Pub Date : 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117689
Antonia Zieger , Klaus Kaiser , Martin Kaupenjohann
<div><div>Andosols are commonly subdivided according to silandic and aluandic features. Silandic Andosols are characterised by organic matter (OM) strongly bound to short-range ordered aluminosilicates (SROAS), while aluandic Andosols mainly consist of aluminium-OM complexes (Al-OM complexes). Two theories exist concerning their pedogenesis. One theory argues, that silandic and aluandic properties are direct results of the weathering, assuming two separate lines of genesis. The other theory argues that silandic horizons transform into aluandic over time as parts of a continuous soil forming process. The latter could be caused by dissolved organic matter (DOM) entering the silandic subsoil with the percolating soil solution and promoting the dissolution of SROAS phases by complexing Al. Increasing the loading of DOM with Al will finally result in the formation of insoluble Al-OM complexes.</div><div>To test the hypothesis of in-situ transition from silandic to aluandic properties in a controlled experiment, we conducted a 20-month percolation experiment with soil material of an Ecuadorian Andosol formed in a homogeneous tephra deposit and now featuring aluandic properties in the top- and silandic properties in the subsoil. Six columns were packed with aluandic material on top of silandic material, water saturated and percolated with litter DOM-solution continuously (percolation rate 8<!--> <!-->mm<span><math><mi>⋅</mi></math></span>h<sup>−1</sup>, except for a 9-week flow stop at the beginning of the experiment). In addition, three columns were packed only with aluandic material to gain additional information on the solution entering the silandic material. Among others, silicon (Si) and Al, pH, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the feed and eluate solutions were monitored over a period of 20 months. We modelled the percolation experiment with the convection–dispersion equation as implemented in HYDRUS-1D to estimate the amount of retained DOC in the silandic material. Changes in OC concentration and mineral phases were tracked by analysing the column materials after 0, 8, and 20 months for OC concentrations, oxalate-extractable Al, Si, and iron (Fe) concentrations, and by X-ray diffraction.</div><div>Our results show that percolation had little to no effect on the aluandic material. However, for the silandic eluate the molar Al:Si ratio was well below the oxalate-extractable Alox:Siox molar ratio of the silandic material itself. This hints at desilification, while Al and OC are retained relative to Si and hence supporting the hypothesis of SROAS dissolution and neo-formation of Al-OM complexes. The latter explained up to 70<!--> <!-->% of the massive OC accumulation of 14<!--> <!-->mg<span><math><mi>⋅</mi></math></span>g<sup>−1</sup> in the silandic material, while vertical Al-OM transport and sorption played a minor role. This was supported by the HYDRUS-1D modelling, suggesting that sorption of DOM to the silandic material only dominates in
{"title":"Dissolved organic matter and high precipitation drive in-situ transition from silandic to aluandic properties","authors":"Antonia Zieger , Klaus Kaiser , Martin Kaupenjohann","doi":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117689","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117689","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Andosols are commonly subdivided according to silandic and aluandic features. Silandic Andosols are characterised by organic matter (OM) strongly bound to short-range ordered aluminosilicates (SROAS), while aluandic Andosols mainly consist of aluminium-OM complexes (Al-OM complexes). Two theories exist concerning their pedogenesis. One theory argues, that silandic and aluandic properties are direct results of the weathering, assuming two separate lines of genesis. The other theory argues that silandic horizons transform into aluandic over time as parts of a continuous soil forming process. The latter could be caused by dissolved organic matter (DOM) entering the silandic subsoil with the percolating soil solution and promoting the dissolution of SROAS phases by complexing Al. Increasing the loading of DOM with Al will finally result in the formation of insoluble Al-OM complexes.</div><div>To test the hypothesis of in-situ transition from silandic to aluandic properties in a controlled experiment, we conducted a 20-month percolation experiment with soil material of an Ecuadorian Andosol formed in a homogeneous tephra deposit and now featuring aluandic properties in the top- and silandic properties in the subsoil. Six columns were packed with aluandic material on top of silandic material, water saturated and percolated with litter DOM-solution continuously (percolation rate 8<!--> <!-->mm<span><math><mi>⋅</mi></math></span>h<sup>−1</sup>, except for a 9-week flow stop at the beginning of the experiment). In addition, three columns were packed only with aluandic material to gain additional information on the solution entering the silandic material. Among others, silicon (Si) and Al, pH, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the feed and eluate solutions were monitored over a period of 20 months. We modelled the percolation experiment with the convection–dispersion equation as implemented in HYDRUS-1D to estimate the amount of retained DOC in the silandic material. Changes in OC concentration and mineral phases were tracked by analysing the column materials after 0, 8, and 20 months for OC concentrations, oxalate-extractable Al, Si, and iron (Fe) concentrations, and by X-ray diffraction.</div><div>Our results show that percolation had little to no effect on the aluandic material. However, for the silandic eluate the molar Al:Si ratio was well below the oxalate-extractable Alox:Siox molar ratio of the silandic material itself. This hints at desilification, while Al and OC are retained relative to Si and hence supporting the hypothesis of SROAS dissolution and neo-formation of Al-OM complexes. The latter explained up to 70<!--> <!-->% of the massive OC accumulation of 14<!--> <!-->mg<span><math><mi>⋅</mi></math></span>g<sup>−1</sup> in the silandic material, while vertical Al-OM transport and sorption played a minor role. This was supported by the HYDRUS-1D modelling, suggesting that sorption of DOM to the silandic material only dominates in ","PeriodicalId":12511,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma","volume":"466 ","pages":"Article 117689"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146072101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Soil plant-derived carbon (PDC) and microbial-derived carbon (MDC) represent the two primary sources of soil organic carbon (SOC). The relative proportions of these carbon (C) sources shape SOC composition, accumulation, stability, and turnover. Dryland ecosystems, while serving as critical C reservoirs, are particularly vulnerable to climate change. However, the influence of aridity on PDC and MDC sequestration remains understudied at the regional scale, which limits our ability to understand and predict soil C dynamics in drylands under the context of global warming. To address this knowledge gap, we measured PDC, MDC, and associated biotic and abiotic variables at 90 sampling sites along a ∼ 3000 km transect across the Mongolian Plateau. We examined the biogeographical distribution patterns of PDC and MDC along a natural aridity gradient. Our findings revealed that both PDC and MDC declined concurrently in response to increasing aridity. Based on the contributions of PDC and MDC to SOC, we identified the shifting point marking the transition in the dominance of different pathways of the microbial C pump. This shifting point was further validated using microbial C use efficiency (CUE) and soil extracellular enzyme activity. In subhumid-semiarid region (aridity = 0.37), the contribution of PDC to SOC exceeds that of MDC, coupled with higher extracellular enzyme activity, indicating the dominance of ex vivo modification. Here, PDC formation is primarily driven by the microbial fragmentation of abundant plant litter. High precipitation and nutrient availability in these areas further support the conversion of microbial biomass C into MDC. In contrast, in semiarid region (aridity = 0.78), the contribution of PDC to SOC is lower than that of MDC, coupled with higher microbial CUE, indicating the dominance of in vivo turnover. MDC accumulation is promoted by physical protection mechanisms, such as increased clay and silt content, while PDC formation is constrained by limited root C inputs. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of SOC sequestration in drylands and emphasize the need to consider both PDC and MDC in strategies aimed at preserving the terrestrial C sink under current and future climate change.
{"title":"Aridity dependency of soil plant- and microbial-derived carbon in mongolia plateau in northern China","authors":"Shaoyu Li, Lishan Yang, Feng Zhang, Jiahua Zheng, Bin Zhang, Guodong Han, Mengli Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117706","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117706","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil plant-derived carbon (PDC) and microbial-derived carbon (MDC) represent the two primary sources of soil organic carbon (SOC). The relative proportions of these carbon (C) sources shape SOC composition, accumulation, stability, and turnover. Dryland ecosystems, while serving as critical C reservoirs, are particularly vulnerable to climate change. However, the influence of aridity on PDC and MDC sequestration remains understudied at the regional scale, which limits our ability to understand and predict soil C dynamics in drylands under the context of global warming. To address this knowledge gap, we measured PDC, MDC, and associated biotic and abiotic variables at 90 sampling sites along a ∼ 3000 km transect across the Mongolian Plateau. We examined the biogeographical distribution patterns of PDC and MDC along a natural aridity gradient. Our findings revealed that both PDC and MDC declined concurrently in response to increasing aridity. Based on the contributions of PDC and MDC to SOC, we identified the shifting point marking the transition in the dominance of different pathways of the microbial C pump. This shifting point was further validated using microbial C use efficiency (CUE) and soil extracellular enzyme activity. In subhumid-semiarid region (aridity = 0.37), the contribution of PDC to SOC exceeds that of MDC, coupled with higher extracellular enzyme activity, indicating the dominance of <em>ex vivo</em> modification. Here, PDC formation is primarily driven by the microbial fragmentation of abundant plant litter. High precipitation and nutrient availability in these areas further support the conversion of microbial biomass C into MDC. In contrast, in semiarid region (aridity = 0.78), the contribution of PDC to SOC is lower than that of MDC, coupled with higher microbial CUE, indicating the dominance of <em>in vivo</em> turnover. MDC accumulation is promoted by physical protection mechanisms, such as increased clay and silt content, while PDC formation is constrained by limited root C inputs. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of SOC sequestration in drylands and emphasize the need to consider both PDC and MDC in strategies aimed at preserving the terrestrial C sink under current and future climate change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12511,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma","volume":"466 ","pages":"Article 117706"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146048416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117676
Hong-Xia Cui , Qing-Fang Bi , Jun Ye , Yu-Chen Li , Hu Liao , Jian-Qiang Su
Earthworm guts are a reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). However, the role of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) between bacteriophages and their hosts in amplifying ARG proliferation within this niche remains limited. To address this knowledge gap, we analyzed paired metagenomes from Metaphire californica guts and surrounding soil collected from farmland in Zhejiang, China. Earthworm guts harbored greater ARG diversity than soil (323 vs 303 subtypes), with significantly elevated abundances of macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin (MLS), novobiocin, rifamycin, and tetracycline resistance determinants. Consistent with this, viral diversity was also higher in the earthworm gut comparing with soil. We recovered 67 microbial metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) and 5,703 viral operational taxonomic units (vOTUs), which enabled us to evaluate the contribution of viruses to ARG dissemination across different environments. Notably, virus-encoded ARGs were distributed across 43 Resfams families (RFs), with 32 detected in earthworm gut and only 23 in soil. Crucially, 1,568 potential HGT events between vOTUs and MAGs were identified, with a significantly higher frequency observed in the earthworm gut (1,110 events) compared to soil (458 events). Interestingly, the potential HGT regions against the Resfams database revealed that 32 gut-associated HGT events involved 11 RFs, whereas only 12 events associated with 5 RFs were detected in soil. These findings reveal the earthworm gut’s role in accelerating antibiotic resistance proliferation within agricultural ecosystems, highlighting the interconnected health risks emphasized by the One Health framework.
{"title":"Horizontal gene transfer between bacteriophages and their hosts is a key factor in the bloom of antibiotic resistance genes in Metaphire californica","authors":"Hong-Xia Cui , Qing-Fang Bi , Jun Ye , Yu-Chen Li , Hu Liao , Jian-Qiang Su","doi":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117676","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117676","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Earthworm guts are a reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). However, the role of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) between bacteriophages and their hosts in amplifying ARG proliferation within this niche remains limited. To address this knowledge gap, we analyzed paired metagenomes from <em>Metaphire californica</em> guts and surrounding soil collected from farmland in Zhejiang, China. Earthworm guts harbored greater ARG diversity than soil (323 vs 303 subtypes), with significantly elevated abundances of macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin (MLS), novobiocin, rifamycin, and tetracycline resistance determinants. Consistent with this, viral diversity was also higher in the earthworm gut comparing with soil. We recovered 67 microbial metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) and 5,703 viral operational taxonomic units (vOTUs), which enabled us to evaluate the contribution of viruses to ARG dissemination across different environments.<!--> <!-->Notably, virus-encoded ARGs were distributed across 43 Resfams families (RFs), with 32 detected in earthworm gut and only 23 in soil. Crucially, 1,568 potential HGT events between vOTUs and MAGs were identified, with a significantly higher frequency observed in the earthworm gut (1,110 events) compared to soil (458 events). Interestingly, the potential HGT regions against the Resfams database revealed that 32 gut-associated HGT events involved 11 RFs, whereas only 12 events associated with 5 RFs were detected in soil. These findings reveal the earthworm gut’s role in accelerating antibiotic resistance proliferation within agricultural ecosystems, highlighting the interconnected health risks emphasized by the One Health framework.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12511,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma","volume":"466 ","pages":"Article 117676"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146001553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117691
Sitong Pan , Wenqing Wang , Miaoyue Zhang , Ying Li , Ning Wang , Jingna Liu , Xiaoqian Jiang
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (4-CPA) exhibit high water solubility and mobility, leading to low utilization efficiency and environmental contamination. Research into controlling the migration and leaching of multiple pesticides in complex soil environments remains relatively limited. This study employed Mg-Al layered double hydroxides (LDHs) to control the loss of 2,4-D and 4-CPA simultaneously. Here, adsorption kinetics experiments, density functional theory (DFT) calculations, column experiments and numerical models were conducted to investigate the adsorption mechanisms of the two herbicides onto LDHs, the co-/transport and co-/release behaviors of the herbicides in soil with the addition of LDHs. Outer-sphere complexation was the predominant adsorption mechanism for 4-CPA with LDHs, while outer-sphere and inner-sphere complexation occurred between 2,4-D and LDHs. DFT calculations indicated lower adsorption energy and greater adsorption strength between LDHs and 2,4-D compared to that between LDHs and 4-CPA. The retention of two herbicides in the soil increased by 8.99–22.46 % with 0.5 wt% LDHs and increased with the decrease of pH values and ionic strength (IS) of soil solution. The release amounts of 4-CPA and 2,4-D from LDHs in soil columns increased by 9.06 % and 12.05 % when the IS of K+ decreased from 100 to 0 mM, and increased by 11.12 % and 15.49 % in the presence of 25 mM carbonate. LDHs exerted a greater loss control effect on the simultaneous application of both herbicides. Either 2,4-D or 4-CPA would lead to the release of each other with the addition of LDHs. Pot experiment results further verified that the addition of LDHs in soil could reduce the loss of the herbicides by up to 77.29 %, which brought greater germination control of Abutilon theophrasti. This study provides novel mechanistic insights into the differential adsorption and transport of coexisting herbicides controlled by LDHS under complex environmental conditions, offering promising strategies for enhancing herbicide efficacy and mitigating environmental risks in sustainable agriculture.
{"title":"Comparative adsorption mechanism and transport behaviors of 2,4-D and 4-CPA in soil column with addition of Mg-Al layered double hydroxides","authors":"Sitong Pan , Wenqing Wang , Miaoyue Zhang , Ying Li , Ning Wang , Jingna Liu , Xiaoqian Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117691","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117691","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (4-CPA) exhibit high water solubility and mobility, leading to low utilization efficiency and environmental contamination. Research into controlling the migration and leaching of multiple pesticides in complex soil environments remains relatively limited. This study employed Mg-Al layered double hydroxides (LDHs) to control the loss of 2,4-D and 4-CPA simultaneously. Here, adsorption kinetics experiments, density functional theory (DFT) calculations, column experiments and numerical models were conducted to investigate the adsorption mechanisms of the two herbicides onto LDHs, the co-/transport and co-/release behaviors of the herbicides in soil with the addition of LDHs. Outer-sphere complexation was the predominant adsorption mechanism for 4-CPA with LDHs, while outer-sphere and inner-sphere complexation occurred between 2,4-D and LDHs. DFT calculations indicated lower adsorption energy and greater adsorption strength between LDHs and 2,4-D compared to that between LDHs and 4-CPA. The retention of two herbicides in the soil increased by 8.99–22.46 % with 0.5 wt% LDHs and increased with the decrease of pH values and ionic strength (IS) of soil solution. The release amounts of 4-CPA and 2,4-D from LDHs in soil columns increased by 9.06 % and 12.05 % when the IS of K<sup>+</sup> decreased from 100 to 0 mM, and increased by 11.12 % and 15.49 % in the presence of 25 mM carbonate. LDHs exerted a greater loss control effect on the simultaneous application of both herbicides. Either 2,4-D or 4-CPA would lead to the release of each other with the addition of LDHs. Pot experiment results further verified that the addition of LDHs in soil could reduce the loss of the herbicides by up to 77.29 %, which brought greater germination control of <em>Abutilon theophrasti</em>. This study provides novel mechanistic insights into the differential adsorption and transport of coexisting herbicides controlled by LDH<sub>S</sub> under complex environmental conditions, offering promising strategies for enhancing herbicide efficacy and mitigating environmental risks in sustainable agriculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12511,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma","volume":"466 ","pages":"Article 117691"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146014530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117693
Shenzheng Wang , Xin Sui , Haixiu Zhong , Xiaoyu Fu , Rongtao Zhang , Yingnan Liu
<div><div>Climate warming and human activities have led to widespread expansion of shrubs in many wetlands, altering the distribution patterns of native vegetation and disrupting C cycling. Although the effects of shrub expansion on soil microbial communities and methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) emissions have been extensively studied, the specific microbial-mediated pathways involved in methane cycling remain unexplored. The static chamber method was used to investigate the characteristics of CH<sub>4</sub> emission flux changes under different levels of shrub expansion. Additionally, metagenomics technology was employed to assess the effects of different shrub expansion levels on soil microbial community composition, function, and diversity (bacteria and fungi), as well as the methane metabolic pathways mediated by these communities. Shrub expansion in wetlands was categorized into four classes based on shrub coverage. We found that methane flux decreased significantly with increasing shrub expansion, with cumulative emissions under extensive expansion conditions being only 28 % of those under no expansion conditions. The peak emissions on August 15 under no expansion conditions were 2–3 times higher than those in shrub-expanded plots. The partial least squares path model (PLS-PM, GOF = 0.731) indicated that shrub expansion enhanced soil physicochemical properties (β = 0.865), which inhibited methanogenic genes (β = −0.617) and activated methane oxidation pathways (total effect β = 0.728). Methane-oxidizing genes contributed the most to CH<sub>4</sub> reduction, accounting for 72.4 % of the pathway effect. This was primarily manifested as inhibition of key genes involved in the acetate pathway for methane production (comB and hdrA) and upregulation of methane-oxidizing-related genes (mmoB and DAK). Shrub expansion significantly increased soil ammonium nitrogen content while reducing soil moisture content. Although bacterial α diversity remained unchanged, the fungal Chao1 index significantly increased. Additionally, MI and HI treatments significantly altered bacterial community structure, while fungal communities remained relatively stable. The relative abundance of Verrucomicrobia initially increased with shrub expansion but decreased at higher levels, while Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Mucoromycota showed significant increases. The study suggests that the reduction in CH<sub>4</sub> emissions caused by shrub expansion is primarily regulated by a synergistic pathway involving the combined effects of soil physicochemical properties and oxidative microbial genes. Furthermore, bacterial communities are more sensitive to shrub expansion than fungal communities. These results highlight the complex interactions between aboveground vegetation dynamics, soil microbial communities, greenhouse gas fluxes, and environmental factors. However, this CH<sub>4</sub> reduction likely reflects hydrological degradation and wetland desiccation, which may increase CO<su
{"title":"Effects of shrub expansion on methane emissions from temperate wetlands and their regulatory mechanisms","authors":"Shenzheng Wang , Xin Sui , Haixiu Zhong , Xiaoyu Fu , Rongtao Zhang , Yingnan Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117693","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117693","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate warming and human activities have led to widespread expansion of shrubs in many wetlands, altering the distribution patterns of native vegetation and disrupting C cycling. Although the effects of shrub expansion on soil microbial communities and methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) emissions have been extensively studied, the specific microbial-mediated pathways involved in methane cycling remain unexplored. The static chamber method was used to investigate the characteristics of CH<sub>4</sub> emission flux changes under different levels of shrub expansion. Additionally, metagenomics technology was employed to assess the effects of different shrub expansion levels on soil microbial community composition, function, and diversity (bacteria and fungi), as well as the methane metabolic pathways mediated by these communities. Shrub expansion in wetlands was categorized into four classes based on shrub coverage. We found that methane flux decreased significantly with increasing shrub expansion, with cumulative emissions under extensive expansion conditions being only 28 % of those under no expansion conditions. The peak emissions on August 15 under no expansion conditions were 2–3 times higher than those in shrub-expanded plots. The partial least squares path model (PLS-PM, GOF = 0.731) indicated that shrub expansion enhanced soil physicochemical properties (β = 0.865), which inhibited methanogenic genes (β = −0.617) and activated methane oxidation pathways (total effect β = 0.728). Methane-oxidizing genes contributed the most to CH<sub>4</sub> reduction, accounting for 72.4 % of the pathway effect. This was primarily manifested as inhibition of key genes involved in the acetate pathway for methane production (comB and hdrA) and upregulation of methane-oxidizing-related genes (mmoB and DAK). Shrub expansion significantly increased soil ammonium nitrogen content while reducing soil moisture content. Although bacterial α diversity remained unchanged, the fungal Chao1 index significantly increased. Additionally, MI and HI treatments significantly altered bacterial community structure, while fungal communities remained relatively stable. The relative abundance of Verrucomicrobia initially increased with shrub expansion but decreased at higher levels, while Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Mucoromycota showed significant increases. The study suggests that the reduction in CH<sub>4</sub> emissions caused by shrub expansion is primarily regulated by a synergistic pathway involving the combined effects of soil physicochemical properties and oxidative microbial genes. Furthermore, bacterial communities are more sensitive to shrub expansion than fungal communities. These results highlight the complex interactions between aboveground vegetation dynamics, soil microbial communities, greenhouse gas fluxes, and environmental factors. However, this CH<sub>4</sub> reduction likely reflects hydrological degradation and wetland desiccation, which may increase CO<su","PeriodicalId":12511,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma","volume":"466 ","pages":"Article 117693"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146014829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2025.117670
Thanh Thuy Nguyen Tu , Marion Texier , Rania Krimou , Philippe Biron , Sylvie Collin , Emmanuel Aubry , Mercedes Mendez-Millan , Christelle Anquetil , Caroline Kunz , Frédéric Delarue , Marie A. Alexis , Joëlle Dupont
This work aimed at better documenting the effects of fungal activity on dissolved organic matter (OM) in soils. Dynamics of water-extractable OM (as surrogate for dissolved OM) quantity and chemical quality was monitored during a ca. 6 month microcosm incubation of plant residues in the presence of fungi. Differential 13C-labelling of metabolites vs structural compounds of the incubated residues further allowed clarifying the balance between fungal mineralisation and production of soluble compounds (through biosynthesis and/or decomposition). The fungus Trichoderma harzianum was mainly active during the first weeks of incubation, substantially mineralizing WEOM, preferentially consuming carbohydrates. The fungus induced chemical modification of WEOM, notably selective preservation of lipids and oxidation of lignin moieties. While T. harzianum probably degraded some insoluble structural molecules and produced biomass, these contributions to bulk WEOM appeared minor (when compared with leaching and mineralization), either because non-significant or entering non-extractable carbon pool. Additionally, characterization of control fungus-free microcosms, highlighted the potential role of abiotic processes on WEOM production, including leaching and depolymerisation by extracellular enzymes, notably of carbohydrate rich (insoluble) macromolecules.
{"title":"Dissolved organic matter dynamics and chemistry under fungal activity: A microcosm incubation with litter differentially 13C-labelled","authors":"Thanh Thuy Nguyen Tu , Marion Texier , Rania Krimou , Philippe Biron , Sylvie Collin , Emmanuel Aubry , Mercedes Mendez-Millan , Christelle Anquetil , Caroline Kunz , Frédéric Delarue , Marie A. Alexis , Joëlle Dupont","doi":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2025.117670","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2025.117670","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work aimed at better documenting the effects of fungal activity on dissolved organic matter (OM) in soils. Dynamics of water-extractable OM (as surrogate for dissolved OM) quantity and chemical quality was monitored during a ca. 6 month microcosm incubation of plant residues in the presence of fungi. Differential <sup>13</sup>C-labelling of metabolites vs structural compounds of the incubated residues further allowed clarifying the balance between fungal mineralisation and production of soluble compounds (through biosynthesis and/or decomposition). The fungus <em>Trichoderma harzianum</em> was mainly active during the first weeks of incubation, substantially mineralizing WEOM, preferentially consuming carbohydrates. The fungus induced chemical modification of WEOM, notably selective preservation of lipids and oxidation of lignin moieties. While <em>T. harzianum</em> probably degraded some insoluble structural molecules and produced biomass, these contributions to bulk WEOM appeared minor (when compared with leaching and mineralization), either because non-significant or entering non-extractable carbon pool. Additionally, characterization of control fungus-free microcosms, highlighted the potential role of abiotic processes on WEOM production, including leaching and depolymerisation by extracellular enzymes, notably of carbohydrate rich (insoluble) macromolecules.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12511,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma","volume":"466 ","pages":"Article 117670"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146014535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117696
Jia Liu , Dongliang Luo , Shizhen Li , Chenyang Peng , Fangfang Chen , Kefei Du , Qingbai Wu , Huijun Jin , Yajuan Zao , Qi Shen
Ground surface temperature (GST) serves as the upper thermal boundary condition governing the thermal regime of permafrost, yet its fine-scale spatial heterogeneity associated with complex surface characteristics remains a critical uncertainty, largely due to a scarcity of high-density in-situ observations. To bridge this gap, we established a multi-scale systematic monitoring network in June-July 2023 at a representative alpine meadow site in the Headwater Area of the Yellow River, northeastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. The network comprises two regular grids with extents of 100 m × 100 m and 1000 m × 1000 m (121 nodes each), capturing hourly GST dynamics. By integrating thermal data with high-resolution (0.1 m) unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-derived fractional vegetation cover (FVC), we identified a non-linear vegetation forcing mechanism. A cooling optimum was observed at medium FVC (0.5–0.75), yielding the lowest MAGST (−0.56 ± 0.06 °C and −0.71 ± 0.12 °C for the 100-m and 1000-m grids, respectively) by effectively offsetting summer radiative heating against winter insulation. Conversely, low FVC grid points showed amplified diurnal variability (up to 6.09 °C). Spatial analysis revealed scale-dependent thermal regimes: the fine-scale 100-m grid highlighted localized heat accumulation linked to micro-scale surface heterogeneity, while the 1000-m grid showed seasonal structural instability, where coherent spatial patterns disintegrated during winter. These findings provide critical, scale-dependent constraints for calibrating process-based permafrost models.
{"title":"100-m and 1000-m regular grid observations reveal vegetation-controlled ground surface thermal differentiation in the alpine permafrost of the Headwater Area of the Yellow River","authors":"Jia Liu , Dongliang Luo , Shizhen Li , Chenyang Peng , Fangfang Chen , Kefei Du , Qingbai Wu , Huijun Jin , Yajuan Zao , Qi Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117696","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117696","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ground surface temperature (GST) serves as the upper thermal boundary condition governing the thermal regime of permafrost, yet its fine-scale spatial heterogeneity associated with complex surface characteristics remains a critical uncertainty, largely due to a scarcity of high-density <em>in-situ</em> observations. To bridge this gap, we established a multi-scale systematic monitoring network in June-July 2023 at a representative alpine meadow site in the Headwater Area of the Yellow River, northeastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. The network comprises two regular grids with extents of 100 m × 100 m and 1000 m × 1000 m (121 nodes each), capturing hourly GST dynamics. By integrating thermal data with high-resolution (0.1 m) unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-derived fractional vegetation cover (FVC), we identified a non-linear vegetation forcing mechanism. A cooling optimum was observed at medium FVC (0.5–0.75), yielding the lowest MAGST (−0.56 ± 0.06 °C and −0.71 ± 0.12 °C for the 100-m and 1000-m grids, respectively) by effectively offsetting summer radiative heating against winter insulation. Conversely, low FVC grid points showed amplified diurnal variability (up to 6.09 °C). Spatial analysis revealed scale-dependent thermal regimes: the fine-scale 100-m grid highlighted localized heat accumulation linked to micro-scale<!--> <!-->surface heterogeneity, while the 1000-m grid showed seasonal structural instability, where coherent spatial patterns disintegrated during winter. These findings provide critical, scale-dependent constraints for calibrating process-based permafrost models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12511,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma","volume":"466 ","pages":"Article 117696"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146071602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117684
Vipin Singh , Teodor Chiaburu , Einar Eberhardt , Stefan Broda , Joey Prüssing , Frank Haußer , Felix Bießmann
Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI), in particular foundation models, have improved the state of the art in many application domains including geosciences. Some specific problems, however, could not benefit from this progress yet. Soil horizon classification, for instance, remains challenging because of its multimodal and multitask characteristics and a complex hierarchically structured label taxonomy. Accurate classification of soil horizons is crucial for monitoring soil condition, which directly impacts agricultural productivity, food security, ecosystem stability and climate resilience. In this work, we propose SoilNet - a multimodal multitask model to tackle this problem through a structured modularized pipeline. In contrast to omnipurpose AI foundation models, our approach is designed to be inherently transparent by following the task structure human experts developed for solving this challenging annotation task. The proposed approach integrates image data and geotemporal metadata to first predict depth markers, segmenting the soil profile into horizon candidates. Each segment is characterized by a set of horizon-specific morphological features. Finally, horizon labels are predicted based on the multimodal concatenated feature vector, leveraging a graph-based label representation to account for the complex hierarchical relationships among soil horizons. Our method is designed to address complex hierarchical classification, where the number of possible labels is very large, imbalanced and non-trivially structured. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach on a real-world soil profile dataset and a comprehensive user study with domain experts. Our empirical evaluations demonstrate that SoilNet reliably predicts soil horizons that are plausible and accurate. User study results indicate that SoilNet achieves predictive performance on par with or better than that of human experts in soil horizon classification. All code and experiments can be found in our repository: https://github.com/calgo-lab/BGR/.
{"title":"SoilNet: A multimodal multitask model for hierarchical classification of soil horizons","authors":"Vipin Singh , Teodor Chiaburu , Einar Eberhardt , Stefan Broda , Joey Prüssing , Frank Haußer , Felix Bießmann","doi":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117684","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117684","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI), in particular foundation models, have improved the state of the art in many application domains including geosciences. Some specific problems, however, could not benefit from this progress yet. Soil horizon classification, for instance, remains challenging because of its multimodal and multitask characteristics and a complex hierarchically structured label taxonomy. Accurate classification of soil horizons is crucial for monitoring soil condition, which directly impacts agricultural productivity, food security, ecosystem stability and climate resilience. In this work, we propose <em>SoilNet</em> - a multimodal multitask model to tackle this problem through a structured modularized pipeline. In contrast to omnipurpose AI foundation models, our approach is designed to be inherently transparent by following the task structure human experts developed for solving this challenging annotation task. The proposed approach integrates image data and geotemporal metadata to first predict depth markers, segmenting the soil profile into horizon candidates. Each segment is characterized by a set of horizon-specific morphological features. Finally, horizon labels are predicted based on the multimodal concatenated feature vector, leveraging a graph-based label representation to account for the complex hierarchical relationships among soil horizons. Our method is designed to address complex hierarchical classification, where the number of possible labels is very large, imbalanced and non-trivially structured. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach on a real-world soil profile dataset and a comprehensive user study with domain experts. Our empirical evaluations demonstrate that SoilNet reliably predicts soil horizons that are plausible and accurate. User study results indicate that SoilNet achieves predictive performance on par with or better than that of human experts in soil horizon classification. All code and experiments can be found in our repository: <span><span>https://github.com/calgo-lab/BGR/</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12511,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma","volume":"466 ","pages":"Article 117684"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146014526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117690
Hongliang Li, Charles R. Warren, Andrew J. Holmes, Claudia Keitel, Feike A. Dijkstra
Earthworms affect soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition and C stabilization into mineral associated organic matter (MAOM) following fresh organic matter input. However, it remains untested how these earthworm-induced C dynamics vary with the rate of fresh organic matter input and soil texture and how they are associated with soil microbial C use efficiency (CUE). Herein, we conducted a 48-day incubation to investigate the impact of earthworms on soil C dynamics following litter input, as well as the relationships of C dynamics with microbial CUE. The experimental set-up consisted of three factors including earthworms (with and without), 13C-labeled grass litter input rate (0, 1 and 6 g C kg−1 soil) and soil texture (grassland soils with either clay or sand addition). Earthworms increased SOC decomposition without litter input by 9 % − 13 %, while amplifying the priming effect (PE) in soil with clay and sand addition at the highest litter addition by 24 % − 139 %, but decreasing the PE in soil with sand and low litter addition by 32 %. In soil with sand addition, earthworms increased MAOM formation efficiency from litter (fraction of added litter C stabilized in MAOM) by 17 % − 23 %, and the litter C sequestration quotient (litter-derived C in MAOM divided by the sum of litter derived C in MAOM and respiration) by 10 % − 27 %. However, earthworm-induced changes in SOC decomposition, PE and MAOM formation were not associated with earthworm-induced changes in microbial CUE. In conclusion, earthworms can facilitate SOC accrual more in soils with sand addition through disproportional amplification of SOC stabilization compared with SOC loss through decomposition. The influence of earthworms on SOC accrual is more likely driven by physicochemical protection of SOC rather than by changes in microbial metabolism.
蚯蚓影响新鲜有机质输入后土壤有机碳（SOC）分解和碳稳定为矿物伴生有机质（MAOM）。然而，这些蚯蚓诱导的碳动态如何随新鲜有机质输入速率和土壤质地而变化，以及它们如何与土壤微生物碳利用效率（CUE）相关，仍未得到验证。本研究通过48天的培养，研究了蚯蚓对凋落物输入后土壤C动态的影响，以及C动态与微生物CUE的关系。实验设置包括三个因素，包括蚯蚓（有和没有），13c标记的草凋落物输入率（0,1和6 g C kg - 1土壤）和土壤质地（添加粘土或沙子的草地土壤）。蚯蚓使无凋落物输入的土壤有机碳分解提高了9% ~ 13%，而在凋落物添加量最大的土壤中，添加粘土和沙子的土壤的启动效应（PE）提高了24% ~ 139%，而在添加沙子和低凋落物的土壤中，PE降低了32%。在添加沙子的土壤中，蚯蚓使凋落物中MAOM的形成效率（添加的凋落物C稳定在MAOM中的比例）提高了17% ~ 23%，凋落物C的固存商（MAOM中凋落物衍生的C除以MAOM中凋落物衍生的C和呼吸的总和）提高了10% ~ 27%。然而，蚯蚓诱导的SOC分解、PE和MAOM形成的变化与蚯蚓诱导的微生物CUE变化无关。综上所述，蚯蚓通过对土壤有机碳稳定化的不成比例放大，促进了土壤有机碳的积累，而不是通过分解导致的有机碳损失。蚯蚓对有机碳积累的影响更可能是由有机碳的物理化学保护驱动的，而不是由微生物代谢的变化驱动的。
{"title":"Earthworms facilitate soil mineral associated organic matter formation but increase priming effect depending on litter addition and soil texture","authors":"Hongliang Li, Charles R. Warren, Andrew J. Holmes, Claudia Keitel, Feike A. Dijkstra","doi":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117690","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117690","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Earthworms affect soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition and C stabilization into mineral associated organic matter (MAOM) following fresh organic matter input. However, it remains untested how these earthworm-induced C dynamics vary with the rate of fresh organic matter input and soil texture and how they are associated with soil microbial C use efficiency (CUE). Herein, we conducted a 48-day incubation to investigate the impact of earthworms on soil C dynamics following litter input, as well as the relationships of C dynamics with microbial CUE. The experimental set-up consisted of three factors including earthworms (with and without), <sup>13</sup>C-labeled grass litter input rate (0, 1 and 6 g C kg<sup>−1</sup> soil) and soil texture (grassland soils with either clay or sand addition). Earthworms increased SOC decomposition without litter input by 9 % − 13 %, while amplifying the priming effect (PE) in soil with clay and sand addition at the highest litter addition by 24 % − 139 %, but decreasing the PE in soil with sand and low litter addition by 32 %. In soil with sand addition, earthworms increased MAOM formation efficiency from litter (fraction of added litter C stabilized in MAOM) by 17 % − 23 %, and the litter C sequestration quotient (litter-derived C in MAOM divided by the sum of litter derived C in MAOM and respiration) by 10 % − 27 %. However, earthworm-induced changes in SOC decomposition, PE and MAOM formation were not associated with earthworm-induced changes in microbial CUE. In conclusion, earthworms can facilitate SOC accrual more in soils with sand addition through disproportional amplification of SOC stabilization compared with SOC loss through decomposition. The influence of earthworms on SOC accrual is more likely driven by physicochemical protection of SOC rather than by changes in microbial metabolism.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12511,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma","volume":"466 ","pages":"Article 117690"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146033236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117713
Yanna Luo , Yunbo Niu , Wentao Pan , Lei Shi , Yingqiang Zhang , Xinxin Ye , Qizhong Xiong , Bingqiang Zhao , Jianyuan Jing
It is widely accepted that humic acid-enhanced phosphate fertilizers (HAEP) improve crop yield and phosphorus (P) use efficiency, largely because the carboxyl-rich structure of humic acid (HA) reduces P fixation and enhances soil P availability. However, this prevailing view overlooks the potential structural transformations of HA in soil and its localized regulation of P availability—restricted to the phosphate fertilizer fertosphere (PFF) rather than the bulk soil. In this study, we simulated the PFF to examine how HA influences the migration, transformation, and availability of P within the PFF. Using multispectral analysis, we characterized structural changes of HA and its corresponding ability to inhibit P immobilization within the PFF. We also identified the key microbial drivers, thereby clarifying the mechanisms through which HA regulates P availability in this microzone. Compared with that of the control, HA amendment resulted in greater migration of PFF-derived P over 90 days: cumulative migration increased by 10.7%, the migration distance extended by 0.40 mm, and the effective radius of the available P-enriched zones around the fertosphere expanded by 0.84 mm. The increased P availability might be attributed to two main mechanisms. First, the increase in HA-specific surface area and the accumulation of fungal necromass provided additional sites for ion adsorption, thereby inhibiting the transformation of P into insoluble forms. Second, HA slowed the luxury uptake of P by microorganisms, effectively reducing its biological fixation. Notably, the carboxyl functional groups of HA contributed minimally to this improvement. Instead, HA within the PFF underwent progressive depletion of carboxyl groups, mediated jointly by soil bacteria and fungi. HA enhances both the P supply area and the intensity of PFF primarily through microbial-driven structural modifications that maintain its ion-adsorption capacity. These findings offer new perspectives for re-evaluating the efficiency-enhancing mechanisms of HAEP.
{"title":"Microbial-mediated structural changes in humic acid increase phosphorus availability in the fertosphere","authors":"Yanna Luo , Yunbo Niu , Wentao Pan , Lei Shi , Yingqiang Zhang , Xinxin Ye , Qizhong Xiong , Bingqiang Zhao , Jianyuan Jing","doi":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117713","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117713","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>It is widely accepted that humic acid-enhanced phosphate fertilizers (HAEP) improve crop yield and phosphorus (P) use efficiency, largely because the carboxyl-rich structure of humic acid (HA) reduces P fixation and enhances soil P availability. However, this prevailing view overlooks the potential structural transformations of HA in soil and its localized regulation of P availability—restricted to the phosphate fertilizer fertosphere (PFF) rather than the bulk soil. In this study, we simulated the PFF to examine how HA influences the migration, transformation, and availability of P within the PFF. Using multispectral analysis, we characterized structural changes of HA and its corresponding ability to inhibit P immobilization within the PFF. We also identified the key microbial drivers, thereby clarifying the mechanisms through which HA regulates P availability in this microzone. Compared with that of the control, HA amendment resulted in greater migration of PFF-derived P over 90 days: cumulative migration increased by 10.7%, the migration distance extended by 0.40 mm, and the effective radius of the available P-enriched zones around the fertosphere expanded by 0.84 mm. The increased P availability might be attributed to two main mechanisms. First, the increase in HA-specific surface area and the accumulation of fungal necromass provided additional sites for ion adsorption, thereby inhibiting the transformation of P into insoluble forms. Second, HA slowed the luxury uptake of P by microorganisms, effectively reducing its biological fixation. Notably, the carboxyl functional groups of HA contributed minimally to this improvement. Instead, HA within the PFF underwent progressive depletion of carboxyl groups, mediated jointly by soil bacteria and fungi. HA enhances both the P supply area and the intensity of PFF primarily through microbial-driven structural modifications that maintain its ion-adsorption capacity. These findings offer new perspectives for re-evaluating the efficiency-enhancing mechanisms of HAEP.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12511,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma","volume":"466 ","pages":"Article 117713"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146134161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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