Geophysical monograph最新文献

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Petrologic Testament to Changes in Shallow Magma Storage and Transport During 30+ Years of Recharge and Eruption at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i 夏威夷k<e:1>劳厄火山喷发30多年来浅层岩浆储存和运移变化的岩石学证明

Geophysical monograph

Pub Date : 2015-02-27 DOI: 10.1002/9781118872079.CH8

C. Thornber, T. Orr, C. Heliker, R. Hoblitt

引用次数: 29

Episodic Deflation–Inflation Events at Kīlauea Volcano and Implications for the Shallow Magma System k<e:1> lauea火山的幕式通货膨胀事件及其对浅层岩浆系统的启示

Geophysical monograph

Pub Date : 2015-02-27 DOI: 10.1002/9781118872079.CH11

K. Anderson, M. Poland, Jessica H. Johnson, A. Miklius

引用次数: 67

Delicate Balance of Magmatic‐Tectonic Interaction at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i, Revealed from Slow Slip Events 慢滑事件揭示夏威夷k<e:1>劳厄火山岩浆-构造相互作用的微妙平衡

Geophysical monograph

Pub Date : 2015-02-27 DOI: 10.1002/9781118872079.CH13

E. Montgomery‐Brown, M. Poland, A. Miklius

引用次数: 17

Hawaiian Fissure Fountains 夏威夷裂缝喷泉

Geophysical monograph

Pub Date : 2015-02-27 DOI: 10.1002/9781118872079.CH17

C. Parcheta, S. Fagents, D. Swanson, B. Houghton, Todd Ericksen

引用次数: 14

Assessing Near‐Surface Soil Moisture Assimilation Impacts on Modeled Root‐Zone Moisture for an Australian Agricultural Landscape 评估近地表土壤水分同化对澳大利亚农业景观模拟根区水分的影响

Geophysical monograph

Pub Date : 2014-10-31 DOI: 10.1002/9781118872086.CH18

R. Pipunic, D. Ryu, J. Walker

Soil moisture content is an important component of the hydrologic cycle, particularly over vegetation rootzone depths where its variation is linked to the relative fractions of evaporative and sensible heat flux (LE and H) feedbacks to the lower atmosphere, surface runoff, and groundwater recharge [Brutsaert, 2005]. Quantifying these processes across catchments using land surface models (LSMs), therefore, depends on soil moisture state prediction. Improved characterization of root-zone soil moisture quantities has the potential to contribute toward better predictions for a range of hydrological processes — information that will ultimately benefit agricultural and land-use management decisions (e.g., better irrigation scheduling), numerical weather prediction (NWP; e.g., through improved LE and H feedbacks), and emergency management (e.g., improved flood prediction). While an imperfect model structure means that improving certain model variables will not necessarily lead to improvements in predictions of all other model variables [Drusch, 2007], improved root-zone soil moisture can translate to improvement in predictions of other water-balancerelated quantities [Pipunic et al., 2013]. Therefore, the ability to routinely improve root-zone moisture prediction is an important aim, and the impact on other hydrologic variables of interest may contribute to a better understanding of model structural inaccuracies. Inherent LSM uncertainty, resulting from errors in input data (meteorological forcing and parameter information on soil and vegetation properties) and model structural inaccuracies, is the impetus for data assimilation techniques such as the ensemble Kalman filter [EnKF: Evensen, 1994], where observed information is used to sequentially update/correct LSM states through time, based on both modeled and observed error statistics. For routine constraint of root-zone soil moisture prediction across catchments, assimilating relevant remotely sensed data is ideal given their broad spatial coverage at regular repeat intervals. Brightness temperature observations from passive microwave remote sensors have proven particularly suitable for deriving spatial estimates of soil moisture [Kerr et al., 2010; Njoku et al., 2003]. However, these estimates have major limitations, including coarse spatial resolution (>10 km) and shallow sensing depth, which varies depending on a sensor’s spectral frequency and the near-surface moisture conditions but is typically within the top few centimeters of soil at most. Therefore, the impact from assimilating such data products must be able to adequately translate to the model’s deeper layers in order to improve root-zone estimates. A number of studies using synthetic data or in situ field data have shown near-surface moisture assimilation can improve root-zone predictions [e.g., Pipunic et al., 2013; Kumar et al., 2009; Pipunic et al., 2008; Walker et al., 2001; Entekhabi et al., 1994], with some modest improvements to dee

土壤水分含量是水文循环的重要组成部分，特别是在植被根带深度，其变化与向低层大气、地表径流和地下水补给的蒸发和感热通量(LE和H)反馈的相对分数有关[Brutsaert, 2005]。因此，使用陆地表面模型(LSMs)对流域间的这些过程进行量化取决于土壤湿度状态的预测。根区土壤水分数量特征的改进有可能有助于更好地预测一系列水文过程——这些信息最终将有利于农业和土地利用管理决策(例如，更好的灌溉调度)、数值天气预报(NWP;例如，通过改进LE和H反馈)和应急管理(例如，改进洪水预测)。虽然模型结构的不完善意味着对某些模型变量的改进不一定会导致对所有其他模型变量的预测的改进[Drusch, 2007]，但根区土壤湿度的改善可以转化为对其他水平衡相关量的预测的改进[Pipunic等人，2013]。因此，常规改善根区水分预测的能力是一个重要的目标，对其他感兴趣的水文变量的影响可能有助于更好地理解模型结构的不准确性。LSM固有的不确定性，由输入数据的误差(气象强迫和土壤和植被属性的参数信息)和模型结构的不准确性造成，是数据同化技术的推动力，如集合卡尔曼滤波[EnKF: Evensen, 1994]，其中观测信息用于根据模型和观测误差统计量随时间顺序更新/纠正LSM状态。对于跨流域根区土壤水分预测的常规约束，吸收相关遥感数据是理想的，因为它们具有广泛的空间覆盖范围和规律的重复间隔。无源微波遥感器的亮度温度观测已被证明特别适用于导出土壤湿度的空间估计[Kerr et al.， 2010;Njoku等人，2003]。然而，这些估计有很大的局限性，包括粗糙的空间分辨率(>10公里)和浅的传感深度，这取决于传感器的频谱频率和近地表湿度条件，但通常最多在土壤的顶部几厘米内。因此，吸收这些数据产品所产生的影响必须能够充分地转化为模型的更深层，以便改进根区估计。许多使用合成数据或现场数据的研究表明，近地表水分同化可以改善根区预测[例如，Pipunic等人，2013;Kumar et al.， 2009;Pipunic et al.， 2008;Walker et al.， 2001;Entekhabi et al.， 1994]， Reichle et al.[2007]表明，同化遥感近地表水分对深层土壤水分有一定的改善。最近的工作证明了同化遥感近地表水分的价值

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引用次数: 3

Thermohaline Variability and Mesoscale Dynamics Observed at the Deep‐Ocean Observatory E2M3A in the Southern Adriatic Sea 南亚得里亚海深海观测站E2M3A观测到的温盐变率和中尺度动力学

Geophysical monograph

Pub Date : 2014-03-21 DOI: 10.1002/9781118847572.CH9

M. Bensi, V. Cardin, A. Rubino

引用次数: 7

Exchange flow through the strait of gibraltar as simulated by a s-coordinate hydrostatic model and a z-coordinate nonhydrostatic model 用s坐标流体静力模型和z坐标非流体静力模型模拟直布罗陀海峡交换流

Geophysical monograph

Pub Date : 2014-03-21 DOI: 10.1002/9781118847572.CH3

G. Sannino, J. C. S. Garrido, L. Liberti, L. Pratt

The Mediterranean Sea is a semi-enclosed basin displaying an active thermohaline circulation (MTHC) that is sustained by the atmospheric forcing and controlled by the narrow and shallow Strait of Gibraltar (hereinafter SoG). The atmospheric forcing drives the Mediterranean basin toward a negative budget of water and heat. Over the basin, evaporation exceeds the sum of precipitation and river discharge, while a net heat flux is transferred to the overlying atmosphere through the sea surface. These fluxes are balanced by the exchange flow that takes place in Gibraltar. Within the SoG, the MTHC takes the form of a two-way exchange: an upper layer of fresh and relatively warm Atlantic water spreads in the Mediterranean basin, and a lower layer of colder and saltier Mediterranean water sinks as a tongue in the North Atlantic at intermediate depths. The interaction between the intense tidal forcing [Candela et al., 1990] and the complex geometry of the SoG (Figure 3.1a) influences the two-way exchange via hydraulic control [Bryden and Stommel, 1984]. The exchange is subject to vigorous mixing and entrainment [Wesson and Gregg, 1994] as well as intermittent hydraulic controls over the main sills and in its narrowest sections [Sannino et al., 2007; Sannino et al., 2009a]. The simultaneous presence in the SoG of at least two cross sections in which the exchange is controlled drives the strait dynamics toward the so-called maximal regime [Bryden and Stommel, 1984; Armi and Farmer, 1988]. If the exchange is subject to only one hydraulic control, the regime is called submaximal. The two regimes have different implications for property fluxes, response time, and other physical characteristics of the coupled circulation in the SoG and Mediterranean Sea. The maximal regime can be expected to have larger heat, salt, and mass fluxes and to respond more slowly to changes in stratification and thermohaline forcing within the Mediterranean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean [Sannino et al., 2009a]. As first recognized by Bray et al. [1995], the strong entrainment and mixing present in the Strait of Gibraltar lead to the formation of a thick interfacial layer where density and velocity change gradually in the vertical direction. They also argued that the classical two-layer approach used to describe the two-way exchange was insufficient to account for the flow regime in the SoG. They found that a three-layer system, which includes an active interface layer, best represents the exchange through the SoG. The presence of a thick interfacial layer complicates the estimation of the hydraulic state of the flow exchange using the two-layer hydraulic theory. Such difficulty has been recently overcome by Sannino et al. [2007] who analyzed for the fist time the hydraulic regime of the exchange flow applying a three-layer hydraulic theory. Doing so they considered the thick interfacial layer as an active participant of the hydraulic regime. The hydraulic studies conducted by Sann

地中海是一个半封闭的盆地，表现出活跃的热盐环流(MTHC)，该环流由大气强迫维持，并由狭窄而浅的直布罗陀海峡(以下简称直布罗陀海峡)控制。大气强迫使地中海盆地的水和热呈负平衡。在盆地上空，蒸发量超过降水和河流流量的总和，同时净热通量通过海面传递给上覆大气。这些流动被发生在直布罗陀的交换流量所平衡。在SoG内部，MTHC以双向交换的形式存在:上层新鲜和相对温暖的大西洋水在地中海盆地扩散，下层较冷和较咸的地中海水在北大西洋的中等深度下沉。强烈的潮汐强迫[Candela et al.， 1990]和SoG的复杂几何形状(图3.1a)之间的相互作用通过水力控制影响双向交换[Bryden and Stommel, 1984]。交换受到强烈的混合和夹带[Wesson和Gregg, 1994]以及主要技能和最窄部分的间歇性液压控制[Sannino等人，2007;Sannino等，2009 [a]。在SoG中同时存在至少两个交换受到控制的横截面，将海峡动力学推向所谓的最大状态[Bryden和Stommel, 1984;Armi and Farmer, 1988]。如果交换只受一种液压控制，则称为次最大状态。这两种机制对南海和地中海耦合环流的性质通量、响应时间和其他物理特征有不同的影响。预计最大状态将具有更大的热、盐和质量通量，并且对地中海和北大西洋内分层和热盐强迫的变化反应更慢[Sannino等，2009a]。Bray等人[1995]首先发现，直布罗陀海峡存在强烈的夹带和混合，导致形成一个厚的界面层，密度和速度在垂直方向上逐渐变化。他们还认为，用于描述双向交换的经典两层方法不足以解释SoG中的流态。他们发现一个三层系统，其中包括一个活动接口层，最好地代表了通过SoG的交换。厚界面层的存在使得用两层水力理论估计流动交换的水力状态变得复杂。最近，Sannino等人[2007]克服了这一困难，首次运用三层水力理论分析了交换流的水力状态。在这样做时，他们认为厚界面层是水力制度的积极参与者。Sannino等[2007]的水力研究是基于数值模拟分析。仿真采用σ-坐标模型3

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引用次数: 28

Systematic Evaluation of Ionosphere/Thermosphere (IT) Models 电离层/热层(IT)模式的系统评价

Geophysical monograph

Pub Date : 2014-03-14 DOI: 10.1002/9781118704417.CH13

J. Shim, M. Kuznetsova, L. Rastätter, D. Bilitza, M. Butala, M. Codrescu, B. Emery, B. Foster, T. Fuller‐Rowell, J. Huba, A. Mannucci, X. Pi, A. Ridley, L. Scherliess, R. Schunk, J. Sojka, P. Stephens, D. Thompson, D. Weimer, Lie Zhu, D. Anderson, J. Chau, E. Sutton

引用次数: 19

The Global Ionosphere‐Thermosphere Model and the Nonhydrostatic Processes 全球电离层-热层模式和非流体静力过程

Geophysical monograph

Pub Date : 2014-03-14 DOI: 10.1002/9781118704417.CH8

Y. Deng, A. Ridley

引用次数: 5

Low‐Latitude Ionosphere and Thermosphere 低纬度电离层和热层

Geophysical monograph

Pub Date : 2014-03-14 DOI: 10.1002/9781118704417.CH21

C. Stolle, Huixin Liu

引用次数: 8

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