Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-02-10DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117723
Jonathan Y. Lin , Daoyuan Wang , Cameron K. McMillan , King C. Law , Kate M. Scow , Jorge L. Mazza Rodrigues
Microorganisms live in communities within and on the surface of soil aggregates of varying sizes. A growing body of evidence suggests that different size fractions of aggregates are habitats for distinct microbial communities, but comparisons have been difficult owing to different aggregate separation methods. Two aggregate isolation methods, dry and wet sieving, originating from field moist and dried soils were used to investigate their effects on the prokaryotic and fungal communities in four aggregate size fractions (large macroaggregates (>2000 μm), small macroaggregates (250–2000 μm), microaggregates (53–250 μm), and silt & clay (<53 μm)) using metabarcoding of the 16S rRNA gene and internal transcribed spacer. While prokaryotic community composition among treatments in each of the four size fractions was different, the composition and alpha diversity for fungi were more resistant to change in large and small macroaggregates than in the microaggregate and silt & clay fractions. The average prokaryotic ribosomal RNA copy number and genome size increased in all aggregate size fractions when soils were dried before sieving. Decisions on which aggregate separation method to use depend heavily on the questions one is interested in, but soil storage conditions between sample collection and sieving are highlighted as driving the biggest differences in microbial community composition.
{"title":"Differential responses of prokaryotic and fungal communities in soil microenvironments to drying and wetting as affected by soil aggregate isolation method","authors":"Jonathan Y. Lin , Daoyuan Wang , Cameron K. McMillan , King C. Law , Kate M. Scow , Jorge L. Mazza Rodrigues","doi":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117723","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117723","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microorganisms live in communities within and on the surface of soil aggregates of varying sizes. A growing body of evidence suggests that different size fractions of aggregates are habitats for distinct microbial communities, but comparisons have been difficult owing to different aggregate separation methods. Two aggregate isolation methods, dry and wet sieving, originating from field moist and dried soils were used to investigate their effects on the prokaryotic and fungal communities in four aggregate size fractions (large macroaggregates (>2000 μm), small macroaggregates (250–2000 μm), microaggregates (53–250 μm), and silt & clay (<53 μm)) using metabarcoding of the 16S rRNA gene and internal transcribed spacer. While prokaryotic community composition among treatments in each of the four size fractions was different, the composition and alpha diversity for fungi were more resistant to change in large and small macroaggregates than in the microaggregate and silt & clay fractions. The average prokaryotic ribosomal RNA copy number and genome size increased in all aggregate size fractions when soils were dried before sieving. Decisions on which aggregate separation method to use depend heavily on the questions one is interested in, but soil storage conditions between sample collection and sieving are highlighted as driving the biggest differences in microbial community composition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12511,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma","volume":"467 ","pages":"Article 117723"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146152898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-02-13DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117731
Mingyuan Hu , Xiaoqin Dai , Yakov Kuzyakov , Decai Gao , Shengwang Meng , Sidan Lyu , Zhou Yang , Xinyu Zhang , Xiaoli Fu , Liang Kou , Fengting Yang , Xuefa Wen , Huimin Wang
Although mineral protection plays a pivotal role in maintaining the long-term stability of soil organic matter (SOM), the mechanisms by which mineral protection acts through interactions with nutrients and enzymes remain unclear. Our aim was to explore how Fe and Al oxides, enzymes, and nutrients affect SOM stability. Here, a field sampling was conducted in subtropical forests, examining carbon (C) of SOM, particulate organic matter, and mineral-associated organic matter (SOM-C, POM-C, and MAOM-C), Fe and Al oxide contents, enzyme activities, and nutrient contents from topsoil to the maximal soil depth (60-215 cm). The increase in the content of amorphous and complexed Fe and Al oxides decreased the specific C mineralization rate (Cmin) and increased the SOM-C, POM-C, and MAOM-C. The shared effects of Fe and Al oxides, enzymes, and nutrients explained 31% and 39% more variance in Cmin and SOM-C, respectively, than Fe and Al oxides did individually. Combined with the result that Fe and Al oxides increased enzyme activities and nutrient contents, we suggested that Fe and Al oxides can increase SOM stability by adsorbing enzymes and nutrients. Among these Fe and Al oxides, complexed Fe oxides (Fep) emerged as the dominant factor controlling SOM stability. Furthermore, Fe and Al oxides also indirectly protected POM-C from decomposition by adsorbing available phosphorus, NH4+, and hydrolase and polyphenol oxidase. Notably, the influence of Fe and Al oxides on SOM stability was depth-dependent. Their regulatory effects, mediated through enzymes and nutrients, were weaker in the subsoil than in the topsoil. Overall, our findings highlight the role of Fe and Al oxides in regulating SOM stability by adsorbing extracellular enzymes and nutrients. This insight provides a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying SOM preservation in forest ecosystems.
{"title":"Iron oxides, enzymes, and nutrients control soil organic matter stability in subtropical forest ecosystems","authors":"Mingyuan Hu , Xiaoqin Dai , Yakov Kuzyakov , Decai Gao , Shengwang Meng , Sidan Lyu , Zhou Yang , Xinyu Zhang , Xiaoli Fu , Liang Kou , Fengting Yang , Xuefa Wen , Huimin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117731","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117731","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although mineral protection plays a pivotal role in maintaining the long-term stability of soil organic matter (SOM), the mechanisms by which mineral protection acts through interactions with nutrients and enzymes remain unclear. Our aim was to explore how Fe and Al oxides, enzymes, and nutrients affect SOM stability. Here, a field sampling was conducted in subtropical forests, examining carbon (C) of SOM, particulate organic matter, and mineral-associated organic matter (SOM-C, POM-C, and MAOM-C), Fe and Al oxide contents, enzyme activities, and nutrient contents from topsoil to the maximal soil depth (60-215 cm). The increase in the content of amorphous and complexed Fe and Al oxides decreased the specific C mineralization rate (C<sub>min</sub>) and increased the SOM-C, POM-C, and MAOM-C. The shared effects of Fe and Al oxides, enzymes, and nutrients explained 31% and 39% more variance in C<sub>min</sub> and SOM-C, respectively, than Fe and Al oxides did individually. Combined with the result that Fe and Al oxides increased enzyme activities and nutrient contents, we suggested that Fe and Al oxides can increase SOM stability by adsorbing enzymes and nutrients. Among these Fe and Al oxides, complexed Fe oxides (Fe<sub>p</sub>) emerged as the dominant factor controlling SOM stability. Furthermore, Fe and Al oxides also indirectly protected POM-C from decomposition by adsorbing available phosphorus, NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, and hydrolase and polyphenol oxidase. Notably, the influence of Fe and Al oxides on SOM stability was depth-dependent. Their regulatory effects, mediated through enzymes and nutrients, were weaker in the subsoil than in the topsoil. Overall, our findings highlight the role of Fe and Al oxides in regulating SOM stability by adsorbing extracellular enzymes and nutrients. This insight provides a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying SOM preservation in forest ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12511,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma","volume":"467 ","pages":"Article 117731"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146172868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-02-16DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117736
Shaopan Xia , Yaran Fan , Ziqi Zhu , Chenxu Zhangsong , Bingbing Yu , Wei Yang , Qiang Li , Yuchuan Fan , Rongjun Bian , Xiaoyu Liu , Jufeng Zheng
Rice paddies, which are crucial to global food security but also significant sources of agricultural greenhouse gas emissions, are facing unprecedented pressure under climate change. Quantifying their carbon sink-source dynamics under interactive elevated CO2 (eCO2) and warming is essential for climate-resilient management. Using a 12-year free-air CO2 enrichment plus infrared warming (T-FACE) experiment in paddy field, we quantified interactive effects on C balance. Elevated CO2 (600 ppm) alone increased aboveground and belowground biomass by 20.1% and 42.2%, enhancing topsoil (0–20 cm) organic carbon (SOC) storage (+12.64 Mg C hm−2) but raising methane (CH4) emissions by 56.0%. Warming (+2°C) alone reduced subsoil SOC (20–100 cm; −14.80 Mg C hm−2), decreased belowground biomass (−5.2%), and increased CH4 emissions by 47.3%, converting paddies to net C sources (−73.43 kg C hm−2). Combined eCO2 and warming synergistically amplified CH4 emissions (+77.4%), offsetting modest C sequestration gains (+94.09 kg C hm−2) despite intermediate plant productivity. Vertical SOC distribution revealed divergent responses: eCO2-driven gains concentrated in topsoil, while warming-induced losses dominated subsoil layers (>20 cm depth). Net ecosystem carbon budgets (NECB) showed eCO2 enhanced sequestration (+254.85 kg C hm−2), whereas warming caused net C loss (−73.43 kg C hm−2). Economic analysis projected carbon market revenues of ¥1.5 billion (2060 price) under eCO2 but penalties of −¥420 million under warming for China’s paddy area (3 × 107 hm2). Critically, current carbon markets overlook CH4-driven global warming potential (GWP) increases (+28.9–39.1%), inflating apparent benefits of eCO2. We conclude that unmanaged paddies under future climates risk becoming net GHG sources due to warming-induced subsoil C loss and synergistic CH4 emissions. Strategic interventions—water management (e.g., mid-season drainage), stabilized organic amendments, and deep-rooted cultivars—are essential to leverage eCO2-driven C sequestration while mitigating CH4. Policy frameworks must integrate GWP-adjusted accounting to avoid incentivizing high-methane C sinks.
稻田对全球粮食安全至关重要，但也是农业温室气体排放的重要来源，在气候变化下正面临前所未有的压力。量化它们在二氧化碳浓度升高和气候变暖相互作用下的碳汇源动态对于气候适应型管理至关重要。通过稻田12年自由空气CO2富集+红外增温（T-FACE）试验，定量分析了交互作用对碳平衡的影响。单独增加CO2 （600 ppm）使地上和地下生物量分别增加了20.1%和42.2%，增加了表层土壤（0-20 cm）有机碳（SOC）储量（+12.64 Mg C hm−2），但增加了56.0%的甲烷（CH4）排放。仅变暖（+2°C）就降低了地下土壤有机碳（20-100 cm;−14.80 Mg C hm - 2），减少了地下生物量（−5.2%），增加了47.3%的CH4排放，将稻田转化为净碳源（−73.43 kg C hm - 2）。尽管植物的生产力处于中等水平，但eCO2和变暖的结合协同放大了CH4排放（+77.4%），抵消了适度的碳固存收益（+94.09 kg chm - 2）。土壤有机碳垂直分布表现出不同的响应：由co2驱动的土壤有机碳增加主要集中在表层土壤，而由变暖导致的土壤有机碳损失主要集中在下层土壤（深度为20 cm）。净生态系统碳收支（NECB）显示eCO2增强了碳固存（+254.85 kg C hm - 2），而变暖导致净碳损失（- 73.43 kg C hm - 2）。经济分析预测，eCO2下的碳市场收入为15亿元人民币（按2060年的价格计算），但在中国稻田面积（3 × 107 hm2）变暖情况下的罚款为4.2亿元人民币。关键是，目前的碳市场忽略了甲烷驱动的全球变暖潜能值（GWP）的增加（+ 28.9-39.1%），夸大了eCO2的明显效益。我们的结论是，在未来气候条件下，由于变暖引起的底土C损失和协同CH4排放，未经管理的稻田有成为净温室气体源的风险。战略性干预措施——水管理（例如，季中排水）、稳定的有机修正剂和深根栽培——对于利用二氧化碳驱动的碳封存，同时减少CH4至关重要。政策框架必须整合全球升温潜能值调整后的核算，以避免刺激高甲烷C汇。
{"title":"Trade-offs and counteractions: carbon sink-source dynamics and carbon market potential in paddy fields under long-term elevated CO2 and warming","authors":"Shaopan Xia , Yaran Fan , Ziqi Zhu , Chenxu Zhangsong , Bingbing Yu , Wei Yang , Qiang Li , Yuchuan Fan , Rongjun Bian , Xiaoyu Liu , Jufeng Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117736","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117736","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rice paddies, which are crucial to global food security but also significant sources of agricultural greenhouse gas emissions, are facing unprecedented pressure under climate change. Quantifying their carbon sink-source dynamics under interactive elevated CO<sub>2</sub> (eCO<sub>2</sub>) and warming is essential for climate-resilient management. Using a 12-year free-air CO<sub>2</sub> enrichment plus infrared warming (T-FACE) experiment in paddy field, we quantified interactive effects on C balance. Elevated CO<sub>2</sub> (600 ppm) alone increased aboveground and belowground biomass by 20.1% and 42.2%, enhancing topsoil (0–20 cm) organic carbon (SOC) storage (+12.64 Mg C hm<sup>−2</sup>) but raising methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) emissions by 56.0%. Warming (+2°C) alone reduced subsoil SOC (20–100 cm; −14.80 Mg C hm<sup>−2</sup>), decreased belowground biomass (−5.2%), and increased CH<sub>4</sub> emissions by 47.3%, converting paddies to net C sources (−73.43 kg C hm<sup>−2</sup>). Combined eCO<sub>2</sub> and warming synergistically amplified CH<sub>4</sub> emissions (+77.4%), offsetting modest C sequestration gains (+94.09 kg C hm<sup>−2</sup>) despite intermediate plant productivity. Vertical SOC distribution revealed divergent responses: eCO<sub>2</sub>-driven gains concentrated in topsoil, while warming-induced losses dominated subsoil layers (>20 cm depth). Net ecosystem carbon budgets (NECB) showed eCO<sub>2</sub> enhanced sequestration (+254.85 kg C hm<sup>−2</sup>), whereas warming caused net C loss (−73.43 kg C hm<sup>−2</sup>). Economic analysis projected carbon market revenues of ¥1.5 billion (2060 price) under eCO<sub>2</sub> but penalties of −¥420 million under warming for China’s paddy area (3 × 10<sup>7</sup> hm<sup>2</sup>). Critically, current carbon markets overlook CH<sub>4</sub>-driven global warming potential (GWP) increases (+28.9–39.1%), inflating apparent benefits of eCO<sub>2</sub>. We conclude that unmanaged paddies under future climates risk becoming net GHG sources due to warming-induced subsoil C loss and synergistic CH<sub>4</sub> emissions. Strategic interventions—water management (e.g., mid-season drainage), stabilized organic amendments, and deep-rooted cultivars—are essential to leverage eCO<sub>2</sub>-driven C sequestration while mitigating CH<sub>4</sub>. Policy frameworks must integrate GWP-adjusted accounting to avoid incentivizing high-methane C sinks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12511,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma","volume":"467 ","pages":"Article 117736"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146209592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-02-18DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117704
M.S. Breure , A.J. van der Sluijs , G.J. Koorneef , A-R. Salonen , M.M. Pulleman , M. Hagens , W.D.C. Schenkeveld , D.P. Di Lonardo
Fractionation of soil organic carbon (SOC) into particulate organic carbon (POC) and mineral-associated organic carbon (MAOC) has contributed to our understanding of soil carbon cycling. Size fractionation following soil dispersion with sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) is a common method to separate POC (>50 µm) from MAOC (<50 µm). Complete dispersion of aggregates is essential to avoid overestimation of the POC and underestimation of the MAOC pools. We investigated how soil properties, particularly the contents of SOC, nanocrystalline aluminium (Al) and iron (Fe) (hydr)oxides, and exchangeable cations, affect soil dispersion with 5 g L−1 SHMP using a set of 38 widely diverse soils. Completeness of dispersion was evaluated by assessing the content of fine particles (<50 µm) present in the coarse fraction (>50 µm) after size fractionation, using laser diffraction analysis. Multiple linear regression revealed that dispersion was less complete with increasing contents of SOC and Al and Fe (hydr)oxides, and also depended on soil texture. On average, incomplete dispersion led to 3.6 g MAOC kg−1 soil (range: 0–42 g kg−1) erroneously ending up in the coarse fraction, corresponding with a 33.4% (range 0–217%) overestimation of POC and a 7.8% (range: 0–53%) underestimation of MAOC. The residual moisture content of 40 °C dried soils emerged as a cost-efficient and effective indicator for the risk of incomplete dispersion, except in soils high in exchangeable Na and/or Mg. Checking and reporting completeness of dispersion after size fractionation should be common practice when studying soil carbon pools. This study provides methodological insights that can guide improvements in SOC fractionation accuracy. Future refinements should focus on optimizing dispersion techniques while carefully balancing the risk of POM fragmentation.
土壤有机碳（SOC）分异为颗粒有机碳（POC）和矿物伴生有机碳（MAOC），有助于理解土壤碳循环。用六偏磷酸钠（SHMP）分散土壤后进行粒度分选是分离POC （>50µm）和MAOC （<50µm）的常用方法。为了避免对POC的高估和对MAOC池的低估，聚合体的完全分散是必不可少的。我们研究了土壤性质，特别是有机碳、纳米晶铝（Al）和铁（Fe）（水）氧化物和交换阳离子的含量，如何影响土壤在5 g L−1 SHMP下的分散，使用了38种不同的土壤。利用激光衍射分析，通过评估粒度分馏后粗粒（>50µm）中存在的细粒（<50µm）的含量来评估分散的完整性。多元线性回归结果表明，土壤有机碳和铝、铁（水合）氧化物含量的增加导致土壤分散不完全，并与土壤质地有关。平均而言，不完全分散导致3.6 g MAOC kg - 1土壤（范围：0-42 g kg - 1）错误地结束在粗粒中，对应于POC高估33.4%（范围：0-217%）和MAOC低估7.8%（范围：0-53%）。除交换性钠和/或镁含量高的土壤外，40°C干燥土壤的剩余水分含量成为不完全分散风险的成本效益和有效指标。在研究土壤碳库时，检查和报告粒度分馏后分散的完整性应该是一种常见的做法。该研究提供了方法上的见解，可以指导提高有机碳分离的准确性。未来的改进应侧重于优化分散技术，同时仔细平衡POM碎片的风险。
{"title":"Glued forever: incomplete dispersion hampers POM-MAOM fractionation in soils with high SOC and metal (hydr)oxide content","authors":"M.S. Breure , A.J. van der Sluijs , G.J. Koorneef , A-R. Salonen , M.M. Pulleman , M. Hagens , W.D.C. Schenkeveld , D.P. Di Lonardo","doi":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117704","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117704","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fractionation of soil organic carbon (SOC) into particulate organic carbon (POC) and mineral-associated organic carbon (MAOC) has contributed to our understanding of soil carbon cycling. Size fractionation following soil dispersion with sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) is a common method to separate POC (>50 µm) from MAOC (<50 µm). Complete dispersion of aggregates is essential to avoid overestimation of the POC and underestimation of the MAOC pools. We investigated how soil properties, particularly the contents of SOC, nanocrystalline aluminium (Al) and iron (Fe) (hydr)oxides, and exchangeable cations, affect soil dispersion with 5 g L<sup>−1</sup> SHMP using a set of 38 widely diverse soils. Completeness of dispersion was evaluated by assessing the content of fine particles (<50 µm) present in the coarse fraction (>50 µm) after size fractionation, using laser diffraction analysis. Multiple linear regression revealed that dispersion was less complete with increasing contents of SOC and Al and Fe (hydr)oxides, and also depended on soil texture. On average, incomplete dispersion led to 3.6 g MAOC kg<sup>−1</sup> soil (range: 0–42 g kg<sup>−1</sup>) erroneously ending up in the coarse fraction, corresponding with a 33.4% (range 0–217%) overestimation of POC and a 7.8% (range: 0–53%) underestimation of MAOC. The residual moisture content of 40 °C dried soils emerged as a cost-efficient and effective indicator for the risk of incomplete dispersion, except in soils high in exchangeable Na and/or Mg. Checking and reporting completeness of dispersion after size fractionation should be common practice when studying soil carbon pools. This study provides methodological insights that can guide improvements in SOC fractionation accuracy. Future refinements should focus on optimizing dispersion techniques while carefully balancing the risk of POM fragmentation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12511,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma","volume":"467 ","pages":"Article 117704"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146777812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-02-21DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117735
G. Belvisi , C. Schillaci , L. Gristina , A. Delgado , D. Triantakonstantis , N. Lolos , M. Batsalia , A. Jones , L. Ribeiro Roder , C. Zucca , R. Scalenghe
Mediterranean soils exhibit high pedological diversity, shaped by complex climatic, geomorphological, and anthropogenic drivers. Assessing this variability at the continental scale requires harmonized sampling frameworks. The LUCAS topsoil module provides standardized EU-wide topsoil physico-chemical and biological data, but its capacity to represent soil type diversity, particularly in heterogeneous Mediterranean landscapes, has not yet been evaluated. To perform this evaluation, this study compared LUCAS topsoil sampling points with legacy soil maps (LSMs) across multiple spatial scales (continental, national, sub-national) in Mediterranean Europe. We employed two complementary metrics: (i) the Average Absolute Coverage Difference (AACD), (ii) and a proportional mean index. Results show that continental-scale maps (e.g., WRB-FULL, WRB-LEV1) achieved AACD values below 1%, showing that sampling point distribution reflects well the soil type variability at this spatial scale and taxonomic levels. The performance was good also when sub-national maps with higher level of pedodiversity (Soil Map of Sicily) were used, with AACD between 1.2% and 1.7%. Overall, higher capacity to capture pedological diversity was observed in maps featuring higher soil diversity, larger spatial extent, and a greater number of soil map units (SMUs). However, some specific RSG, Histosols and Leptosols were underrepresented, whereas Calcisols were systematically oversampled. Overall, the LUCAS sampling design captures soil type variability at multiple scales, and incorporating local pedodiversity could reduce biases and improve compliance with the European Soil Monitoring Law. Legacy soil maps remain essential for optimising sampling design and extending harmonised soil monitoring to data-scarce regions such as the Near East and North Africa (NENA).
{"title":"Accounting for soil class variability in Mediterranean Europe using legacy soil maps and the topsoil LUCAS survey","authors":"G. Belvisi , C. Schillaci , L. Gristina , A. Delgado , D. Triantakonstantis , N. Lolos , M. Batsalia , A. Jones , L. Ribeiro Roder , C. Zucca , R. Scalenghe","doi":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117735","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117735","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mediterranean soils exhibit high pedological diversity, shaped by complex climatic, geomorphological, and anthropogenic drivers. Assessing this variability at the continental scale requires harmonized sampling frameworks. The LUCAS topsoil module provides standardized EU-wide topsoil physico-chemical and biological data, but its capacity to represent soil type diversity, particularly in heterogeneous Mediterranean landscapes, has not yet been evaluated. To perform this evaluation, this study compared LUCAS topsoil sampling points with legacy soil maps (LSMs) across multiple spatial scales (continental, national, sub-national) in Mediterranean Europe. We employed two complementary metrics: (i) the Average Absolute Coverage Difference (AACD), (ii) and a proportional mean index. Results show that continental-scale maps (e.g., WRB-FULL, WRB-LEV1) achieved AACD values below 1%, showing that sampling point distribution reflects well the soil type variability at this spatial scale and taxonomic levels. The performance was good also when sub-national maps with higher level of pedodiversity (Soil Map of Sicily) were used, with AACD between 1.2% and 1.7%. Overall, higher capacity to capture pedological diversity was observed in maps featuring higher soil diversity, larger spatial extent, and a greater number of soil map units (SMUs). However, some specific RSG, Histosols and Leptosols were underrepresented, whereas Calcisols were systematically oversampled. Overall, the LUCAS sampling design captures soil type variability at multiple scales, and incorporating local pedodiversity could reduce biases and improve compliance with the European Soil Monitoring Law. Legacy soil maps remain essential for optimising sampling design and extending harmonised soil monitoring to data-scarce regions such as the Near East and North Africa (NENA).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12511,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma","volume":"467 ","pages":"Article 117735"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146778125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-02-18DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117720
Yating Wang , Yantun Song , Hongyan Liu , Chongfa Cai , Ruixiang Liu , Junguang Wang , Yifan Feng
Soil infiltration properties (SIPs) play a pivotal role in regulating hydrological processes, mitigating soil erosion, and sustaining land productivity in agricultural landscapes. However, the spatiotemporal responses of subsurface processes and crop growth to water erosion remain insufficiently understood. This study investigates the spatiotemporal variations of SIPs and root growth traits in a typical agricultural catchment in the Mollisol region of Northeast China, and compare infiltration behavior between the gully periphery and the slope area within a severely eroded unit. Our findings show pronounced spatial and seasonal variations in SIPs: water erosion modifies soil physicochemical properties and SIPs within both geomorphic domains, while crop roots play a crucial role in enhancing infiltration, particularly during the mid‑ to late growing season. Utilizing Redundancy analysis (RDA) and Partial least squares path model (PLS-PM), we further quantified how soil structure and root traits jointly govern the spatiotemporal variation of infiltration, identifying distinct dominant factors between gully peripheries and slope areas. In the gully periphery, SIP variation is controlled mainly by erosion‑induced particle redistribution and soil organic matter dynamics, whereas in the slope area it is predominantly associated with crop root traits. The results highlight the complex interactions between soil properties and erosion, revealing nonlinear hydrological responses that contribute to localized erosion risks. This research provides essential insights into the mechanisms infiltration mechanisms in gully‑affected Mollisol catchments subjected to severe water erosion and offers critical information for developing targeted soil and water conservation strategies in vulnerable agricultural landscapes.
{"title":"Response of soil infiltration properties to water erosion in a Mollisol agricultural catchment, Northeast China","authors":"Yating Wang , Yantun Song , Hongyan Liu , Chongfa Cai , Ruixiang Liu , Junguang Wang , Yifan Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117720","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117720","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil infiltration properties (SIPs) play a pivotal role in regulating hydrological processes, mitigating soil erosion, and sustaining land productivity in agricultural landscapes. However, the spatiotemporal responses of subsurface processes and crop growth to water erosion remain insufficiently understood. This study investigates the spatiotemporal variations of SIPs and root growth traits in a typical agricultural catchment in the Mollisol region of Northeast China, and compare infiltration behavior between the gully periphery and the slope area within a severely eroded unit. Our findings show pronounced spatial and seasonal variations in SIPs: water erosion modifies soil physicochemical properties and SIPs within both geomorphic domains, while crop roots play a crucial role in enhancing infiltration, particularly during the mid‑ to late growing season. Utilizing Redundancy analysis (RDA) and Partial least squares path model (PLS-PM), we further quantified how soil structure and root traits jointly govern the spatiotemporal variation of infiltration, identifying distinct dominant factors between gully peripheries and slope areas. In the gully periphery, SIP variation is controlled mainly by erosion‑induced particle redistribution and soil organic matter dynamics, whereas in the slope area it is predominantly associated with crop root traits. The results highlight the complex interactions between soil properties and erosion, revealing nonlinear hydrological responses that contribute to localized erosion risks. This research provides essential insights into the mechanisms infiltration mechanisms in gully‑affected Mollisol catchments subjected to severe water erosion and offers critical information for developing targeted soil and water conservation strategies in vulnerable agricultural landscapes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12511,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma","volume":"467 ","pages":"Article 117720"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146777811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-02-28DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117753
Yuqing Lai , Vera L. Mulder , Gerard B.M. Heuvelink , Hans Kros , Gerard H. Ros
Soils are the largest terrestrial carbon reservoir, with soil organic carbon (SOC) playing a critical role in maintaining soil quality and associated ecosystem services. Accurately estimating SOC stocks at high spatial and temporal resolution over large scales remains challenging, particularly in agricultural systems where carbon inputs are often uncertain or unavailable. In this study, we used the RothC model to simulate SOC stocks in Dutch agricultural mineral soils from 1986 to 2022, at 25 m × 25 m resolution. We examined the temporal and spatial variation of the total SOC stock and its distribution over RothC carbon pools and unravelled how livestock manure inputs and land use affect the observed trends. Averaged SOC stocks in the topsoil (0 – 30 cm) increased by 13.2% under grassland, decreased by 10.4% under cropland, and decreased by 3.9% in areas with changing land use. Carbon gains in grassland were linked to systematically higher manure inputs and accumulation in stable pools, whereas lower manure inputs and more intensive management led to declining labile SOC pools. Independent validation on three spatial datasets showed the highest model performance for point-based field data (model efficiency coefficient MEC = 0.32 in 1986 and 0.37 in 2022). Observed changes in SOC over time could be less well reproduced (MEC ≈ 0) across all datasets, but simulated spatiotemporal patterns were consistent with previous observational studies. The study illustrates the potential of RothC for national-scale SOC stock assessment and monitoring, while highlighting the need for improved input data and temporal validation data. Importantly, this modelling approach effectively captures SOC stock dynamics, which remains challenging for purely empirical, statistical models. Future work could benefit from hybrid modelling approaches that integrate RothC with machine learning, enhancing the ability to capture currently unexplained variability and improve simulation performance.
土壤是最大的陆地碳库，土壤有机碳（SOC）在维持土壤质量和相关生态系统服务中起着至关重要的作用。在大尺度上以高时空分辨率准确估算有机碳储量仍然具有挑战性，特别是在碳输入往往不确定或不可用的农业系统中。在这项研究中，我们使用RothC模型模拟了1986年至2022年荷兰农业矿质土壤中碳储量，分辨率为25 m × 25 m。研究了土壤有机碳储量及其在碳库中的分布的时空变化，揭示了畜禽粪便投入和土地利用对土壤有机碳储量变化趋势的影响。表层土壤（0 ~ 30 cm）平均有机碳储量在草地条件下增加13.2%，在农田条件下减少10.4%，在土地利用变化区减少3.9%。草地的碳收益与较高的粪肥投入和稳定库的积累有关，而较低的粪肥投入和更集约化的管理导致稳定库的下降。在三个空间数据集上的独立验证表明，基于点的现场数据的模型性能最高（模型效率系数MEC在1986年为0.32，在2022年为0.37）。在所有数据集中，观测到的SOC随时间变化的重现性较差（MEC≈0），但模拟的时空格局与先前的观测研究一致。该研究说明了RothC在全国范围内SOC存量评估和监测的潜力，同时强调了改进输入数据和时间验证数据的必要性。重要的是，这种建模方法有效地捕获了SOC库存动态，这对于纯粹的经验统计模型来说仍然具有挑战性。未来的工作可以受益于将RothC与机器学习相结合的混合建模方法，增强捕获当前无法解释的变异性的能力，并提高模拟性能。
{"title":"A RothC-based spatiotemporal analysis of soil organic carbon stocks in agricultural soils of the Netherlands (1986–2022)","authors":"Yuqing Lai , Vera L. Mulder , Gerard B.M. Heuvelink , Hans Kros , Gerard H. Ros","doi":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117753","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117753","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soils are the largest terrestrial carbon reservoir, with soil organic carbon (SOC) playing a critical role in maintaining soil quality and associated ecosystem services. Accurately estimating SOC stocks at high spatial and temporal resolution over large scales remains challenging, particularly in agricultural systems where carbon inputs are often uncertain or unavailable. In this study, we used the RothC model to simulate SOC stocks in Dutch agricultural mineral soils from 1986 to 2022, at 25 m × 25 m resolution. We examined the temporal and spatial variation of the total SOC stock and its distribution over RothC carbon pools and unravelled how livestock manure inputs and land use affect the observed trends. Averaged SOC stocks in the topsoil (0 – 30 cm) increased by 13.2% under grassland, decreased by 10.4% under cropland, and decreased by 3.9% in areas with changing land use. Carbon gains in grassland were linked to systematically higher manure inputs and accumulation in stable pools, whereas lower manure inputs and more intensive management led to declining labile SOC pools. Independent validation on three spatial datasets showed the highest model performance for point-based field data (model efficiency coefficient MEC = 0.32 in 1986 and 0.37 in 2022). Observed changes in SOC over time could be less well reproduced (MEC ≈ 0) across all datasets, but simulated spatiotemporal patterns were consistent with previous observational studies. The study illustrates the potential of RothC for national-scale SOC stock assessment and monitoring, while highlighting the need for improved input data and temporal validation data. Importantly, this modelling approach effectively captures SOC stock dynamics, which remains challenging for purely empirical, statistical models. Future work could benefit from hybrid modelling approaches that integrate RothC with machine learning, enhancing the ability to capture currently unexplained variability and improve simulation performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12511,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma","volume":"467 ","pages":"Article 117753"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147334368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-02-10DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117718
Yang Luo, Yaoli Su, Minghui Huang, Yang Li, Dehua Xu, Zhengjuan Yan, Xinlong Wang
The effects of ammonium polyphosphate (APP, (NH4)n+2PnO3n+1, n < 20) on soil phosphorus (P) availability vary depending on polymerization distributions and the soil type, yet the mechanisms driving these differences remain unclear. This study explored the availability and transformation of P affected by APP1 (P species of P1-P2) and APP2 (P species of P1-P7) in two different soils, in comparison with conventional ammonium phosphates (APs). APP application increased Olsen-P by 10.7–24.8% in calcareous soil, but decreased it by 2.6–10.8% in acid soil relative to APs. In calcareous soil, APP significantly increased soluble-P, adsorbed-P, and Fe-associated P, as reflected by CaCl2, NaHCO3, and NaOH extractable Ps, while decreased more stable Ca-associated P and occluded P indicated by NH4Ac and Na3C6H5O7-Na2S2O4-NaOH extractable Ps. The changes in the composition of CaCO3 and Fe/Al oxides together with/without the reduced organic carbon loss mainly contributed to the decrease in P sorption/precipitation and the increase in P desorption/dissolution. In acid soil, APP significantly increased microbial biomass P, leading to reduced labile inorganic P and elevated labile organic P. Meanwhile, APP increased both oxalate-extractable and complex Fe/Al oxides, which affected P adsorption–desorption to a certain extent. Compared to APP1, APP2 resulted in P existing in a more labile adsorbed state, thereby increasing P availability in both calcareous and acid soils. The main processes affecting P availability in the calcareous soils were abiotic transformations, while biotic transformations played the key role in the acid soils.
{"title":"Different mechanisms of phosphorus transformation in calcareous and acid soils affected by ammonium polyphosphate","authors":"Yang Luo, Yaoli Su, Minghui Huang, Yang Li, Dehua Xu, Zhengjuan Yan, Xinlong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117718","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117718","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effects of ammonium polyphosphate (APP, (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>n+2</sub>P<sub>n</sub>O<sub>3n+1</sub>, n < 20) on soil phosphorus (P) availability vary depending on polymerization distributions and the soil type, yet the mechanisms driving these differences remain unclear. This study explored the availability and transformation of P affected by APP1 (P species of P<sub>1</sub>-P<sub>2</sub>) and APP2 (P species of P<sub>1</sub>-P<sub>7</sub>) in two different soils, in comparison with conventional ammonium phosphates (APs). APP application increased Olsen-P by 10.7–24.8% in calcareous soil, but decreased it by 2.6–10.8% in acid soil relative to APs. In calcareous soil, APP significantly increased soluble-P, adsorbed-P, and Fe-associated P, as reflected by CaCl<sub>2</sub>, NaHCO<sub>3</sub>, and NaOH extractable Ps, while decreased more stable Ca-associated P and occluded P indicated by NH<sub>4</sub>Ac and Na<sub>3</sub>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>O<sub>7</sub>-Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-NaOH extractable Ps. The changes in the composition of CaCO<sub>3</sub> and Fe/Al oxides together with/without the reduced organic carbon loss mainly contributed to the decrease in P sorption/precipitation and the increase in P desorption/dissolution. In acid soil, APP significantly increased microbial biomass P, leading to reduced labile inorganic P and elevated labile organic P. Meanwhile, APP increased both oxalate-extractable and complex Fe/Al oxides, which affected P adsorption–desorption to a certain extent. Compared to APP1, APP2 resulted in P existing in a more labile adsorbed state, thereby increasing P availability in both calcareous and acid soils. The main processes affecting P availability in the calcareous soils were abiotic transformations, while biotic transformations played the key role in the acid soils.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12511,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma","volume":"467 ","pages":"Article 117718"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146146753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-02-13DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117733
Xingyu Sun , Shuying Zang , Guoyong Yan , Yajuan Xing , Chao Liang , Liming Yin , Pengshuai Shao , Xinyu Liu , Guancheng Liu , Yuguo Gao , Qinggui Wang
Microbial carbon use efficiency (CUE) is a key parameter in regulating the soil microbial C cycle, influencing C mineralization, turnover, and sequestration. The boreal forest plays a key role in the global C cycle, attributable to its substantial C stocks. However, seasonal variations in microbial CUE in boreal forest ecosystems and their response to enhanced nitrogen (N) deposition are poorly understood. We conducted a N addition experiment (0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 g N m⁻2 yr⁻1) in a boreal forest, employing a substrate-independent 18O-H2O labeling method to evaluate seasonal variations in microbial CUE and turnover rates. N effect on CUE was contingent on sampling season and N addition rate. Throughout the growing season, low N addition increased microbial CUE and accelerated microbial turnover rate. In contrast, high N addition had no significant effect or even decreased microbial CUE. Additionally, microbial respiration and turnover rate were highest in summer across all treatments, while microbial CUE peaked in spring. The findings also revealed a significant positive relationship between microbial CUE and factors such as the fungal-to-bacterial (F/B) ratio, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and soil organic carbon (SOC), while being negatively correlated with the DOC/dissolved organic N (DON) ratio. Our results indicate that increases in microbial CUE and turnover under LN addition contribute to elevated SOC levels, likely through changes in microbial carbon allocation and stabilization processes. Overall, these findings highlight the crucial role of seasonal microbial CUE dynamics in regulating soil C processes under long-term N addition in boreal forest.
微生物碳利用效率（CUE）是调控土壤微生物碳循环、影响碳矿化、循环和固存的关键参数。北方针叶林由于其丰富的碳储量，在全球碳循环中起着关键作用。然而，我们对北方森林生态系统中微生物CUE的季节变化及其对氮沉降增强的响应知之甚少。我们在北方针叶林中进行了一个N添加实验（0、2.5、5.0和7.5 g N m毒血症（2年毒血症）），采用与基质无关的18O-H2O标记方法来评估微生物CUE和周转率的季节性变化。氮素对CUE的影响取决于采样季节和施氮量。在整个生长季节，低氮添加量增加了微生物CUE，加快了微生物周转速度。相反，高氮添加对微生物CUE无显著影响，甚至降低。此外，微生物呼吸和周转率在夏季最高，而微生物CUE在春季达到峰值。微生物CUE与真菌细菌比（F/B）、溶解有机碳（DOC）、土壤有机碳（SOC）呈显著正相关，与DOC/溶解有机氮（DON）呈负相关。我们的研究结果表明，在添加LN的情况下，微生物CUE和周转量的增加可能通过改变微生物碳分配和稳定过程来促进有机碳水平的升高。总之，这些发现强调了季节性微生物CUE动态在长期N添加下调节土壤C过程中的关键作用。
{"title":"Long term low-level nitrogen addition enhances microbial carbon use efficiency and turnover rate across different seasons","authors":"Xingyu Sun , Shuying Zang , Guoyong Yan , Yajuan Xing , Chao Liang , Liming Yin , Pengshuai Shao , Xinyu Liu , Guancheng Liu , Yuguo Gao , Qinggui Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117733","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117733","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microbial carbon use efficiency (CUE) is a key parameter in regulating the soil microbial C cycle, influencing C mineralization, turnover, and sequestration. The boreal forest plays a key role in the global C cycle, attributable to its substantial C stocks. However, seasonal variations in microbial CUE in boreal forest ecosystems and their response to enhanced nitrogen (N) deposition are poorly understood. We conducted a N addition experiment (0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 g N m⁻<sup>2</sup> yr⁻<sup>1</sup>) in a boreal forest, employing a substrate-independent <sup>18</sup>O-H<sub>2</sub>O labeling method to evaluate seasonal variations in microbial CUE and turnover rates. N effect on CUE was contingent on sampling season and N addition rate. Throughout the growing season, low N addition increased microbial CUE and accelerated microbial turnover rate. In contrast, high N addition had no significant effect or even decreased microbial CUE. Additionally, microbial respiration and turnover rate were highest in summer across all treatments, while microbial CUE peaked in spring. The findings also revealed a significant positive relationship between microbial CUE and factors such as the fungal-to-bacterial (F/B) ratio, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and soil organic carbon (SOC), while being negatively correlated with the DOC/dissolved organic N (DON) ratio. Our results indicate that increases in microbial CUE and turnover under LN addition contribute to elevated SOC levels, likely through changes in microbial carbon allocation and stabilization processes. Overall, these findings highlight the crucial role of seasonal microbial CUE dynamics in regulating soil C processes under long-term N addition in boreal forest.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12511,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma","volume":"467 ","pages":"Article 117733"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146172525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-02-11DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117722
Paula Godinho Ribeiro , Gabriel Negreiros Salomão , Sérgio Henrique Godinho Silva , Gabriel Caixeta Martins , Luiz Roberto Guimarães Guilherme , Marcio Sousa da Silva , Silvio Junio Ramos , Roberto Dall’Agnol
Magnetic susceptibility (MS) is directly related to magnetic minerals in soils, primarily magnetite and maghemite. Determining MS and soil color is easy and cost-effective using sensors. They have great potential in agriculture, mining, and pedometrics, as they provide numerical characterization of these properties and can be correlated with other soil attributes. This study aimed to determine MS and color of surface (SS) and subsurface (SP) soil samples from a regional geochemical survey of the Itacaiúnas River Watershed, Carajás Mineral Province, and deduce relationships between these properties and soil chemical element contents and geological features. A total of 1204 composite samples from 602 locations at depths of 0–20 cm (SS) and 30–50 cm (SP) were selected for study. For MS determination, samples were analyzed at low frequency (0.47 kHz) and color numerical determination was quantified using a portable colorimeter sensor. The MS variations were strongly associated with local geology. Higher MS values were found along two east–west-oriented zones corresponding to northern and southern hydrothermal copper belts. These belts host iron oxide–copper–gold (IOCG) mineralization, where magnetite is systematically present among hydrothermal minerals. Reddish soils exhibit a spatial distribution similar to samples with higher MS values, indicating soil color indirectly reflects magnetic mineral content. MS and soil redness (a* International Commission on Illumination parameter) were positively correlated with Cu, Fe, Ni, and other elements, highlighting their potential for soil monitoring, although correlation strength varied among geological domains. These findings contribute to a soil MS database for the Amazon and may refine existing geological maps, while also indicating MS as an indicator of IOCG mineralization potential to guide new prospecting efforts.
磁化率（MS）与土壤中的磁性矿物直接相关，主要是磁铁矿和磁铁矿。使用传感器测定质谱和土壤颜色既简单又经济。它们在农业、采矿和计步法方面具有巨大的潜力，因为它们提供了这些属性的数值表征，并可以与其他土壤属性相关联。研究了Carajás矿产省Itacaiúnas河流域区域地球化学测量中表层（SS）和地下（SP）土壤样品的质谱和颜色，并推导了这些性质与土壤化学元素含量和地质特征之间的关系。选取深度为0 ~ 20 cm （SS）和30 ~ 50 cm （SP）的602个地点的1204份复合样品进行研究。质谱测定时，样品采用低频（0.47 kHz）分析，颜色定量测定采用便携式比色计传感器。质谱变化与当地地质密切相关。沿北、南热液铜带的两个东西向带MS值较高。这些带具有氧化铁-铜-金（IOCG）成矿作用，其中磁铁矿系统地存在于热液矿物中。红色土壤的空间分布与MS值较高的样品相似，表明土壤颜色间接反映了磁性矿物含量。MS和土壤红度（a* International Commission on Illumination parameter）与Cu、Fe、Ni等元素呈正相关，凸显了它们在土壤监测中的潜力，尽管相关强度因地质域而异。这些发现有助于建立亚马逊地区的土壤质谱数据库，可以完善现有的地质图，同时也表明质谱是IOCG矿化潜力的指标，可以指导新的找矿工作。
{"title":"Regional patterns of soil magnetic susceptibility and color in the Itacaiúnas River Watershed: Geological influences and practical applications","authors":"Paula Godinho Ribeiro , Gabriel Negreiros Salomão , Sérgio Henrique Godinho Silva , Gabriel Caixeta Martins , Luiz Roberto Guimarães Guilherme , Marcio Sousa da Silva , Silvio Junio Ramos , Roberto Dall’Agnol","doi":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117722","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117722","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Magnetic susceptibility (MS) is directly related to magnetic minerals in soils, primarily magnetite and maghemite. Determining MS and soil color is easy and cost-effective using sensors. They have great potential in agriculture, mining, and pedometrics, as they provide numerical characterization of these properties and can be correlated with other soil attributes. This study aimed to determine MS and color of surface (SS) and subsurface (SP) soil samples from a regional geochemical survey of the Itacaiúnas River Watershed, Carajás Mineral Province, and deduce relationships between these properties and soil chemical element contents and geological features. A total of 1204 composite samples from 602 locations at depths of 0–20 cm (SS) and 30–50 cm (SP) were selected for study. For MS determination, samples were analyzed at low frequency (0.47 kHz) and color numerical determination was quantified using a portable colorimeter sensor. The MS variations were strongly associated with local geology. Higher MS values were found along two east–west-oriented zones corresponding to northern and southern hydrothermal copper belts. These belts host iron oxide–copper–gold (IOCG) mineralization, where magnetite is systematically present among hydrothermal minerals. Reddish soils exhibit a spatial distribution similar to samples with higher MS values, indicating soil color indirectly reflects magnetic mineral content. MS and soil redness (a* International Commission on Illumination parameter) were positively correlated with Cu, Fe, Ni, and other elements, highlighting their potential for soil monitoring, although correlation strength varied among geological domains. These findings contribute to a soil MS database for the Amazon and may refine existing geological maps, while also indicating MS as an indicator of IOCG mineralization potential to guide new prospecting efforts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12511,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma","volume":"467 ","pages":"Article 117722"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146160814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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