Pub Date : 2014-03-14DOI: 10.1002/9781118704417.CH12
T. Fang, D. Anderson, T. Fuller-Rowell, R. Akmaev, M. Codrescu, G. Millward, J. Sojka, L. Scherliess, V. Eccles, J. Retterer, J. Huba, G. Joyce, A. Richmond, A. Maute, G. Crowley, A. Ridley, G. Vichare
{"title":"Comparative studies of theoretical models in the equatorial ionosphere","authors":"T. Fang, D. Anderson, T. Fuller-Rowell, R. Akmaev, M. Codrescu, G. Millward, J. Sojka, L. Scherliess, V. Eccles, J. Retterer, J. Huba, G. Joyce, A. Richmond, A. Maute, G. Crowley, A. Ridley, G. Vichare","doi":"10.1002/9781118704417.CH12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118704417.CH12","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12539,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical monograph","volume":"201 1","pages":"133-144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81546016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Structural Lineaments and Neogene Volcanism in Southwestern Luzon","authors":"J. A. Wolfe, S. Self","doi":"10.1029/GM027P0157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/GM027P0157","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12539,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical monograph","volume":"148 1","pages":"157-172"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75959347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Following a 20 years hiatus, there are several magnetometry satellites in near-Earth orbit providing a global view of the geomagnetic field and how it changes. The measured magnetic field is an admixture of all field sources, among which one must identify the contributions of interest, namely (1) the field generated in Earth's core, and (2) the fields induced in Earth's mantle by external magnetic variations used in studies of electrical conductivity. Models of the core field can be downward continued to the core surface under the assumption that Earth's mantle is a source free region with zero electrical conductivity. Additional assumptions are invoked to estimate the fluid flow at the core surface. New satellite measurements provide an unprecedented view of changes in the core over the past 20 years; further measurements will clarify the temporal spectrum of the secular variation. Secular changes are coupled to changes in length of day, and recent modeling of torsional oscillations in the core can provide an explanation for the abrupt changes in the field known as geomagnetic jerks. Mantle induction studies require a comprehensive approach to magnetic field modeling. Unwanted internal field contributions are removed to yield time series of external variations and their induced counterparts: improved modeling, combined with the increased data accuracy, and longer term magnetic measurements make conductivity studies feasible. One-dimensional global conductivity responses have been estimated under strong assumptions about the structure of the source field. Ongoing improvements to this work will take account of more complicated source-field structure, three-dimensional Earth structure, and spatio-temporal aliasing due to satellite motion. Modeling of three-dimensional near surface conductivity structure, and the use of time-domain rather than frequency-domain techniques to estimate the 3-D Earth response are needed. Progress could be furthered by future magnetometer missions that involve multiple satellite configurations.
{"title":"Satellite magnetic field measurements: Applications in studying the deep Earth","authors":"C. Constable, S. Constable","doi":"10.1029/150GM13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/150GM13","url":null,"abstract":"Following a 20 years hiatus, there are several magnetometry satellites in near-Earth orbit providing a global view of the geomagnetic field and how it changes. The measured magnetic field is an admixture of all field sources, among which one must identify the contributions of interest, namely (1) the field generated in Earth's core, and (2) the fields induced in Earth's mantle by external magnetic variations used in studies of electrical conductivity. Models of the core field can be downward continued to the core surface under the assumption that Earth's mantle is a source free region with zero electrical conductivity. Additional assumptions are invoked to estimate the fluid flow at the core surface. New satellite measurements provide an unprecedented view of changes in the core over the past 20 years; further measurements will clarify the temporal spectrum of the secular variation. Secular changes are coupled to changes in length of day, and recent modeling of torsional oscillations in the core can provide an explanation for the abrupt changes in the field known as geomagnetic jerks. Mantle induction studies require a comprehensive approach to magnetic field modeling. Unwanted internal field contributions are removed to yield time series of external variations and their induced counterparts: improved modeling, combined with the increased data accuracy, and longer term magnetic measurements make conductivity studies feasible. One-dimensional global conductivity responses have been estimated under strong assumptions about the structure of the source field. Ongoing improvements to this work will take account of more complicated source-field structure, three-dimensional Earth structure, and spatio-temporal aliasing due to satellite motion. Modeling of three-dimensional near surface conductivity structure, and the use of time-domain rather than frequency-domain techniques to estimate the 3-D Earth response are needed. Progress could be furthered by future magnetometer missions that involve multiple satellite configurations.","PeriodicalId":12539,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical monograph","volume":"65 1","pages":"147-159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89332879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers have been deployed worldwide to study inter- and intraplate crustal motions and local deformations associated with earthquakes and volcanic activities. A dense array of GPS is also useful for studying seasonally changing load through periodic components in crustal movements. This article reviews observed and predicted seasonal crustal movements in the Japanese Islands, where both nationwide dense GPS array and meteorological sensor network are available. From comprehensive evaluation of various sources contributing to seasonal signals, the largest factor in Japan is found to be snow, weighing over 1000 kg per square meter in some regions. This is followed by various kinds of loads on the land area, such as atmosphere, soil moisture and water impoundment in reservoirs, and non-tidal ocean loads also cause certain seasonal signatures. Seasonal crustal deformations are calculated by synthesizing all these seasonal load changes, some of which are directly measured meteorologically and others are inferred through models. They are compared with real data observed by the dense GPS array in Japan, and their agreement was examined. The seasonal signals observed by GPS also include artifacts, such as those caused by atmospheric delay gradients and scale changes due to atmospheric refraction. We often discuss subtle crustal deformation signals, e.g. those associated with silent earthquakes, isolating them by removing secular and periodic components. Understanding seasonal signals and their interannual variability is crucial in removing these unwanted signals. The article discusses the Japanese case, but the methods proposed here will be useful worldwide to study seasonal mass redistributions. Dense GPS arrays may play a complementary role to satellite gravity missions in studying seasonal mass redistribution on the Earth in a regional scale.
{"title":"Dense Gps Array as a New Sensor of Seasonal Changes of Surface Loads","authors":"K. Heki","doi":"10.1029/150GM15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/150GM15","url":null,"abstract":"Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers have been deployed worldwide to study inter- and intraplate crustal motions and local deformations associated with earthquakes and volcanic activities. A dense array of GPS is also useful for studying seasonally changing load through periodic components in crustal movements. This article reviews observed and predicted seasonal crustal movements in the Japanese Islands, where both nationwide dense GPS array and meteorological sensor network are available. From comprehensive evaluation of various sources contributing to seasonal signals, the largest factor in Japan is found to be snow, weighing over 1000 kg per square meter in some regions. This is followed by various kinds of loads on the land area, such as atmosphere, soil moisture and water impoundment in reservoirs, and non-tidal ocean loads also cause certain seasonal signatures. Seasonal crustal deformations are calculated by synthesizing all these seasonal load changes, some of which are directly measured meteorologically and others are inferred through models. They are compared with real data observed by the dense GPS array in Japan, and their agreement was examined. The seasonal signals observed by GPS also include artifacts, such as those caused by atmospheric delay gradients and scale changes due to atmospheric refraction. We often discuss subtle crustal deformation signals, e.g. those associated with silent earthquakes, isolating them by removing secular and periodic components. Understanding seasonal signals and their interannual variability is crucial in removing these unwanted signals. The article discusses the Japanese case, but the methods proposed here will be useful worldwide to study seasonal mass redistributions. Dense GPS arrays may play a complementary role to satellite gravity missions in studying seasonal mass redistribution on the Earth in a regional scale.","PeriodicalId":12539,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical monograph","volume":"6 1","pages":"177-196"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88484739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Studying the impacts of volcanic eruptions on climate is important because it helps us improve climate models, it allows us to make seasonal and interannual climate forecasts following large eruptions, it provides support for nuclear winter theory, and it allows us to separate the natural causes of interdecadal climate change from anthropogenic effects, giving us greater confidence in the attribution of recent global warming to anthropogenic causes. While much has been learned since the large 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in the Philippines, there are still quite a few outstanding research problems, which are discussed here. These questions include: What exactly goes into the atmosphere during an explosive eruption? How can we better quantify the record of past climatically-significant volcanism? Can we design an improved system for measuring and monitoring the atmospheric gases and aerosols resulting from future eruptions? How can we better model the climatic impact of eruptions, including microphysics, chemistry, transport, radiation, and dynamical responses? How do high-latitude eruptions affect climate? How important are indirect effects of volcanic emissions on clouds? Where are the important potential sites for future eruptions?
{"title":"Climatic Impact of Volcanic Emissions","authors":"A. Robock","doi":"10.1029/150GM11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/150GM11","url":null,"abstract":"Studying the impacts of volcanic eruptions on climate is important because it helps us improve climate models, it allows us to make seasonal and interannual climate forecasts following large eruptions, it provides support for nuclear winter theory, and it allows us to separate the natural causes of interdecadal climate change from anthropogenic effects, giving us greater confidence in the attribution of recent global warming to anthropogenic causes. While much has been learned since the large 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in the Philippines, there are still quite a few outstanding research problems, which are discussed here. These questions include: What exactly goes into the atmosphere during an explosive eruption? How can we better quantify the record of past climatically-significant volcanism? Can we design an improved system for measuring and monitoring the atmospheric gases and aerosols resulting from future eruptions? How can we better model the climatic impact of eruptions, including microphysics, chemistry, transport, radiation, and dynamical responses? How do high-latitude eruptions affect climate? How important are indirect effects of volcanic emissions on clouds? Where are the important potential sites for future eruptions?","PeriodicalId":12539,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical monograph","volume":"5 1","pages":"125-134"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78579755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
If policymakers and the public are to be adequately informed about the climate change threat, climate modeling needs to include components far outside its conventional boundaries. An integration of climate chemistry and meteorology, oceanography, and terrestrial biology has been achieved over the past few decades. More recently the scope of these studies has been expanded to include the human systems that influence the planet, the social and ecological consequences of potential change, and the political processes that lead to attempts at mitigation and adaptation. For example, key issues-like the relative seriousness of climate change risk, the choice of long-term goals for policy, and the analysis of today's decisions when uncertainty may be reduced tomorrow-cannot be correctly understood without joint application of the natural science of the climate system and social and behavioral science aspects of human response. Though integration efforts have made significant contributions to understanding of the climate issue, daunting intellectual and institutional barriers stand in the way of needed progress. Deciding appropriate policies will be a continuing task over the long term, however, so efforts to extend the boundaries of climate modeling and assessment merit long-term attention as well. Components of the effort include development of a variety of approaches to analysis, the maintenance of a clear a division between close-in decision support and science/policy research, and the development of funding institutions that can sustain integrated research over the long haul.
{"title":"Modeling human-climate interaction","authors":"H. Jacoby","doi":"10.1029/150GM24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/150GM24","url":null,"abstract":"If policymakers and the public are to be adequately informed about the climate change threat, climate modeling needs to include components far outside its conventional boundaries. An integration of climate chemistry and meteorology, oceanography, and terrestrial biology has been achieved over the past few decades. More recently the scope of these studies has been expanded to include the human systems that influence the planet, the social and ecological consequences of potential change, and the political processes that lead to attempts at mitigation and adaptation. For example, key issues-like the relative seriousness of climate change risk, the choice of long-term goals for policy, and the analysis of today's decisions when uncertainty may be reduced tomorrow-cannot be correctly understood without joint application of the natural science of the climate system and social and behavioral science aspects of human response. Though integration efforts have made significant contributions to understanding of the climate issue, daunting intellectual and institutional barriers stand in the way of needed progress. Deciding appropriate policies will be a continuing task over the long term, however, so efforts to extend the boundaries of climate modeling and assessment merit long-term attention as well. Components of the effort include development of a variety of approaches to analysis, the maintenance of a clear a division between close-in decision support and science/policy research, and the development of funding institutions that can sustain integrated research over the long haul.","PeriodicalId":12539,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical monograph","volume":"10 1","pages":"307-316"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88603733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Isotopic Indicators of Climate in Ice Cores, Wind River Range, Wyoming","authors":"D. Naftz, R. Michel, K. Miller","doi":"10.1029/GM078P0055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/GM078P0055","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12539,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical monograph","volume":"4 1","pages":"55-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79802008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
David L. Smith, J. Allen, O. Eslinger, M. Valenciano, J. Nestler, R. A. Goodwin
Many stream restoration design procedures are based on user experience in distributing standard stream design features into stream channel types based on a stream classification scheme. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models, increasingly used to represent stream flow fields, offer a more quantitative path forward. However, CFD models, in practice, parameterize roughness on too large a scale and therefore do not explicitly represent discrete features such as large rocks and large woody material whose placement is the focus of stream restoration activities. The Stream Habitat Assessment Package (SHAPE), made possible by rapid advances and availability of high-performance computing resources and increased sophistication of both in-house and commercial software, overcomes barriers that prevent the routine use of CFD modeling in stream restoration planning. Capabilities of SHAPE that improve stream restoration planning include (1) realistically representing natural streambeds from potentially coarse sets of field measurements, (2) easily deforming the streambed surface with a virtual excavator, (3) selecting complex objects from a library and embedding them within the surface (e.g., rocks and fallen trees), (4) successfully meshing the channel surface and its surrounding volume in accordance with established mesh quality criteria, and (5) sufficiently resolving flow field solutions. We illustrate these capabilities of SHAPE using a coarse set of field data taken from one of four study sites along a 1.5 mile stretch along the Robinson Restoration project of the Merced River, California, along with respective challenges, solution strategies, and resulting outcomes. Flow field solutions are conducted using parallelized finite element/volume solvers.
{"title":"Hydraulic Modeling of Large Roughness Elements With Computational Fluid Dynamics for Improved Realism in Stream Restoration Planning","authors":"David L. Smith, J. Allen, O. Eslinger, M. Valenciano, J. Nestler, R. A. Goodwin","doi":"10.1029/2010GM000988","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GM000988","url":null,"abstract":"Many stream restoration design procedures are based on user experience in distributing standard stream design features into stream channel types based on a stream classification scheme. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models, increasingly used to represent stream flow fields, offer a more quantitative path forward. However, CFD models, in practice, parameterize roughness on too large a scale and therefore do not explicitly represent discrete features such as large rocks and large woody material whose placement is the focus of stream restoration activities. The Stream Habitat Assessment Package (SHAPE), made possible by rapid advances and availability of high-performance computing resources and increased sophistication of both in-house and commercial software, overcomes barriers that prevent the routine use of CFD modeling in stream restoration planning. Capabilities of SHAPE that improve stream restoration planning include (1) realistically representing natural streambeds from potentially coarse sets of field measurements, (2) easily deforming the streambed surface with a virtual excavator, (3) selecting complex objects from a library and embedding them within the surface (e.g., rocks and fallen trees), (4) successfully meshing the channel surface and its surrounding volume in accordance with established mesh quality criteria, and (5) sufficiently resolving flow field solutions. We illustrate these capabilities of SHAPE using a coarse set of field data taken from one of four study sites along a 1.5 mile stretch along the Robinson Restoration project of the Merced River, California, along with respective challenges, solution strategies, and resulting outcomes. Flow field solutions are conducted using parallelized finite element/volume solvers.","PeriodicalId":12539,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical monograph","volume":"47 1","pages":"115-122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90558780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Comprehensive monitoring of terrestrial water is critical for characterizing changes in water availability, hydrologic extremes, to determine human impacts on the water cycle, and more generally, for enhanced predictive understanding of regional and global water cycles and their interactions within the Earth system. In this paper, the current and near-future capabilities of remote sensing of terrestrial water are assessed, with a focus on liquid water. The potential for GRACE observations of time-variable gravity to monitor monthly and longer changes in total water storage for regions greater than 200,000 km 2 is discussed. Near-future AMSR observations of surface soil moisture at 60 km resolution with 2-day repeat are described, as is the future HYDROS mission. Current and future capabilities of altimetric observations of terrestrial surface waters are reviewed. An important perspective of this paper is that the current and near-future sensors described in this paper will offer unprecedented opportunities for monitoring terrestrial hydrology, and that their joint use will enable new, simultaneous views of both the lateral and vertical distribution of water on land that have not been previously possible.
{"title":"Remote Sensing of Terrestrial Water Storage, Soil Moisture and Surface Waters","authors":"J. Famiglietti","doi":"10.1029/150GM16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/150GM16","url":null,"abstract":"Comprehensive monitoring of terrestrial water is critical for characterizing changes in water availability, hydrologic extremes, to determine human impacts on the water cycle, and more generally, for enhanced predictive understanding of regional and global water cycles and their interactions within the Earth system. In this paper, the current and near-future capabilities of remote sensing of terrestrial water are assessed, with a focus on liquid water. The potential for GRACE observations of time-variable gravity to monitor monthly and longer changes in total water storage for regions greater than 200,000 km 2 is discussed. Near-future AMSR observations of surface soil moisture at 60 km resolution with 2-day repeat are described, as is the future HYDROS mission. Current and future capabilities of altimetric observations of terrestrial surface waters are reviewed. An important perspective of this paper is that the current and near-future sensors described in this paper will offer unprecedented opportunities for monitoring terrestrial hydrology, and that their joint use will enable new, simultaneous views of both the lateral and vertical distribution of water on land that have not been previously possible.","PeriodicalId":12539,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical monograph","volume":"10 1","pages":"197-207"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74530015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Over the last few years significant advances have been made towards understanding the mechanisms behind climate variability over the Last Glacial Cycle. This has become possible through the development of a new breed of climate models of intermediate complexity. In this review, the philosophy behind the development of these models is discussed with particular attention given to the Uvic Earth System Climate Model. Results are then surveyed from numerous studies using these intermediate complexity, as well as other, climate models aimed at piecing together puzzles buried within the paleo proxy record. Particular attention is given to the climate feedbacks involved in glacial inception 116,000 years ago, as well as modelling efforts aimed at understanding millennial timescale Dansgaard-Oeschger oscillations and their packaging into Bond Cycles in cold climates, their association with Heinrich events, and their dependence on the mean climatic state. In examining the climate over the last 135,000 years, it is apparent that variations in the formation of intermediate waters, both in the Labrador Sea and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, have important consequences for the stability and variability of the climate system. A discussion of some future challenges for the climate and paleoclimate community is also given.
{"title":"The Uvic Earth System Climate Model and the Thermohaline Circulation in Past, Present and Future Climates","authors":"A. Weaver","doi":"10.1029/150GM22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/150GM22","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last few years significant advances have been made towards understanding the mechanisms behind climate variability over the Last Glacial Cycle. This has become possible through the development of a new breed of climate models of intermediate complexity. In this review, the philosophy behind the development of these models is discussed with particular attention given to the Uvic Earth System Climate Model. Results are then surveyed from numerous studies using these intermediate complexity, as well as other, climate models aimed at piecing together puzzles buried within the paleo proxy record. Particular attention is given to the climate feedbacks involved in glacial inception 116,000 years ago, as well as modelling efforts aimed at understanding millennial timescale Dansgaard-Oeschger oscillations and their packaging into Bond Cycles in cold climates, their association with Heinrich events, and their dependence on the mean climatic state. In examining the climate over the last 135,000 years, it is apparent that variations in the formation of intermediate waters, both in the Labrador Sea and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, have important consequences for the stability and variability of the climate system. A discussion of some future challenges for the climate and paleoclimate community is also given.","PeriodicalId":12539,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical monograph","volume":"7 1","pages":"279-296"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79458589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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