Pub Date : 2016-11-19DOI: 10.1002/9781119028116.CH9
Pablo Tierz, L. Sandri, Antonio Costa, R. Sulpizio, L. Zaccarelli, M. A. Vito, W. Marzocchi
{"title":"Uncertainty Assessment of Pyroclastic Density Currents at Mount Vesuvius (Italy) Simulated Through the Energy Cone Model","authors":"Pablo Tierz, L. Sandri, Antonio Costa, R. Sulpizio, L. Zaccarelli, M. A. Vito, W. Marzocchi","doi":"10.1002/9781119028116.CH9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119028116.CH9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12539,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical monograph","volume":"1 1","pages":"125-145"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77417796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-10-18DOI: 10.1002/9781119054146.CH9
F. Rosas, J. Duarte, W. Schellart, R. Tomás, P. Terrinha
{"title":"Seismic Potential of Thrust‐Wrench Tectonic Interference between Major Active Faults Offshore SW Iberia","authors":"F. Rosas, J. Duarte, W. Schellart, R. Tomás, P. Terrinha","doi":"10.1002/9781119054146.CH9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119054146.CH9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12539,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical monograph","volume":"37 1","pages":"193-217"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79043577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Description: Reliable and detailed information about the Earth s subsurface is of crucial importance throughout the geosciences. Quantitative integration of all available geophysical and geological data helps to make Earth models more robust and reliable. The aim of this book is to summarize and synthesize the growing literature on combining various types of geophysical and other geoscientific data. The approaches that have been developed to date encompass joint inversion, cooperative inversion, and statistical post–inversion analysis methods, each with different benefits and assumptions.
{"title":"Integrated Imaging of the Earth: Theory and Applications","authors":"M. Moorkamp, P. Lelièvre, N. Linde, Amir Khan","doi":"10.1002/9781118929063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118929063","url":null,"abstract":"Description: Reliable and detailed information about the Earth s subsurface is of crucial importance throughout the geosciences. Quantitative integration of all available geophysical and geological data helps to make Earth models more robust and reliable. The aim of this book is to summarize and synthesize the growing literature on combining various types of geophysical and other geoscientific data. The approaches that have been developed to date encompass joint inversion, cooperative inversion, and statistical post–inversion analysis methods, each with different benefits and assumptions.","PeriodicalId":12539,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical monograph","volume":"941 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77561247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-02-27DOI: 10.1002/9781118872079.CH19
R. Carey, L. Swavely, D. Swanson, B. Houghton, T. Orr, T. Elias, A. J. Sutton
The onset of basaltic eruption at the summit of Kīlauea volcano in 2008 is recorded in the products generated during the first three weeks of the eruption and suggests an evolution of both the physical properties of the magma and also lava lake levels and vent wall stability. Ash componentry and the microtextures of the early erupted lapilli products reveal that the magma was largely outgassed, perhaps in the preceding weeks to months. An increase in the juvenile:lithic ratio and size of ash collected from March 23 to April 3 records an increasing level of the magma within the conduit. After April 3 until the explosive eruption of April 9, a trend of decreasing juvenile:lithic ratio suggests that vent wall collapses were more frequent, possibly because lava level increased and destabilized the overhanging wall [ Orr et al . 2013]. Despite increasing lake height, the microtextural characteristics of the lapilli suggest that the outgassed end-member was still being tapped between March 26 and April 8. The April 9 rockfall triggered an explosive eruption that produced a new component in the eruption deposits not seen in the preceding weeks; microvesicular juvenile lapilli, the first evidence of an actively vesiculating magma. Two additional dense end-member pyroclast types were also erupted during the April 9 explosion, likely related to outgassed magma with longer residence times than the microvesicular magma. We link these pyroclasts to a stagnant viscous crust at the top of the magma column or to convecting, downwelling magma. Our study of ash componentry and the textures of juvenile lapilli suggests that the April 9 explosive event effectively cleared the conduit of largely outgassed magma. The degassing processes during this eruption are complex and varied: in the period of persistent degassing during March 26-April 8 small resident bubbles at shallow levels in the lava lake were coupled to the magma whereas large bubbles ascended, expanded and fragmented. During the rockfall-triggered explosion of April 9, all bubbles were coupled to the host magma on the timescale of decompression, but additional exsolution, decompression and expansion of deeper, more gas-rich resident magma likely occured [cf Carey et al. 2012]. Where external conditions play a significant role in eruption dynamics, e.g., by triggering eruptions, vesiculation and degassing dynamics can be expected to be complex.
火山喷发前三周产生的产物记录了2008年k劳厄火山峰顶玄武岩喷发的开始，表明岩浆的物理性质、熔岩湖水平和喷口壁稳定性都发生了演变。火山灰成分和早期喷发的石柱产物的显微结构表明，岩浆可能在前几周到几个月就被大量释放了。从3月23日到4月3日，收集到的火山灰的幼石比和大小的增加记录了管道内岩浆水平的增加。4月3日至4月9日爆发后，幼石比呈下降趋势，表明喷流壁崩塌更为频繁，可能是由于熔岩水平升高，使上悬壁失稳所致[Orr等]。2013]。尽管湖面高度不断升高，但凤尾石的显微结构特征表明，在3月26日至4月8日期间，流出的端元仍在被开采。4月9日的岩崩引发了一次爆炸性喷发，在喷发沉积物中产生了一种新的成分，这是前几周没有见过的;微囊状幼年小石柱，是活跃泡化岩浆的第一个证据。在4月9日的喷发中，还喷发了另外两种致密的端元火山碎屑类型，可能与比微泡岩浆停留时间更长的脱气岩浆有关。我们将这些火山碎屑与岩浆柱顶部的一个停滞的粘性地壳联系起来，或者与对流的、下流的岩浆联系起来。我们对火山灰成分和幼钻结构的研究表明，4月9日的爆炸事件有效地清除了大量气体流出的岩浆通道。此次火山喷发的脱气过程复杂多变:在3月26日至4月8日的持续脱气过程中，熔岩湖浅层的小气泡与岩浆相结合，而大气泡上升、膨胀并破碎。在4月9日的落石引发的爆炸中，所有气泡都在减压的时间尺度上与宿主岩浆耦合，但更深层、更富气的驻留岩浆可能发生了额外的溶出、减压和膨胀[cf Carey et al. 2012]。当外部条件在喷发动力学中发挥重要作用时，例如，通过触发喷发，可以预期囊泡和脱气动力学是复杂的。
{"title":"Onset of a Basaltic Explosive Eruption From Kīlauea's Summit in 2008","authors":"R. Carey, L. Swavely, D. Swanson, B. Houghton, T. Orr, T. Elias, A. J. Sutton","doi":"10.1002/9781118872079.CH19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118872079.CH19","url":null,"abstract":"The onset of basaltic eruption at the summit of Kīlauea volcano in 2008 is recorded in the products generated during the first three weeks of the eruption and suggests an evolution of both the physical properties of the magma and also lava lake levels and vent wall stability. Ash componentry and the microtextures of the early erupted lapilli products reveal that the magma was largely outgassed, perhaps in the preceding weeks to months. An increase in the juvenile:lithic ratio and size of ash collected from March 23 to April 3 records an increasing level of the magma within the conduit. After April 3 until the explosive eruption of April 9, a trend of decreasing juvenile:lithic ratio suggests that vent wall collapses were more frequent, possibly because lava level increased and destabilized the overhanging wall [ Orr et al . 2013]. Despite increasing lake height, the microtextural characteristics of the lapilli suggest that the outgassed end-member was still being tapped between March 26 and April 8. The April 9 rockfall triggered an explosive eruption that produced a new component in the eruption deposits not seen in the preceding weeks; microvesicular juvenile lapilli, the first evidence of an actively vesiculating magma. Two additional dense end-member pyroclast types were also erupted during the April 9 explosion, likely related to outgassed magma with longer residence times than the microvesicular magma. We link these pyroclasts to a stagnant viscous crust at the top of the magma column or to convecting, downwelling magma. Our study of ash componentry and the textures of juvenile lapilli suggests that the April 9 explosive event effectively cleared the conduit of largely outgassed magma. The degassing processes during this eruption are complex and varied: in the period of persistent degassing during March 26-April 8 small resident bubbles at shallow levels in the lava lake were coupled to the magma whereas large bubbles ascended, expanded and fragmented. During the rockfall-triggered explosion of April 9, all bubbles were coupled to the host magma on the timescale of decompression, but additional exsolution, decompression and expansion of deeper, more gas-rich resident magma likely occured [cf Carey et al. 2012]. Where external conditions play a significant role in eruption dynamics, e.g., by triggering eruptions, vesiculation and degassing dynamics can be expected to be complex.","PeriodicalId":12539,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical monograph","volume":"13 1","pages":"421-437"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80200871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-02-27DOI: 10.1002/9781118872079.CH7
R. T. Helz, D. Clague, L. Mastin, T. Rose
{"title":"Evidence for Large Compositional Ranges in Coeval Melts Erupted from Kīlauea's Summit Reservoir","authors":"R. T. Helz, D. Clague, L. Mastin, T. Rose","doi":"10.1002/9781118872079.CH7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118872079.CH7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12539,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical monograph","volume":"78 1","pages":"125-145"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88103126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-02-27DOI: 10.1002/9781118872079.CH12
Jessica H. Johnson, D. Swanson, D. Roman, M. Poland, W. Thelen
{"title":"Crustal stress and structure at Kīlauea Volcano inferred from seismic anisotropy","authors":"Jessica H. Johnson, D. Swanson, D. Roman, M. Poland, W. Thelen","doi":"10.1002/9781118872079.CH12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118872079.CH12","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12539,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical monograph","volume":"1 1","pages":"251-268"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86881064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-02-27DOI: 10.1002/9781118872079.CH23
A. Peltier, M. Poland, T. Staudacher
{"title":"Are Piton de la Fournaise (La Réunion) and Kīlauea (Hawai‘i) Really “Analog Volcanoes”?","authors":"A. Peltier, M. Poland, T. Staudacher","doi":"10.1002/9781118872079.CH23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118872079.CH23","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12539,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical monograph","volume":"57 1","pages":"507-531"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88687861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-02-27DOI: 10.1002/9781118872079.CH16
M. May, R. Carey, D. Swanson, B. Houghton
A widely dispersed reticulite bed occurs close to the base of the Keanakīko'i tephra at Kīlauea Volcano. It can be divided into six subunits in the northern sector of the volcano; the reticulite also occurs in the southern sector, but outcrops are sparse owing to penecontemporaneous erosion and burial. Multilobate isopachs for each subunit and the total deposit suggests that multiple fountaining vents were distributed in the northern half of the caldera, possibly along ring fractures for the newly formed caldera. Isopach maps also show a sharp decline in thickness along the dispersal axis of each lobe, which could be explained by remobilization of tephra and/or inclined fountains. Despite such isopach characteristics, thinning rates calculated from the isopach data indicate that the fountains were among the most intense and powerful of all studied Kīlauea fountains. Density analysis of the pyroclasts suggests that fountaining was high (< 600 meters) yet complex, possibly due to lava ponding and re-entrainment. The calculated volume of the reticulite deposited around the caldera rim is approximately 0.2 km3, more voluminous than the deposits of the 1959 Kīlauea Iki eruption; this volume is a minimum, however, as the low density tephra is easily remobilized, and 600-m-high caldera walls probably trapped tephra within caldera, which is deeply buried today and not accounted for in the volume calculations. The duration of this eruption was most likely at least a few days to weeks, based on the calculated volume and estimated discharge rates as seen during the Kīlauea Iki 1959 eruption.
{"title":"Reticulite-Producing Fountains from Ring Fractures in Kīlauea Caldera ca. 1500 CE","authors":"M. May, R. Carey, D. Swanson, B. Houghton","doi":"10.1002/9781118872079.CH16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118872079.CH16","url":null,"abstract":"A widely dispersed reticulite bed occurs close to the base of the Keanakīko'i tephra at Kīlauea Volcano. It can be divided into six subunits in the northern sector of the volcano; the reticulite also occurs in the southern sector, but outcrops are sparse owing to penecontemporaneous erosion and burial. Multilobate isopachs for each subunit and the total deposit suggests that multiple fountaining vents were distributed in the northern half of the caldera, possibly along ring fractures for the newly formed caldera. Isopach maps also show a sharp decline in thickness along the dispersal axis of each lobe, which could be explained by remobilization of tephra and/or inclined fountains. Despite such isopach characteristics, thinning rates calculated from the isopach data indicate that the fountains were among the most intense and powerful of all studied Kīlauea fountains. Density analysis of the pyroclasts suggests that fountaining was high (< 600 meters) yet complex, possibly due to lava ponding and re-entrainment. The calculated volume of the reticulite deposited around the caldera rim is approximately 0.2 km3, more voluminous than the deposits of the 1959 Kīlauea Iki eruption; this volume is a minimum, however, as the low density tephra is easily remobilized, and 600-m-high caldera walls probably trapped tephra within caldera, which is deeply buried today and not accounted for in the volume calculations. The duration of this eruption was most likely at least a few days to weeks, based on the calculated volume and estimated discharge rates as seen during the Kīlauea Iki 1959 eruption.","PeriodicalId":12539,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical monograph","volume":"14 1","pages":"351-367"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87379546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-02-27DOI: 10.1002/9781118872079.CH6
D. Sherrod, S. Izuka, B. Cousens
{"title":"Onset of Rejuvenated‐Stage Volcanism and the Formation of Līhu‘e Basin","authors":"D. Sherrod, S. Izuka, B. Cousens","doi":"10.1002/9781118872079.CH6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118872079.CH6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12539,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical monograph","volume":"12 1","pages":"105-123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80896820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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