Geoderma最新文献_第4页

Dissolved organic matter dynamics and chemistry under fungal activity: A microcosm incubation with litter differentially 13C-labelled 真菌活性下溶解有机物动力学和化学：不同13c标记凋落物的微观培养

IF 6.6 1区农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE

Geoderma

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2025.117670

Thanh Thuy Nguyen Tu , Marion Texier , Rania Krimou , Philippe Biron , Sylvie Collin , Emmanuel Aubry , Mercedes Mendez-Millan , Christelle Anquetil , Caroline Kunz , Frédéric Delarue , Marie A. Alexis , Joëlle Dupont

This work aimed at better documenting the effects of fungal activity on dissolved organic matter (OM) in soils. Dynamics of water-extractable OM (as surrogate for dissolved OM) quantity and chemical quality was monitored during a ca. 6 month microcosm incubation of plant residues in the presence of fungi. Differential ¹³C-labelling of metabolites vs structural compounds of the incubated residues further allowed clarifying the balance between fungal mineralisation and production of soluble compounds (through biosynthesis and/or decomposition). The fungus Trichoderma harzianum was mainly active during the first weeks of incubation, substantially mineralizing WEOM, preferentially consuming carbohydrates. The fungus induced chemical modification of WEOM, notably selective preservation of lipids and oxidation of lignin moieties. While T. harzianum probably degraded some insoluble structural molecules and produced biomass, these contributions to bulk WEOM appeared minor (when compared with leaching and mineralization), either because non-significant or entering non-extractable carbon pool. Additionally, characterization of control fungus-free microcosms, highlighted the potential role of abiotic processes on WEOM production, including leaching and depolymerisation by extracellular enzymes, notably of carbohydrate rich (insoluble) macromolecules.

这项工作旨在更好地记录真菌活动对土壤中溶解有机质（OM）的影响。在真菌存在的植物残留物中进行了大约6个月的微观培养，监测了水萃取OM（作为溶解OM的替代品）数量和化学质量的动态。代谢物与培养残留物结构化合物的差异13c标记进一步澄清了真菌矿化和可溶性化合物生产（通过生物合成和/或分解）之间的平衡。哈兹木霉主要在培养的前几周活跃，大量矿化WEOM，优先消耗碳水化合物。真菌诱导了WEOM的化学修饰，特别是脂质的选择性保存和木质素部分的氧化。虽然T. harzianum可能降解了一些不溶性结构分子并产生了生物量，但这些对大量WEOM的贡献似乎很小（与浸出和矿化相比），要么是因为不显著，要么是因为进入了不可提取的碳库。此外，对照无真菌微生物的表征强调了非生物过程在WEOM生产中的潜在作用，包括细胞外酶的浸出和解聚合，特别是富含碳水化合物（不溶性）大分子。

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引用次数: 0

100-m and 1000-m regular grid observations reveal vegetation-controlled ground surface thermal differentiation in the alpine permafrost of the Headwater Area of the Yellow River 100 m和1000 m规则格网观测揭示了黄河源区高寒多年冻土植被控制的地表热分异

IF 6.6 1区农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE

Geoderma

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117696

Jia Liu , Dongliang Luo , Shizhen Li , Chenyang Peng , Fangfang Chen , Kefei Du , Qingbai Wu , Huijun Jin , Yajuan Zao , Qi Shen

Ground surface temperature (GST) serves as the upper thermal boundary condition governing the thermal regime of permafrost, yet its fine-scale spatial heterogeneity associated with complex surface characteristics remains a critical uncertainty, largely due to a scarcity of high-density in-situ observations. To bridge this gap, we established a multi-scale systematic monitoring network in June-July 2023 at a representative alpine meadow site in the Headwater Area of the Yellow River, northeastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. The network comprises two regular grids with extents of 100 m × 100 m and 1000 m × 1000 m (121 nodes each), capturing hourly GST dynamics. By integrating thermal data with high-resolution (0.1 m) unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-derived fractional vegetation cover (FVC), we identified a non-linear vegetation forcing mechanism. A cooling optimum was observed at medium FVC (0.5–0.75), yielding the lowest MAGST (−0.56 ± 0.06 °C and −0.71 ± 0.12 °C for the 100-m and 1000-m grids, respectively) by effectively offsetting summer radiative heating against winter insulation. Conversely, low FVC grid points showed amplified diurnal variability (up to 6.09 °C). Spatial analysis revealed scale-dependent thermal regimes: the fine-scale 100-m grid highlighted localized heat accumulation linked to micro-scale surface heterogeneity, while the 1000-m grid showed seasonal structural instability, where coherent spatial patterns disintegrated during winter. These findings provide critical, scale-dependent constraints for calibrating process-based permafrost models.

地表温度（GST）是控制多年冻土热状态的上热边界条件，但其与复杂地表特征相关的精细尺度空间异质性仍然是一个关键的不确定性，这主要是由于缺乏高密度的原位观测。为了弥补这一空白，我们于2023年6 - 7月在青藏高原东北部黄河源区具有代表性的高寒草甸样地建立了多尺度系统监测网络。该网络包括两个规则网格，范围为100米× 100米和1000米× 1000米（每个节点121个），捕捉每小时的GST动态。通过将热数据与高分辨率（0.1 m）无人机（UAV）衍生的植被覆盖度（FVC）相结合，我们确定了非线性植被强迫机制。在中等植被覆盖度（0.5-0.75）下，通过有效地抵消夏季辐射加热和冬季保温，可以产生最低的MAGST（100米和1000米网格分别为- 0.56±0.06°C和- 0.71±0.12°C）。相反，低植被覆盖度网格点显示出放大的日变化（高达6.09°C）。空间分析揭示了尺度相关的热状态：100米网格强调了与微尺度表面异质性相关的局部热积累，而1000米网格显示了季节性结构不稳定性，其中连贯的空间格局在冬季解体。这些发现为校准基于过程的永久冻土模型提供了关键的、依赖于尺度的约束。

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引用次数: 0

SoilNet: A multimodal multitask model for hierarchical classification of soil horizons 土壤网：一个多模态多任务土壤层的分层分类模型

IF 6.6 1区农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE

Geoderma

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117684

Vipin Singh , Teodor Chiaburu , Einar Eberhardt , Stefan Broda , Joey Prüssing , Frank Haußer , Felix Bießmann

Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI), in particular foundation models, have improved the state of the art in many application domains including geosciences. Some specific problems, however, could not benefit from this progress yet. Soil horizon classification, for instance, remains challenging because of its multimodal and multitask characteristics and a complex hierarchically structured label taxonomy. Accurate classification of soil horizons is crucial for monitoring soil condition, which directly impacts agricultural productivity, food security, ecosystem stability and climate resilience. In this work, we propose SoilNet - a multimodal multitask model to tackle this problem through a structured modularized pipeline. In contrast to omnipurpose AI foundation models, our approach is designed to be inherently transparent by following the task structure human experts developed for solving this challenging annotation task. The proposed approach integrates image data and geotemporal metadata to first predict depth markers, segmenting the soil profile into horizon candidates. Each segment is characterized by a set of horizon-specific morphological features. Finally, horizon labels are predicted based on the multimodal concatenated feature vector, leveraging a graph-based label representation to account for the complex hierarchical relationships among soil horizons. Our method is designed to address complex hierarchical classification, where the number of possible labels is very large, imbalanced and non-trivially structured. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach on a real-world soil profile dataset and a comprehensive user study with domain experts. Our empirical evaluations demonstrate that SoilNet reliably predicts soil horizons that are plausible and accurate. User study results indicate that SoilNet achieves predictive performance on par with or better than that of human experts in soil horizon classification. All code and experiments can be found in our repository: https://github.com/calgo-lab/BGR/.

人工智能（AI）的最新进展，特别是基础模型，提高了包括地球科学在内的许多应用领域的技术水平。然而，一些具体问题还不能从这一进展中受益。例如，土壤水平分类仍然具有挑战性，因为它具有多模式和多任务特征，并且具有复杂的分层结构标签分类法。土壤层位的准确分类对土壤状况监测至关重要，直接影响农业生产力、粮食安全、生态系统稳定性和气候适应能力。在这项工作中，我们提出了一个多模态多任务模型SoilNet，通过结构化的模块化管道来解决这个问题。与通用AI基础模型相比，我们的方法被设计为遵循人类专家为解决这一具有挑战性的注释任务而开发的任务结构，从而具有固有的透明度。该方法将图像数据和时间元数据相结合，首先预测深度标记，然后将土壤剖面分割为候选层位。每个片段都具有一组特定于水平的形态特征。最后，基于多模态连接特征向量预测水平标签，利用基于图的标签表示来解释土壤水平之间复杂的层次关系。我们的方法旨在解决复杂的分层分类，其中可能的标签数量非常大，不平衡和非平凡结构。我们在真实世界的土壤剖面数据集和领域专家的全面用户研究中证明了我们的方法的有效性。我们的经验评估表明，SoilNet可靠地预测土壤层位，是可信和准确的。用户研究结果表明，在土壤层位分类方面，SoilNet实现了与人类专家相当或更好的预测性能。所有代码和实验都可以在我们的存储库中找到：https://github.com/calgo-lab/BGR/。

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引用次数: 0

Earthworms facilitate soil mineral associated organic matter formation but increase priming effect depending on litter addition and soil texture 蚯蚓促进土壤矿物相关有机质的形成，但根据凋落物添加量和土壤质地的不同，蚯蚓会增加土壤的启动效应

IF 6.6 1区农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE

Geoderma

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117690

Hongliang Li, Charles R. Warren, Andrew J. Holmes, Claudia Keitel, Feike A. Dijkstra

Earthworms affect soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition and C stabilization into mineral associated organic matter (MAOM) following fresh organic matter input. However, it remains untested how these earthworm-induced C dynamics vary with the rate of fresh organic matter input and soil texture and how they are associated with soil microbial C use efficiency (CUE). Herein, we conducted a 48-day incubation to investigate the impact of earthworms on soil C dynamics following litter input, as well as the relationships of C dynamics with microbial CUE. The experimental set-up consisted of three factors including earthworms (with and without), ¹³C-labeled grass litter input rate (0, 1 and 6 g C kg⁻¹ soil) and soil texture (grassland soils with either clay or sand addition). Earthworms increased SOC decomposition without litter input by 9 % − 13 %, while amplifying the priming effect (PE) in soil with clay and sand addition at the highest litter addition by 24 % − 139 %, but decreasing the PE in soil with sand and low litter addition by 32 %. In soil with sand addition, earthworms increased MAOM formation efficiency from litter (fraction of added litter C stabilized in MAOM) by 17 % − 23 %, and the litter C sequestration quotient (litter-derived C in MAOM divided by the sum of litter derived C in MAOM and respiration) by 10 % − 27 %. However, earthworm-induced changes in SOC decomposition, PE and MAOM formation were not associated with earthworm-induced changes in microbial CUE. In conclusion, earthworms can facilitate SOC accrual more in soils with sand addition through disproportional amplification of SOC stabilization compared with SOC loss through decomposition. The influence of earthworms on SOC accrual is more likely driven by physicochemical protection of SOC rather than by changes in microbial metabolism.

蚯蚓影响新鲜有机质输入后土壤有机碳（SOC）分解和碳稳定为矿物伴生有机质（MAOM）。然而，这些蚯蚓诱导的碳动态如何随新鲜有机质输入速率和土壤质地而变化，以及它们如何与土壤微生物碳利用效率（CUE）相关，仍未得到验证。本研究通过48天的培养，研究了蚯蚓对凋落物输入后土壤C动态的影响，以及C动态与微生物CUE的关系。实验设置包括三个因素，包括蚯蚓（有和没有），13c标记的草凋落物输入率（0,1和6 g C kg - 1土壤）和土壤质地（添加粘土或沙子的草地土壤）。蚯蚓使无凋落物输入的土壤有机碳分解提高了9% ~ 13%，而在凋落物添加量最大的土壤中，添加粘土和沙子的土壤的启动效应（PE）提高了24% ~ 139%，而在添加沙子和低凋落物的土壤中，PE降低了32%。在添加沙子的土壤中，蚯蚓使凋落物中MAOM的形成效率（添加的凋落物C稳定在MAOM中的比例）提高了17% ~ 23%，凋落物C的固存商（MAOM中凋落物衍生的C除以MAOM中凋落物衍生的C和呼吸的总和）提高了10% ~ 27%。然而，蚯蚓诱导的SOC分解、PE和MAOM形成的变化与蚯蚓诱导的微生物CUE变化无关。综上所述，蚯蚓通过对土壤有机碳稳定化的不成比例放大，促进了土壤有机碳的积累，而不是通过分解导致的有机碳损失。蚯蚓对有机碳积累的影响更可能是由有机碳的物理化学保护驱动的，而不是由微生物代谢的变化驱动的。

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引用次数: 0

Microbial-mediated structural changes in humic acid increase phosphorus availability in the fertosphere 微生物介导的腐植酸结构变化增加了铁圈中磷的有效性

IF 6.6 1区农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE

Geoderma

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117713

Yanna Luo , Yunbo Niu , Wentao Pan , Lei Shi , Yingqiang Zhang , Xinxin Ye , Qizhong Xiong , Bingqiang Zhao , Jianyuan Jing

It is widely accepted that humic acid-enhanced phosphate fertilizers (HAEP) improve crop yield and phosphorus (P) use efficiency, largely because the carboxyl-rich structure of humic acid (HA) reduces P fixation and enhances soil P availability. However, this prevailing view overlooks the potential structural transformations of HA in soil and its localized regulation of P availability—restricted to the phosphate fertilizer fertosphere (PFF) rather than the bulk soil. In this study, we simulated the PFF to examine how HA influences the migration, transformation, and availability of P within the PFF. Using multispectral analysis, we characterized structural changes of HA and its corresponding ability to inhibit P immobilization within the PFF. We also identified the key microbial drivers, thereby clarifying the mechanisms through which HA regulates P availability in this microzone. Compared with that of the control, HA amendment resulted in greater migration of PFF-derived P over 90 days: cumulative migration increased by 10.7%, the migration distance extended by 0.40 mm, and the effective radius of the available P-enriched zones around the fertosphere expanded by 0.84 mm. The increased P availability might be attributed to two main mechanisms. First, the increase in HA-specific surface area and the accumulation of fungal necromass provided additional sites for ion adsorption, thereby inhibiting the transformation of P into insoluble forms. Second, HA slowed the luxury uptake of P by microorganisms, effectively reducing its biological fixation. Notably, the carboxyl functional groups of HA contributed minimally to this improvement. Instead, HA within the PFF underwent progressive depletion of carboxyl groups, mediated jointly by soil bacteria and fungi. HA enhances both the P supply area and the intensity of PFF primarily through microbial-driven structural modifications that maintain its ion-adsorption capacity. These findings offer new perspectives for re-evaluating the efficiency-enhancing mechanisms of HAEP.

腐植酸增强型磷肥（HAEP）之所以能提高作物产量和磷利用效率，很大程度上是因为腐植酸（HA）富含羧基的结构减少了磷的固定，提高了土壤磷的有效性。然而，这种流行的观点忽视了土壤中HA的潜在结构转变及其对磷有效性的局部调节-仅限于磷肥肥层（PFF）而不是整体土壤。在本研究中，我们模拟了PFF，以研究HA如何影响PFF内P的迁移、转换和可用性。通过多光谱分析，我们表征了HA的结构变化及其在PFF内抑制P固定的能力。我们还确定了关键的微生物驱动因素，从而阐明了HA调节该微区磷有效性的机制。与对照相比，HA修正导致pff衍生磷在90 d内的迁移量增加，累计迁移量增加10.7%，迁移距离延长0.40 mm，有效富磷区有效半径扩大0.84 mm。P可用性的增加可能归因于两个主要机制。首先，ha比表面积的增加和真菌坏死块的积累为离子吸附提供了额外的位点，从而抑制了P向不溶性形式的转化。其次，透明质酸减缓了微生物对磷的奢侈吸收，有效地降低了磷的生物固定。值得注意的是，HA的羧基官能团对这种改善贡献最小。相反，在土壤细菌和真菌的共同作用下，PFF内的HA经历了羧基的逐渐耗尽。HA主要通过微生物驱动的结构修饰来增强PFF的P供应面积和强度，从而保持其离子吸附能力。这些发现为重新评估HAEP的增效机制提供了新的视角。

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引用次数: 0

Enhanced weathering and biochar co-deployment boosts CO2 sequestration through changing soil properties 增强的风化和生物炭的共同部署通过改变土壤特性来促进二氧化碳的封存

IF 6.6 1区农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE

Geoderma

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2025.117668

Emily E.E.M. te Pas, Rob N.J. Comans, Sarai Bisseling, Mathilde Hagens

Enhanced rock weathering (ERW) and biochar are potentially effective and scalable options for large-scale carbon dioxide removal (CDR), required to limit global temperature rise to 1.5 °C. Here we present experimental data on their co-deployment, an urgent and novel research direction that may render even larger CDR on multiple timescales. Two greenhouse pot experiments were conducted growing maize (Zea mays L) on sandy and clayey soils mixed with various doses of crushed dunite rocks (20–220 t ha⁻¹) and a fixed dose of biochar (20 t ha⁻¹) for two months. Furthermore, through a comparison of multiple soil extraction procedures for mass balance construction, our work supports the development of a standardized quantification method for CDR associated with ERW. Based on these elemental mass balances, dunite weathering was found to sequester between 1.06 ± 0.025 and 3.48 ± 0.084 t CO₂ ha⁻¹ in sandy soils and between 0.28 ± 0.015 and 1.60 ± 0.051 t CO₂ ha⁻¹ in clayey soils, while biochar co-deployment only slightly enhanced dunite weathering in the latter. Soil respiration also significantly increased on both soils, exceeding the achieved inorganic CO₂ sequestration in our short-term experiments. However, we observed significant increases in soil pH and amorphous iron (hydr)oxide minerals, the latter known to be important for long-term organic carbon stabilization. We argue that the reduction in soil carbon due to enhanced soil respiration is only short term and is likely compensated for by the promising potential of ERW and biochar combinations for long-term inorganic carbon sequestration and organic carbon stabilization. The observed effects of ERW and biochar co-deployment on soil chemical properties, most notably increases in reactive (hydr)oxide minerals and soil pH, provide a great opportunity to boost CDR, with important differences between soil types.

增强岩石风化（ERW）和生物炭是大规模二氧化碳去除（CDR）的潜在有效和可扩展的选择，需要将全球气温上升限制在1.5°C。在这里，我们提出了它们共同部署的实验数据，这是一个紧迫而新颖的研究方向，可能在多个时间尺度上呈现更大的CDR。在两个温室盆栽试验中，玉米（Zea mays L）在砂质和粘土土壤上生长，混合不同剂量的碎质岩石（20 - 220 t ha - 1）和固定剂量的生物炭（20 t ha - 1），为期两个月。此外，通过对质量平衡构建的多种土壤提取方法的比较，我们的工作支持了与ERW相关的CDR标准化量化方法的发展。基于这些元素质量平衡，发现沙质土壤对沙丘风化作用的吸收在1.06±0.025 ~ 3.48±0.084 t CO2 ha - 1之间，粘质土壤对沙丘风化作用的吸收在0.28±0.015 ~ 1.60±0.051 t CO2 ha - 1之间，而黏性土壤对沙丘风化作用的吸收仅轻微增强。两种土壤的土壤呼吸也显著增加，超过了我们短期实验中实现的无机CO2固存。然而，我们观察到土壤pH值和无定形铁（水）氧化物矿物显著增加，后者已知对长期有机碳稳定很重要。我们认为，由于土壤呼吸增强而导致的土壤碳的减少只是短期的，并且可能被ERW和生物炭组合在长期无机碳固存和有机碳稳定方面的潜力所补偿。已观察到的ERW和生物炭共同部署对土壤化学性质的影响，最显著的是活性（水合）氧化物矿物质和土壤pH的增加，为提高CDR提供了很好的机会，土壤类型之间存在重要差异。

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引用次数: 0

Future societal developments provide a challenge for pedology as an integrative activity within soil science 未来的社会发展对土壤学作为土壤科学中的一门综合性活动提出了挑战

IF 6.6 1区农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE

Geoderma

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117699

Johan Bouma

引用次数: 0

Structural changes in soil microbial and nematode communities enhance soil carbon mineralization following subalpine forest conversion to plantations 亚高山森林向人工林转化后，土壤微生物和线虫群落结构变化促进了土壤碳矿化

IF 6.6 1区农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE

Geoderma

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117695

Jia Liu , Kai Fang , Dungang Wang , Xiaohu Wang , Yongping Kou , Wenqiang Zhao , Qing Liu , Huajun Yin

The soil micro-food web, a complex biotic network governing belowground ecological processes, plays a pivotal role in maintaining critical ecosystem functions through nutrient cycling and energy flow. Despite increasing recognition of anthropogenic impacts on soil micro-food webs, the structural reorganization of soil micro-food webs and its cascading effects on biogeochemical cycling following the conversion of subalpine natural forests to monoculture plantations remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated how forest plantations affect the soil micro-food web (including soil microbes and nematodes) and soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) mineralization in a subalpine region of southwestern China. Our study found that forest plantations substantially altered the soil micro-food web composition and structure, manifesting as reduced microbial biomass (−10 %), nematode abundance (−41 %, P < 0.01) and, more importantly, the deceased stability of the soil micro-food web (−57 %, P < 0.05). Additionally, compared with the natural forest, the soil C mineralization rates had significantly increased (P < 0.05) by approximately 133 % in the spruce plantation, potentially explaining the observed depletion of soil organic carbon stocks. In contrast, N mineralization rates showed no significant differences. The path modelling further demonstrated that the soil micro-food web significantly mediated the effects of forest plantations on the soil C mineralization. Overall, these results emphasized the importance of the soil micro-food web in understanding the ecological consequences of forest plantations and providing insights for the sustainable management of plantations.

土壤微食物网是控制地下生态过程的复杂生物网络，通过养分循环和能量流动在维持关键生态系统功能中起着关键作用。尽管人类活动对土壤微食物网的影响越来越多，但对亚高山天然林向单一种植人工林转化后土壤微食物网的结构重组及其对生物地球化学循环的级联效应仍知之甚少。本文研究了中国西南亚高山地区人工林对土壤微食物网（包括土壤微生物和线虫）以及土壤碳(C)和氮(N)矿化的影响。研究发现，人工林极大地改变了土壤微食物网的组成和结构，表现为微生物生物量减少（- 10%），线虫丰度减少（- 41%,P < 0.01），更重要的是，土壤微食物网的稳定性下降（- 57%,P < 0.05）。此外，与天然林相比，云杉人工林土壤碳矿化率显著提高（P < 0.05）约133%，这可能解释了观察到的土壤有机碳储量枯竭。相反，氮矿化速率无显著差异。路径模型进一步表明，土壤微食物网显著调节了人工林对土壤碳矿化的影响。总的来说，这些结果强调了土壤微食物网在理解人工林生态后果和为人工林可持续管理提供见解方面的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

How deep is your soil? Quantifying and spatially analyzing understudied deep soil in the United States 你的土壤有多深？美国未充分研究的深层土壤的量化和空间分析

IF 6.6 1区农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE

Geoderma

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117697

Gabrielle J. Feber , Rebecca S. Collins , Natalie Cowan , Rosmery Cruz-O’Byrne , Emmanuel Komolafe , Kristy I. Lam , Susan E. Crow , Noah Fierer , Caley K. Gasch , Michael S. Strickland , Zeli Tan , Rodrigo Vargas , David G. Williams , Zachary E. Kayler

Deep soil is largely understudied despite its importance for understanding terrestrial biogeochemical processes. Here, understudied soil is defined as the difference between soil studied to a reported depth and the estimated depth to bedrock. To assess deep soil across the US, we quantified and spatially analyzed understudied soil using soil survey data and model estimates of bedrock depth. We derived an equation to estimate understudied soil using the dataset parameters “max lower depth studied”, “depth to bedrock”, and “likelihood of bedrock in the top 200 cm”. Survey data and bedrock model outputs revealed that soil has been studied to an average depth of 1.4 m, and the average depth to bedrock is 26 m in the US. The greatest amounts of understudied soil occur in the Midwest and the Southwest. Soil data density was highest in regions with greater population density, specifically, the Pacific region (excluding Alaska), the Midwest, and the Northeast. In contrast, Alaska, the Mountain region and South were underrepresented. To understand soil diversity and any taxonomic bias of the global soil data available, soil orders in the dataset were compared with US-based National Resource Conservation Service areal percentages. Oxisols, Alfisols, Ultisols, Andisols, and Histosols were overrepresented, whereas Gelisols, Aridisols, Vertisols, Entisols, and Spodosols were markedly understudied.

尽管深层土壤对理解陆地生物地球化学过程具有重要意义，但对其的研究在很大程度上还不够充分。这里，未充分研究的土壤被定义为研究土壤到报告深度与基岩估计深度之间的差。为了评估美国的深层土壤，我们使用土壤调查数据和基岩深度模型估算对未充分研究的土壤进行了量化和空间分析。我们利用数据集参数“最大较低研究深度”、“到基岩的深度”和“顶部200 cm基岩的可能性”推导了一个方程来估计未研究的土壤。调查数据和基岩模型结果显示，土壤研究的平均深度为1.4 m，美国的平均基岩深度为26 m。未被充分研究的土壤数量最多的地区是中西部和西南部。土壤数据密度在人口密度较大的地区最高，特别是太平洋地区（不包括阿拉斯加）、中西部和东北部。相比之下，阿拉斯加、山区和南部的代表人数不足。为了了解土壤多样性和现有全球土壤数据的分类偏差，将数据集中的土壤顺序与美国国家资源保护局的面积百分比进行了比较。oxisol、alfisol、Ultisols、andiols和Histosols被过度描述，而gelisol、aridisol、Vertisols、Entisols和Spodosols的研究明显不足。

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引用次数: 0

Linking biological and organic matter indicators of soil health with soil water functions in semi-arid compost-amended and intensified cropping systems 半干旱堆肥改良集约化种植系统中土壤健康的生物和有机质指标与土壤水分功能的关联

IF 6.6 1区农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE

Geoderma

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117692

Olufemi Adebayo , Tess Noble Strohm , Veronica Acosta-Martinez , Steven J. Fonte , Meagan Schipanski , Maysoon M. Mikha , Prakriti Bista , Sangamesh V. Angadi , Rajan Ghimire

Soil health is crucial for sustaining agriculture in arid and semi-arid environments. However, soil health assessments in these environments often lack indicators that are both sensitive to management and functionally linked to ecosystem services such as water regulation. This study evaluated a range of physical, chemical, and biological indicators of soil health under varying cropping intensities and amendments at two semi-arid locations to evaluate their sensitivity to management and their linkages to key soil water functions. Among various indicators tested, microbial responses were highly sensitive to compost application. Compost-amended cropping systems had significantly greater soil microbial biomass, labile carbon (C) content, and inorganic nitrogen (N), with the long-term compost site showing a 211% greater particulate organic matter-C, a 63% greater mineral-associated organic matter-C, and 63% to 268% greater microbial community sizes than those in no-compost amended systems. Cover cropping, particularly with a diverse mixture, modestly improved microbial activity and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi abundance, with a stronger effect when combined with compost. While some indicators exhibited site-specific sensitivity, the most consistently responsive across sites were potentially mineralizable C, total fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), total labile N. Multivariate analysis identified total FAME (microbial community size), total labile N, particulate organic C and field saturated hydraulic conductivity (Kfs) as a minimum data set of indicators for soil health assessment based on their sensitivity, robustness in response, and functional relevance to soil water processes. These findings also support that compost application and intensification of cropping systems can optimize soil health and water regulation in water-limited environments.

土壤健康对于在干旱和半干旱环境中维持农业至关重要。然而，这些环境中的土壤健康评估往往缺乏既对管理敏感又在功能上与水调节等生态系统服务相关的指标。本研究评估了两个半干旱地区不同种植强度和改良措施下土壤健康的一系列物理、化学和生物指标，以评估其对管理的敏感性及其与关键土壤水功能的联系。在所测各项指标中，微生物反应对堆肥施用高度敏感。堆肥改良的种植系统显著增加了土壤微生物生物量、活性碳(C)含量和无机氮(N)，长期堆肥的土壤颗粒有机质-C比未堆肥的土壤高211%，矿物相关有机质-C高63%，微生物群落规模比未堆肥的土壤高63% ~ 268%。覆盖种植，特别是多样化的混合种植，适度提高了微生物活性和丛枝菌根真菌的丰度，当与堆肥结合使用时效果更强。虽然一些指标表现出特定地点的敏感性，但在不同地点之间响应最一致的是潜在矿化C、总脂肪酸甲酯（FAME）、总稳定氮（total volatile N）。多变量分析发现，总FAME（微生物群落规模）、总稳定氮、颗粒有机C和田间饱和水力传导率（Kfs）作为土壤健康评估的最小数据集，基于它们的敏感性、响应的稳健性。以及与土壤水过程的功能关联。这些发现还表明，在水资源有限的环境中，施用堆肥和强化种植制度可以优化土壤健康和水分调节。

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