Yaslin N. Gonzalez, Allan R. Bacon, Gabriel Maltais-Landry

Traditional aggregate stability methodologies, such as wet sieving, rainfall simulation, and chemical dispersion, measure aggregate size, rather than stability. Sonication methods allow for energy-based measurements of aggregate stability, but most methods involve sieving to obtain gravimetric measurements of particle size fractions, which increases labor and variability compared to volumetric measurements by laser diffraction analyses. One criticism of energy-based methods is that ultrasonic devices are calibrated in a closed vessel containing water whereas the application of energy in routine analyses is commonly done in an open system containing soil and water, without considering the effects of soil mass and specific heat on sonication power or the energy lost from the system by conduction and/or other forces in an open system. Using texturally diverse subsoil samples with low carbon and similar clay mineralogy, we quantified 1) the effects of system type (thermodynamically closed versus open systems) and 2) the effect of assuming energy from calibrations in water versus measuring thermal energy in a soil–water system on soil dispersion curves. We found that these factors do not significantly affect soil dispersion curves of coarse- and medium-textured soils; however, fine samples are affected by system type and the method used to quantify energy. Overall, indices produced from soil dispersion curves are highly reproducible in both open and closed systems and correlate with soil physical properties that impact aggregate stability. These indices may streamline future measurements of aggregate stability and facilitate the inclusion of this important soil property in soil assessments.

传统的集料稳定性方法，如湿筛、降雨模拟和化学分散，测量的是集料尺寸，而不是稳定性。超声波方法可对骨料稳定性进行基于能量的测量，但大多数方法都需要通过筛分来获得粒径分数的重力测量值，这与激光衍射分析的体积测量值相比，增加了工作量和可变性。对基于能量的方法提出的一个批评是，超声波设备是在装有水的封闭容器中进行校准的，而常规分析中的能量应用通常是在装有土壤和水的开放系统中进行的，没有考虑土壤质量和比热对超声功率的影响，也没有考虑开放系统中通过传导和/或其他力从系统中损失的能量。我们利用质地不同、碳含量低且粘土矿物结构相似的底土样本，量化了 1) 系统类型（热力学封闭系统与开放系统）的影响，以及 2) 假设在水中校准能量与在土壤-水系统中测量热能对土壤弥散曲线的影响。我们发现，这些因素对粗质土和中质土的土壤弥散曲线影响不大；但细粒样品则会受到系统类型和能量量化方法的影响。总体而言，根据土壤弥散曲线得出的指数在开放和封闭系统中都具有很高的重现性，并且与影响集料稳定性的土壤物理特性相关。这些指数可简化未来对团聚稳定性的测量，并有助于将这一重要的土壤特性纳入土壤评估。

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引用次数: 0

Elucidating the role of earthworms on the fate of fertilizer N with synthetic and organic fertilizer application 阐明蚯蚓在施用合成肥料和有机肥料时对肥料氮归宿的作用

IF 5.6 1区农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE

Geoderma

Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2024.117106

Rong Hao , Yupeng Wu , Hong Di , Yunfeng Chen , Weiguo Cheng , Ronggui Hu , Wenfeng Tan

Earthworms’ activities not only increase soil nitrogen (N) uptake by crops but also lead to N losses to environment. However, it remains unclear whether earthworms’ impact on the fate of fertilizer N differs based on the type of fertilizer application. Therefore, the present pot experiment examined the transformation and fate of two types of ¹⁵N-labeled fertilizer (synthetic fertilizer urea and organic fertilizer compost applied at rate of 400 mg N/pot) with and without earthworms (Amynthas corticis) in a soil-lettuce system over three seasons of cultivation. Results showed that earthworms increased the fresh biomass of lettuce in all three seasons, regardless of the type of fertilizer used. However, the effect of earthworms on fertilizer N uptake varied depending on the type of fertilizer. With earthworms present, lettuce took up an additional 20.97 mg/pot of synthetic fertilizer N in the first season, which sharply decreased to 2.72 mg/pot and 4.63 mg/pot in the second and third seasons, respectively. In contrast, the uptake of organic fertilizer N by lettuce increased by 10.08–11.24 mg/pot throughout the entire experiment when earthworms were present. The presence of earthworms increased the percentage of synthetic fertilizer N lost to the environment by 0.8 %, due to increased N leaching, N₂O emission, NH₃ volatilization, etc. In contrast, earthworms decreased the percentage of organic fertilizer N lost to the environment by 1.9 %, primarily through reduced NH₃ volatilization, etc. This study underscores the pivotal role of earthworms in modulating fertilizer N dynamics, with organic fertilizer offering superior ecosystem services compared to synthetic fertilizer. Given that only one earthworm species was studied and nearly half of the organic fertilizer remained in the soil, future long-term experiments incorporating diverse earthworm species and changes in the soil’s native N pool are essential to fully understand the role of earthworms in agro-ecosystem N cycling.

蚯蚓的活动不仅能增加作物对土壤中氮（N）的吸收，还能导致环境中氮的损失。然而，蚯蚓对肥料氮的归宿的影响是否因施肥类型的不同而不同，目前仍不清楚。因此，本盆栽实验研究了在土壤-生菜系统中，有蚯蚓（Amynthas corticis）和没有蚯蚓（Amynthas corticis）的三种 15N 标记肥料（合成肥尿素和有机肥堆肥，施肥量为 400 毫克氮/盆）在三个种植季节中的转化和归宿。结果表明，无论使用哪种肥料，蚯蚓在三个季节都能增加生菜的新鲜生物量。然而，蚯蚓对肥料氮吸收的影响因肥料类型而异。有蚯蚓存在的第一季，莴苣多吸收了 20.97 毫克/盆的合成肥料氮，第二季和第三季分别锐减到 2.72 毫克/盆和 4.63 毫克/盆。相比之下，有蚯蚓存在时，生菜对有机肥氮的吸收量在整个试验期间增加了 10.08-11.24 毫克/盆。蚯蚓的存在使流失到环境中的合成肥料氮的百分比增加了 0.8%，原因是增加了氮的浸出、N2O 排放、NH3 挥发等。相反，蚯蚓则使有机肥中流失到环境中的氮的百分比减少了 1.9%，主要原因是减少了 NH3 的挥发等。这项研究强调了蚯蚓在调节肥料氮动态中的关键作用，与合成肥料相比，有机肥料能提供更优越的生态系统服务。鉴于只研究了一种蚯蚓物种，而且近一半的有机肥料仍留在土壤中，因此未来的长期实验必须纳入多种蚯蚓物种和土壤原生氮库的变化，以充分了解蚯蚓在农业生态系统氮循环中的作用。

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引用次数: 0

Soil Science-Informed Machine Learning 基于土壤科学的机器学习

IF 5.6 1区农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE

Geoderma

Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2024.117094

Budiman Minasny , Toshiyuki Bandai , Teamrat A. Ghezzehei , Yin-Chung Huang , Yuxin Ma , Alex B. McBratney , Wartini Ng , Sarem Norouzi , Jose Padarian , Rudiyanto , Amin Sharififar , Quentin Styc , Marliana Widyastuti

Machine learning (ML) applications in soil science have significantly increased over the past two decades, reflecting a growing trend towards data-driven research addressing soil security. This extensive application has mainly focused on enhancing predictions of soil properties, particularly soil organic carbon, and improving the accuracy of digital soil mapping (DSM). Despite these advancements, the application of ML in soil science faces challenges related to data scarcity and the interpretability of ML models. There is a need for a shift towards Soil Science-Informed ML (SoilML) models that use the power of ML but also incorporate soil science knowledge in the training process to make predictions more reliable and generalisable. This paper proposes methodologies for embedding ML models with soil science knowledge to overcome current limitations. Incorporating soil science knowledge into ML models involves using observational priors to enhance training datasets, designing model structures which reflect soil science principles, and supervising model training with soil science-informed loss functions. The informed loss functions include observational constraints, coherency rules such as regularisation to avoid overfitting, and prior or soil-knowledge constraints that incorporate existing information about the parameters or outputs. By way of illustration, we present examples from four fields: digital soil mapping, soil spectroscopy, pedotransfer functions, and dynamic soil property models. We discuss the potential to integrate process-based models for improved prediction, the use of physics-informed neural networks, limitations, and the issue of overparametrisation. These approaches improve the relevance of ML predictions in soil science and enhance the models’ ability to generalise across different scenarios while maintaining soil science principles, transparency and reliability.

过去二十年来，机器学习（ML）在土壤科学中的应用大幅增加，反映了针对土壤安全的数据驱动型研究的发展趋势。这种广泛的应用主要集中在加强对土壤特性（尤其是土壤有机碳）的预测，以及提高数字土壤制图（DSM）的准确性。尽管取得了这些进展，但在土壤科学中应用 ML 还面临着与数据稀缺和 ML 模型可解释性有关的挑战。有必要向土壤科学信息 ML（SoilML）模型转变，这种模型既能利用 ML 的强大功能，又能在训练过程中融入土壤科学知识，从而使预测结果更加可靠、更有普适性。本文提出了将土壤科学知识嵌入 ML 模型的方法，以克服当前的局限性。将土壤科学知识融入 ML 模型涉及使用观测先验来增强训练数据集、设计反映土壤科学原理的模型结构，以及使用土壤科学知识损失函数监督模型训练。有根据的损失函数包括观测约束、一致性规则（如正则化以避免过度拟合）以及先验或土壤知识约束，这些约束包含了有关参数或输出的现有信息。为了说明问题，我们列举了四个领域的例子：数字土壤制图、土壤光谱学、土壤转移函数和动态土壤特性模型。我们讨论了整合基于过程的模型以改进预测的潜力、物理信息神经网络的使用、局限性以及过度参数化的问题。这些方法提高了土壤科学中 ML 预测的相关性，增强了模型在不同情况下的通用能力，同时保持了土壤科学的原则、透明度和可靠性。

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引用次数: 0

Thermostability and solubility of ammonium illite and ammonium montmorillonite: Implication for inorganic nitrogen preservation 铵伊利石和铵蒙脱石的热稳定性和溶解性：对无机氮保存的影响

IF 5.6 1区农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE

Geoderma

Pub Date : 2024-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2024.117097

Ni He , Hongfei Cheng , Peixin Du , Aiqing Chen , Yutong Han , Shangying Li

Investigation of the thermostability and solubility of ammonium-bearing clay minerals is essential for assessing the inorganic nitrogen preservation by minerals and revealing the fate of inorganic nitrogen in soil. In this study, natural ammonium illite and laboratory-prepared ammonium montmorillonite were systematically characterized to explore their mineralogical characteristics, thermostability, and solubility. For ammonium illite, an increase of d₀₀₁-value to 10.334 Å in the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern and an appearance of strong absorption bands at 3309, 3043, and 1432 cm⁻¹ as well as blue shifts of structural hydroxyls vibrations in the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum. The d₀₀₁-value of ammonium montmorillonite is ∼12.05 Å, and the FTIR spectra show NH₄⁺ absorption bands at 3120, 3005, and 1402 cm⁻¹. Thermostability analyses indicate that the presence of interlayered NH₄⁺ reduces the structural stability of both illite and montmorillonite during heating, but the deamination temperatures of ammonium illite and ammonium montmorillonite are estimated conservatively to be above ∼320°C, which is higher than the deamination temperatures of common inorganic ammonium compounds. The result of dissolution experiments shows that the release efficiency of NH₄⁺ from ammonium illite does not exceed ∼4 % under a pH value range of 1–14 at room temperature, while that in ammonium montmorillonite does not exceed ∼8 % at pH 2–11. These findings help to determine the existence of NH₄⁺ in the interlayers of 2:1 type clay minerals and suggest that 2:1 type clay minerals can effectively preserve inorganic nitrogen in soil under moderate field biomass burning or moist conditions.

研究含铵粘土矿物的热稳定性和溶解性对于评估矿物对无机氮的保存和揭示土壤中无机氮的归宿至关重要。本研究对天然铵伊利石和实验室制备的铵蒙脱石进行了系统表征，以探索它们的矿物学特征、热稳定性和溶解性。铵伊利石的 X 射线衍射（XRD）图中的 d001 值增加到 10.334 Å，傅里叶变换红外（FTIR）光谱中出现了 3309、3043 和 1432 cm-1 的强吸收带以及结构羟基振动的蓝移。铵蒙脱石的 d001 值为 12.05 Å，傅立叶变换红外光谱在 3120、3005 和 1402 cm-1 处显示出 NH4+ 吸收带。热稳定性分析表明，夹层 NH4+ 的存在降低了伊利石和蒙脱石在加热过程中的结构稳定性，但保守估计铵伊利石和铵蒙脱石的脱氨温度在 ∼320°C 以上，高于常见无机铵化合物的脱氨温度。溶解实验结果表明，在室温下，pH 值范围为 1-14 时，铵伊利石中 NH4+ 的释放效率不超过 ∼4 %；而在 pH 值为 2-11 时，铵蒙脱石中 NH4+ 的释放效率不超过 ∼8 %。这些发现有助于确定 2:1 型粘土矿物夹层中 NH4+ 的存在，并表明 2:1 型粘土矿物在适度的田间生物量燃烧或潮湿条件下可有效保存土壤中的无机氮。

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引用次数: 0